Local Silver Nanoparticles Administration Promotes Inflammation and Hyperalgesia in Rats

Silver has no known function in the organism. However, nanosilver has the highest degree of commercialization of all nanomaterials used in healthcare. The aim of this study was to assess the potential deleterious effect of local nanosilver administration in an animal model. Wistar rats received a subcutaneous injection (hind paw) of either 500ppm nanosilver (group S1), 20ppm nanosilver (group S2) or saline (control group). Animals were tested by means of plantar test, analgesy-meter and plethysmometer. 24 h after the administration, l-carrageenan was injected (same site), which lead to localized inflammation. The above-mentioned assessments were performed repeatedly until 24 h after l-carrageenan administration. 24 h after colloidal silver administration, both S1 and S2 groups had a significantly higher sensibility to mechanical stimuli. 48 h after colloidal silver administration, the S1 group had a significantly higher sensibility to thermal stimuli. Paw edema was more pronounced in the treatment groups in the first 30 h after the nanosilver injection. Local subcutaneous nanosilver administration leads to an increased inflammatory response and to hyperalgesia. Considering the constant increase in nanosilver�s biomedical use, the current paper sends a clear warning for the need of urgent more in-depth research on the matter.

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Addition of Epinephrine to Intrathecal Bupivacaine and Sufentanil for Ambulatory Labor Analgesia

Anesthesiology ◽

10.1097/00000542-199703000-00003 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 86 (3) ◽

pp. 525-531 ◽

Cited By ~ 59

Author(s):

David C. Campbell ◽

Robert Banner ◽

Lesley-Ann Crone ◽

Wendy Gore-Hickman ◽

Ray W. Yip

Keyword(s):

Labor Analgesia ◽

Saline Control ◽

Control Group ◽

Double Blind Study ◽

Saline Control Group ◽

Double Blind ◽

Prolonged Labor ◽

Intrathecal Analgesia ◽

Limited Duration ◽

Effective Analgesia

Background The intrathecal combination of sufentanil and bupivacaine provides rapid, effective analgesia for labor with a limited duration. Many anesthesiologists have concerns that the use of intrathecal local anesthetics precludes maternal ambulation. This prospective, randomized, double-blind study was designed to determine whether the addition of epinephrine to the combination of sufentanil and bupivacaine would prolong intrathecal analgesia for labor. Patients' ability to ambulate was also assessed. Methods Thirty-nine patients received either an intrathecal control dose of 10 micrograms sufentanil plus 2.5 mg bupivacaine plus 0.2 ml normal saline (control group); or 10 micrograms sufentanil plus 2.5 mg bupivacaine plus 0.2 ml (0.2 mg) of epinephrine (EPI group). Results Seven patients (3 control, 4 EPI) delivered vaginally and two (1 control, 1 EPI) required cesarean delivery before requesting epidural analgesia. The duration (mean +/- SD) of intrathecal labor analgesia was prolonged significantly by the addition of epinephrine: control (n = 15): 145 +/- 23 min; EPI (n = 15): 188 +/- 25 min (P < 0.0001). Maternal ambulation was demonstrated in 100% (19 of 19) of the control group and in 80% (16 of 20) of the EPI group (P = NS). Conclusions The addition of 0.2 mg epinephrine to the intrathecal combination of sufentanil and bupivacaine significantly prolonged labor analgesia without causing adverse effects to the mother or fetus. The intrathecal combination of sufentanil and bupivacaine, with or without epinephrine, provided rapid, profound labor analgesia and allowed most patients to ambulate.

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Interspecific Mating Effects on Locomotor Activity Rhythms and Refractoriness of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) Females

Insects ◽

10.3390/insects11120874 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (12) ◽

pp. 874

Author(s):

Thais de Souza Feitoza ◽

Victor Henrique Ferreira-de-Lima ◽

Daniel Cardoso Portela Câmara ◽

Nildimar Alves Honório ◽

L. Philip Lounibos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Locomotor Activity ◽

Aedes Albopictus ◽

Accessory Gland ◽

Saline Control ◽

Sexual Receptivity ◽

Control Group ◽

Interspecific Mating ◽

Saline Control Group ◽

Activity Rhythms ◽

Locomotor Activities

This study tests the hypotheses that the locomotor activity of Ae. albopictus females is not significantly altered by the presence of accessory gland (AG) extracts from conspecific and heterospecific males, and that Ae. albopictus females remain receptive to mating with conspecific males even after receiving AG of Ae. aegypti males. Virgin Ae. albopictus females were injected with saline (control group), AG extracts of Ae. aegypti males (aegMAG) or AG extracts of Ae. albopictus males (albMAG). Locomotor activity was evaluated under 12 h of light and 12 h of darkness at 25 °C. All live Ae. albopictus females were subsequently exposed to conspecific males for 48 h, and their spermathecae were dissected for the presence of sperm. Females injected with aegMAG and albMAG showed significant decreases in total, diurnal and diurnal without lights-on Period activities. Females injected with aegMAG showed significant decreases in nocturnal and nocturnal without lights-off period activities. Females injected with albMAG showed significant decreases in lights-off activity. A total of 83% of Ae. albopictus females injected with aegMAG and 10% of females injected with albMAG were inseminated by conspecific males. These results, coupled with our previous paper on MAG and interspecific mating effects on female Ae. aegypti, demonstrate contrasting outcomes on locomotor activities and loss of sexual receptivity, both conspecific and heterospecific MAGs capable of sterilizing virgin Ae. aegypti, but only conspecific MAGs sterilizing Ae. albopictus, whereas locomotor activities were depressed in females of both species after heterospecific and conspecific injections or treatments.

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Intraventricular Pressure Gradients in Heart Failure

Physiological Research ◽

10.33549/physiolres.932531 ◽

2013 ◽

pp. 479-487 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

M. GUERRA ◽

C. BRÁS-SILVA ◽

M. J. AMORIM ◽

C. MOURA ◽

P. BASTOS ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heart Failure ◽

Minimal Length ◽

Saline Control ◽

Control Group ◽

Intraventricular Pressure ◽

Pressure Gradients ◽

Saline Control Group ◽

Failure Group ◽

Intraventricular Pressure Gradients ◽

Ventricular Filling

The aim of the present study was to characterize intraventricular pressure gradients (IVPGs) in an animal model of chronic heart failure. New Zealand rabbits were treated with doxorubicin (heart failure group, n=5) or saline (control group, n=5) and instrumented with pressure catheters placed in the apex and outflow-tract of left ventricle (LV) and with sonomicrometer crystals placed in the apex and base of the LV free wall. In heart failure animals, ventricular filling was delayed and slower when compared with control animals. Moreover, the physiological nonuniformity observed between apical and basal segments in normal hearts was abolished in failing hearts. Simultaneously, physiological IVPGs observed during normal ventricular filling were entirely lost in heart failure animals. During ventricular emptying physiological nonuniformity between apical and basal segments observed in control animals was also abolished in heart failure animals. In failing hearts minimal length occurred later and almost at same time both in apical and in basal myocardial segments. Simultaneously, the characteristic IVPG pattern observed in healthy hearts during systole, which promotes ventricular emptying, was not observed in failing hearts. The present study showed that diastolic IVPGs, a marker of normal ventricular filling, and systolic IVPGs, a marker of normal ventricular emptying, are abolished in heart failure.

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150 SERUM TESTOSTERONE CONCENTRATIONS IN BULLS SUPPLEMENTED WITH RUMEN-PROTECTED FAT, ANTIOXIDANTS, OR BOTH

Reproduction Fertility and Development ◽

10.1071/rdv26n1ab150 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 26 (1) ◽

pp. 188

Author(s):

M. M. Guardieiro ◽

F. L. M. Silva ◽

P. L. J. Monteiro ◽

A. B. Nascimento ◽

R. S. Gentil ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Repeated Measures ◽

Serum Testosterone ◽

Saline Control ◽

Control Group ◽

Standard Diet ◽

Testosterone Metabolism ◽

Testosterone Concentration ◽

Treatment Groups ◽

Citrus Pulp ◽

Corn Gluten

Testosterone metabolism occurs primarily in the liver, and circulating concentrations can be influenced by the amount and type of diet provided. Furthermore, there are reports of the influence of circadian rhythms on secretion of testosterone in ruminants. Based on evidence that supplementation with rumen-protected fat may increase circulating concentrations of steroid hormones (Guardieiro et al. 2010 Pesq. Agrop. Bras. 45, 408–414), this study aimed to evaluate the effect of the addition of rumen-protected fat, antioxidants, or both to the diet on serum testosterone concentration in bulls, and to assess whether there is variation in hormone concentrations at different times of the day after feeding. Forty-eight Nelore bulls were confined and assigned to four treatment groups according to the addition of rumen-protected fat, antioxidants, or both to the standard diet (sugarcane bagasse, citrus pulp, corn gluten meal, urea, and mineral salt): F) rumen-protected polyunsaturated fatty acids [PUFA; rich in linoleic, Megalac E®, QGN-Arm & Hammer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; 1.5% on dry matter (DM); n = 12]; A) antioxidant (a source of vitamin C and selenium, EconomasE®, Alltech Biotechnology, Buenos Aires, Argentina; 3 g/head/d; n = 12); FA) Megalac E® and EconomasE® (n = 12), or C) nothing (Control group; n = 12). After 75 days of offering diets, jugular blood samples were collected just before IV injections that were performed three times a day (7:00, 13:00, and 19:00 h) with saline (Control group, n = 24) or gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH; 50 μg Gonadorelin, Fertagyl, MSD Saúde Animal, São Paulo, Brazil; GnRH group, n = 48) and 2 h afterward. Bulls were fed 1 h after the first IV GnRH/saline and the diets remained in the bunk for 17 h. Serum testosterone concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay. Data were analysed by repeated-measures of GLIMMIX of SAS (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). As expected, the GnRH injections increased concentrations of testosterone after 2 h compared to saline (5.4 ± 0.16 v. 3.2 ± 0.16 ng mL–1; P < 0.001). However, after the last injection of GnRH there were lower (P < 0.001) concentrations of testosterone (2.0 ± 0.57) compared to other times. This fact may be explained by the probable association between the greater clearance of testosterone after feeding and the consumption of stock of pituitary LH by GnRH administration. However, there was no effect of diets on circulating testosterone concentration. We may suggest that males can more efficiently control steroid hormone concentrations than females by feedback mechanisms. Financial support was provided by CNPq, FAPESP, Arm & Hammer, Alltech, and EMBRAPA of Brazil.

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Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 Protects against Lethal Irradiation

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood.v112.11.3488.3488 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 112 (11) ◽

pp. 3488-3488

Author(s):

Benny J. Chen ◽

Divino Deoliveira ◽

Nelson Chao

Keyword(s):

Growth Hormone ◽

Growth Factor ◽

T Cell Subsets ◽

Saline Control ◽

Control Group ◽

Insulin Like Growth Factor ◽

Immune Recovery ◽

Saline Control Group ◽

Federal Drug Administration ◽

Lethal Irradiation

Abstract Ionizing irradiation can cause bone marrow failure leading to death. Effective therapeutic agents capable of promoting or accelerating the recovery of the hematopoietic and/or immune compartment following radiation injury are limited. We and others have previously demonstrated that recombinant human growth hormone promotes hematopoietic and immune recovery following stem cell transplantation and irradiation. Published data suggest that growth hormone elicits its pro-hematopoietic effects via action of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1). Since IGF1 has recently been approved by the Federal Drug Administration to treat other conditions, IGF1 could be brought to the clinic rapidly upon demonstration of its activity. In this study, we sought to determine whether IGF1 has radioprotective activity. The studies were performed using BALB/c mice. Recombinant human insulin-like growth factor 1 (rhIGF1) was administered at a dose of 100 mcg/dose, i.v., once a day, starting within one hour after irradiation. BALB/c mice were irradiated with 7.5 Gy and treated with saline or rhIGF1 for 5 days. In the saline control group, all mice (10 out of 10 mice) died within 25 days following irradiation. By contrast, four out of 10 mice (40%) in the rhIGF1-treated group survived more than 100 days after irradiation (Figure, P<0.01). These data indicate that rhIGF1 can protect against lethal irradiation. Because one of the primary causes of death following irradiation is infections, we next sought to determine the effects of rhIGF1 on immune recovery. Compared with the saline control group, treatment with rhIGF1 for 5 days on irradiated (7.5 Gy) BALB/c mice significantly accelerated the recovery of CD4 and CD8 T cell subsets, B cells, and NK cells following irradiation. Our data demonstrate that rhIGF1 could potentially serve as a medical countermeasure in radiation emergencies. Figure Figure

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Effect of Maternally Administered Methadone on Discrimination Learning of Rat Offspring

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.2466/pms.1980.50.3c.1119 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 50 (3_suppl) ◽

pp. 1119-1124 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Steven Van Wagoner ◽

Judith Risser ◽

Marcia Moyer ◽

David Lasky

Keyword(s):

Discrimination Learning ◽

Saline Control ◽

Control Group ◽

Shape Discrimination ◽

Sprague Dawley ◽

Saline Control Group ◽

Rat Offspring ◽

Sprague Dawley Rats ◽

Methadone Group

Shape discrimination learning by four groups of 150-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats was studied. The groups were the offspring of mothers on the following schedules: (1) prenatal and postnatal methadone, (2) prenatal methadone and postnatal saline, (3) prenatal and postnatal methadone, and (4) prenatal and postnatal saline. The hypothesis investigated was that the methadone groups would show a deficit in learning when compared to the saline-control group. This hypothesis was upheld for the prenatal methadone group and the postnatal methadone group.

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The Effect of Acupuncture to SP6 on Skin Temperature Changes of SP6 and SP10: An Observation of “Deqi”

Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine ◽

10.1155/2014/595963 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Jia-Min Yang ◽

Xiao-Yu Shen ◽

Ling Zhang ◽

Song-Xi Shen ◽

Dan-Dan Qi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Skin Temperature ◽

Saline Control ◽

Control Group ◽

Group Model ◽

Model Group ◽

Saline Control Group ◽

Temperature Changes ◽

Group A ◽

Group B ◽

The Relationship

Background. Deqi sensation is a complex but an important component for acupuncture effect. In this study, we tried to observe the relationship between Deqi and skin temperature changes and whether there was some relativity between Deqi and needle stimulations on cold congealing and dysmenorrhea rat model. Thirty-two female Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into four groups (Saline Control Group, Model Group, Group A with strong stimulation, and Group B with small stimulation). Group A and Group B were performed with different stimulations. We found that, compared with saline control group, model group, and Group B, Group A showed that the skin temperature changes on right acupoint SP6 and SP10 increased significantly at 5 min–10 min interval. The skin temperature changes on left SP6 decreased at instant–5 min interval. The skin temperature changes on right SP10 decreased significantly at instant–5 min interval and 10 min–20 min interval. Thermogenic action along Spleen Meridian of Foot Greater Yin was manifested as simultaneous skin temperature increase on right SP6 and SP10 at 5 min–10 min interval after needling SP6, which was helpful to illustrate the relationship between the characteristic of Deqi and needle stimulations.

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Aerosolized surfactant treatment of preterm lambs

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1991.70.2.869 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 70 (2) ◽

pp. 869-876 ◽

Cited By ~ 59

Author(s):

J. F. Lewis ◽

M. Ikegami ◽

A. H. Jobe ◽

B. Tabor

Keyword(s):

Dynamic Compliance ◽

Efficiency Index ◽

Saline Control ◽

Control Group ◽

Saline Control Group ◽

Surfactant Treatment ◽

Natural Surfactant ◽

Ventilation Efficiency ◽

Treatment Administration ◽

The Right

To evaluate the potential for aerosolized surfactant treatments of surfactant deficiency, twin lamb fetuses were delivered at 130-132 days gestational age and received nebulized natural surfactant (Neb NS), nebulized Survanta (Neb Surv), tracheally instilled natural surfactant (Inst NS), or nebulized saline (Neb Saline). Neb NS and Neb Surv groups had significant increases in ventilatory efficiency index and dynamic compliance values (P less than 0.05). Both groups also had pressure-volume curves that were comparable to the Inst NS group. The Neb Saline control group had deterioration of the ventilation efficiency index and dynamic compliance values over time as well as pressure-volume curves that demonstrated smaller lung volumes compared with all three surfactant-treated groups (P less than 0.01). Delivery of aerosolized surfactant to the lung was only approximately 2 mg lipid/kg for the nebulized groups, a dose one-twentieth of that previously noted to be effective in instillation protocols. Distribution histograms of the aerosolized surfactant-treated groups differed from the instilled animals as there was more deposition in the right upper lobes and tracheae in the nebulized groups compared with the instilled group (P less than 0.05). Pulmonary blood flow was not altered by aerosolized surfactant treatment. Administration of aerosolized surfactant to preterm lambs improved lung function at a very low surfactant dose.

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Single dose intratympanic mesna application inhibits propylene glycol induced cholesteatoma formation

The Journal of Laryngology & Otology ◽

10.1017/s002221511600983x ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 131 (3) ◽

pp. 215-220 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

O Ismi ◽

Y Y Karabulut ◽

K K Bal ◽

Y Vayisoglu ◽

M Unal

Keyword(s):

Single Dose ◽

Propylene Glycol ◽

Formation Rate ◽

Cyst Formation ◽

Saline Control ◽

Control Group ◽

Saline Control Group ◽

Intratympanic Injection ◽

The Right ◽

Temporal Bones

AbstractObjective:Mesna (i.e. sodium 2-mercaptoethanesulfonate; C2H5NaO3S2) has been used in otological surgery such as cholesteatoma dissection and tympanic membrane lateralisation in atelectatic ears. However, this study aimed to investigate its effect on cholesteatoma formation.Methods:A total of 20 Wistar rats were divided into two groups of 10 animals. The right and left ears of control animals were treated with saline (saline control group; n = 10 ears) and propylene glycol plus saline (propylene glycol control group; n = 10 ears), respectively. In the mesna group, both ears were treated with propylene glycol plus mesna (n = 20 ears). On days 1, 8 and 15, the saline control group had intratympanic injections of 0.2 ml saline and the propylene glycol control and mesna groups had intratympanic injections of 0.2 ml 100 per cent propylene glycol. On day 22, the propylene glycol control group had a single intratympanic injection of 0.2 ml saline and the mesna group had a single intratympanic injection of 10 per cent mesna. Animals were killed 12 weeks after the last injection and the temporal bones were sent for histopathological evaluation.Results:The cholesteatoma formation rate was 88 per cent in the propylene glycol control group, but was significantly lower in the mesna group (p = 0.01). There were no significant differences in granulation tissue formation (p = 0.498), cyst formation in the bulla (p = 0.381), fibrosis (p = 0.072) and epithelial hyperplasia (p = 0.081) among experimental groups.Conclusion:Intratympanic propylene glycol administration is an effective method of promoting experimental cholesteatoma formation. Administration of a single dose of intratympanic mesna inhibited cholesteatoma formation in an animal model.

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Effects of intravenous infusion of E.coli lipopolysaccharide in early pregnant cows

Reproduction ◽

10.1530/rep-18-0174 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Kathrin Herzog ◽

Letizia Debertolis ◽

John P Kastelic ◽

Marion Schmicke ◽

Susanne E Ulbrich ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Blood Flow ◽

Saline Control ◽

Control Group ◽

Saline Control Group ◽

Blood Samples ◽

Luteal Tissue ◽

Embryonic Loss ◽

Pre Treatment ◽

Embryonic Viability

The objective was to characterize effects of Escherichia coli LPS (given iv) on corpus luteum (CL) and embryonic viability in early pregnant cattle. Eight non-lactating German Holstein cows were given 0.5 µg/kg LPS on 35 ± 3 d (mean ± SEM) of pregnancy, whereas seven heifers, 41 ± 6 d pregnant, were given 10 ml saline (Control group). Transrectal B-mode examinations of the CL were done at -1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h relative to treatment. Blood samples were collected at -1, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h. At 12 and 48 h, the CL was biopsied. None of the cows still in the experiment 10 d after LPS (n=7) had embryonic loss. In LPS-treated cows, luteal area decreased (from 4.1 to 3.1 cm2; P≤0.05) within 6 h and until 48 h. Luteal blood flow decreased by 39% (P≤0.05) within the first 6 h after LPS, but returned to pre-treatment values by 48 h. Plasma P4 decreased by 62% (P≤0.05), reached a nadir (2.7±0.6 ng/mL) at 12 h after LPS and was not restored to pre-treatment (P≤0.05). In luteal tissue, mRNAs for StAR and for FGF1 were lower (P≤0.05) in LPS- than in saline-treated cattle at 12 h, with no difference between groups at 48 h. Levels of mRNAs for Casp3 and FGF2 were not different between groups (P>0.05) at 12 or 48 h after treatment. In conclusion, LPS transiently suppressed CL function, but did not induce embryonic mortality.

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