Study on Chemical Composition of Urinary and Salivary Gland Stones in Relationship with Laboratory Parameters and Lifestyle Habits of Patients with Lithiasis

2017 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 680-682
Author(s):  
Eniko Nemes Nagy ◽  
Mariana Cornelia Tilinca ◽  
Alina Iacob ◽  
Alina Ormenisan ◽  
Zita Fazakas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Uric Acid ◽  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Microscopical Examination ◽  
Lifestyle Habits ◽  
Complex Investigation ◽  
Salivary Gland Stones

Lithiasis is a disease with increasing incidence, may occur in the urinary tract, salivary glands and bile ducts. Genetic susceptibility, diet, low fluid intake, endocrine disorders, infections and other factors can influence the development of the disease and its recurrences. The aim of the study was to reveal the relationship between chemical composition of the stones, lifestyle and dietary habits and the results of laboratory analysis in patients with urinary tract and salivary gland lithiasis. The data of 258 patients with urinary tract and salivary gland lithiasis collected between September 2009 � May 2016 were studied. The subjects were from the Urology and Oral Surgery Hospital, and from the Marmed and Procardia medical units in Tirgu Mures. We evaluated the lifestyle habits using a questionnaire, microscopical examination, size measurement and chemical analysis of the stones were made and we processed the results of urinary strip analysis and sediment. In a subgroup of patients (48 samples) calciuria, phosphaturia, serum uric acid, calcium, phosphate, alkaline phosphatase and parathormone (PTH) levels were determined; in case of pathological values calcitonin measurement and endocrinology consultation were performed. The most frequent composition was the combination of calcium oxalate and phosphate in case of both urinary and salivary gland stones, in several uroliths we detected uric acid/xanthine crystals, rarely cystine and carbonate were found. The incidence of hematuria and leukocyturia exceeded 70%. Excessive calcium intake was observed in the diet of the several patients having calcium oxalate stones. In the subgroup tested for biochemical and hormonal analyses we found increased serum PTH concentration in 20.83% of the patients. Some of the subjects had pathological serum calcium, uric acid and alkaline phosphatase results, or the elimination of minerals in the urine was out of the normal range. We found pathological laboratory results in several patients suffering from lithiasis. Proper diet and medical treatment in many cases could prevent the recurrences of stone formation, but first a complex investigation of the patients is necessary to adapt the treatment plan to individual requirements.

scholarly journals Spektroskopia w podczerwieni z transformatą Fouriera w analizie składu kamieni nerkowych

2018 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Renata Beata Szydlak ◽  
Piotr Maciukiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Uric Acid ◽  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Kidney Stones ◽  
Fourier Transform Infrared ◽  
Gender Analysis

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Kidney stones are one of the most common diseases of the urinary tract, caused by metabolic and excretory disorders. Identification of the components of the stone is necessary to determine the cause of the formation of deposits and to choose the appropriate therapy.The aim of the study was to determine the chemical composition of the kidney stones.Materials and methods: Kidney stones recovered from 46 patients were analyzed for their chemical composition by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The resulting FTIR spectra of the kidney stones were compared to standards.Results: Of the 46 samples, 58.3% were comprised calcium oxalate, 28.3% struvites and 10.9% uric acid. Gender analysis showed that 69.6% of the examined stones were from men and 30.4% from women. Comparison with age revealed that the majority of respondents are people aged 30–44.Conclusions: Calcium oxalate, struvites and uric acid are commonly occurring kidney stones.

scholarly journals Composition of Uroliths seen in patients in Abuja, Nigeria: a single centre retrospective analysis of 155 stones

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Celsus Ukelina Undie ◽  
Ewomazino Ibanga Nnana ◽  
Kalenebari Raymond Torporo
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Upper Urinary Tract ◽  
Modern Technology ◽  
Urinary Stones ◽  
Mixed Composition ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Uric Acid Stones ◽  
Male Patients

Abstract Background Uroliths are stones formed in the urinary tract. Analysis of stones helps to identify risk factors for their development and prevention of recurrence. Standard stone analysis using modern technology is not routinely done in Nigeria. This study sought to determine the chemical composition of urinary stones seen in Abuja, Nigeria. Methods This was a retrospective study on composition of uroliths. Urinary stones surgically removed from 155 patients through minimal access surgical procedures between January 2015 and August 2019 were analysed. Optical crystallography and infrared spectroscopy were used to determine the chemical composition of the urinary stones. Results A total of 155 urinary stones were assembled from the patients. More stones were removed from male patients and the male to female ratio was 1.9:1. Stones were rare in the extremes of age. The predominant location (89.7%) of stones was in the upper urinary tract. All stones were of mixed composition with calcium oxalate accounting for 93.55%. Calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate and uric acid stones were more common in the upper tract, while 2 of the 3 struvite stones were found in the lower tract. Conclusion Stones found in this study were of mixed composition with the most common constituent being Calcium oxalate and the least common, struvite.

Efficacy of Hounsfield Unit of CT in Prediction of the Chemical Composition of Urinary Stones

QJM ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 114 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Salah Mahmoud Ahmed Shehata ◽  
Mohamed Rafik El-Halaby ◽  
Ahmed Mohamed Saafan
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Calcium Phosphate ◽  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Urinary Calculi ◽  
Hounsfield Unit ◽  
Urinary Stones ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Struvite Stones

Abstract Objectives to make a reliable correlation between the chemical composition of the urinary calculi and its Hounsfield unit on CT scan, upon which we can depend on it for prediction of the type of the urinary calculi. The prediction of the chemical structure of the stone would help us to reach a more efficient therapeutic and prophylactic plan. Methods A retrospective study was performed by interpretation of the preoperative CT scans for patients who were presented by urinary stones. Identification of the chemical structure of the calculi was implemented using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR spectroscopy). The laboratory report revealed multiple types of stones either of pure or mixed composition. Afterwards, a comparison was done between Hounsfield units of the stones and the chemical structure. Results The chemical structure of the urinary stones revealed four pure types of stones (Uric acid, Calcium Oxalate, Struvite and Cystine) and two types of mixed stones (mixed calcium oxalate+ Uric, and mixed calcium oxalate+ calcium phosphate). Uric acid stone had a mean Hounsfield Unit (HU) density of428 ± 81, which was quite less than the other stones, followed by struvite stones with density ranging about 714 ± 38. Mixed calcium oxalate stones could be differentiated from other types of stones like uric acid, pure calcium oxalate and struvite stones by the Hounsfield unit of Computed Tomography (the mean Hounsfield Unit was 886 ± 139 and 1427 ± 152 for mixed calcium oxalate + uric stone and mixed calcium oxalate + calcium phosphate stones respectively). Moreover, pure calcium oxalate stones were easily differentiated from all other stones using the mean Hounsfield density as it was 1158 ± 83. It was challenging only when it was compared to cystine stones, as they were quiet similar to HU value (997 ± 14). The variation of Hounsfield values among the previously mentioned stones, was statistically significant (p < 0.001). Conclusion The study proved that the Hounsfield Unit of CT scanning is a convenient measure to predict the chemical structure of urinary calculi.

Disorders of renal calcium handling, urinary stones, and nephrocalcinosis

2020 ◽  
pp. 5093-5103
Author(s):  
Christopher Pugh ◽  
Elaine M. Worcester ◽  
Andrew P. Evan ◽  
Fredric L. Coe
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Calcium Phosphate ◽  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Renal Colic ◽  
Ammonium Phosphate ◽  
Renal Stones ◽  
Magnesium Ammonium ◽  
Cystine Stones ◽  
Stone Passage

Renal stones are common, with a prevalence of 5 to 10% worldwide. Acute stone passage almost always produces the severe pain of renal colic, but stones are often asymptomatic and discovered incidentally on imaging. Prevalence of both symptomatic and asymptomatic disease appears to be rising, although the relative contributions of increasing use of more sensitive imaging modalities and real changes relating to diet and lifestyle are debated. The initial evaluation of patients with renal colic optimally includes noncontrast CT to accurately visualize the size and location of stones in the urinary tract. Initial management of stones less than 5 mm in diameter in patients without anatomical abnormalities of the urinary tract is to provide adequate analgesia coupled with α‎-blockade, followed by watchful waiting to allow time for stone passage. The presence of urinary tract infection, inability to take oral fluids, or obstruction of a single functioning kidney requires hospitalization and active management. Once the acute episode of stone passage or removal is over, thought should be given to diagnosis of the underlying causes and steps taken towards prevention. Since stone analysis is the cornerstone of diagnosis, the patient should be encouraged to collect any stones passed and retain them for analysis. Most stones (66–76%) are formed of calcium oxalate: other types include calcium phosphate (12–17%), uric acid (7–11%), struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate, 2–3%), and cystine (1–2%). They form because urine becomes supersaturated with respect to the solute, and treatment to lower its concentration can prevent recurrence. This chapter describes the aetiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of calcium oxalate stones, calcium phosphate stones, uric acid stones, struvite stones, cystine stones, and nephrocalcinosis.

scholarly journals THE MINERAL COMPOSITION OF URINARY TRACT STONES IN KHOST, AFGHANISTAN

2020 ◽  
pp. 14-16
Author(s):  
Baitullah Abdali ◽  
Khoshal Janatzai
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Urinary Bladder ◽  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Mineral Composition ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Ammonium Oxalate ◽  
Urinary Stones ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Urinary Tract Stones

Background: The urinary tract stones include renal (nephrolithiasis), ureter (ureterolithiasis), and urinary bladder stones (cystolithiasis). The knowledge of the mineral composition of the urinary tract stone is important for the treatment, patient education, and to develop preventative strategies. Aim: This study aims to characterize the proportion of different types of urinary tract stones and their chemical composition in Khost province. Material and Methods: A retrospective, the hospital-based study design was used. The stones were analyzed using simple qualitative biochemical tests. A total of 63 patients were included in this study from Sept 2016 to Aug 2019. The stones were checked for the presence of calcium, magnesium, ammonium, oxalate, phosphate, uric acid, and cystine. Results: The results obtained showed the incidence of the kidney (48 stones), ureteric (4 stones), urinary bladder (11 stones) at the age group of 18-75 years (mean 56.2). The incidence in men was higher than women, male to female ratio being 3:1. The chemical analysis of overall stones has shown that 88.21% had mixed compositions, and 11.79% presented a unique composition. The majority of stones obtained from women was cystine (70%) and oxalate (72%) stones, whereas the majority of stones in men were that of calcium oxalate (76%) and uric acid (74%) stones. Eight of the stones were pure of calcium oxalate, five were pure uric acid, 7 were pure cystine, and 43 were mixed stones. Among the mixed stones, oxalate was present in 32 samples (43 of total), calcium was present in 36 samples, uric acid was seen in 17, phosphate was present in 23, and cysteine was present in 14 stones. Conclusion: This study showed that the most common type of mineral composition found in different urinary stones is calcium oxalate (81%), followed by cystine and uric acid. Further broader and large scale studies are required to assess the mineral base of the urinary tract stones in Afghanistan to develop preventive strategies and promote public awareness about dietary recommendations.

Using Computed Tomography to Predict in Vivo Stone Chemical Composition

2009 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-111
Author(s):  
D. Tiscione ◽  
L. Ruggera ◽  
P. Beltrami ◽  
M.A. Cerruto ◽  
A. Cielo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Uric Acid ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Colorimetric Method ◽  
Hounsfield Unit ◽  
Urinary Stones ◽  
Helical Computed Tomography ◽  
Significant Difference

Objectives Several authors hypothesized the usefulness of the non-contrast helical computed tomography (NCHCT) with the determination of stone Hounsfield Unit (HU) values in order to predict urinary stone compositions. Preoperative knowledge of stone composition might be interesting in pre-operative decision-making process. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible correlation between stone chemical composition and correspondent stone HU value in an in-vivo experience. Methods Forty patients with urinary stones were preoperatively studied with abdominal NCHCT, where stone HU values were reported. Stone chemical composition was obtained in each patient, using the colorimetric method. The HU value of each stone was compared with the correspondent chemical analysis. Results The median HU values of calcium oxalate (n=10), mixed calcium oxalate and phosphate (n=19), calcium phosphate (n=2), uric acid (n=6) and mixed uric acid and calcium oxalate (n=3) stones were 1060 HU [interquartile range (IQR) 743.75–1222.5]; 900 HU (IQR 588.5–1108.5); 774 HU (range 720–828); 371 HU (IQR 361.25–436.25) and 532 HU (range 476–626), respectively. Conclusions Our results confirmed a statistically significant difference of the HU values between calcium and pure uric acid calculi, suggesting a correlation between stone chemical composition and CT-density. Hounsfield unit

scholarly journals Spectrum of chemical analysis of 150 consecutive upper urinary tract stones with critical analysis in respect of demographic and geographical distribution

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Waliul Islam ◽  
Fazal Naser ◽  
Mahmood Hasan ◽  
Mohammed Mizanur Rahman ◽  
Mizanur Rahman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Geographical Origin ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Urinary Stones ◽  
Mixed Composition ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Stone ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Cystine Stone

Background: The aim of the study was to evaluate the chemical composition of urinary stones and pattern of changes according to the patient's demographic and geographical distribution.Methods: 150 patients of upper tract urolithiasis were prospectively selected during the study period. Chemical composition was analyzed by FTIR spectroscopy. A subgroup study based on the patient's age, sex and geographical origin was done. For subgroup analysis patients were divided into two age groups; group A (5-18 years, 14 patients) and group B (>18 years, 136 patients). The geographical origin of the patients was recorded according to the administrative division.Results: Male were predominant in all age groups with ratio of 2.49:1. Most of the patients were from Rangpur (28.67%) and Mymensingh (20.67) division. Mixed composition stones were much more common than pure one (75.99% vs 24.01%). Overall, combination of calcium oxalate monohydrate with dehydrate was the most common composition (56.67%). Calcium oxalate was the predominant chemical composition in 82% of stones, followed by struvite in 9.33%, apatite in 4.67%, uric acid in 3.33% and cystine in 0.67%. The proportion of calcium oxalate stone was increasing while that of struvite, uric acid, and cystine stone was decreasing with age. But stone composition did not show any significant difference on geographical distribution.Conclusions: Calcium oxalate is the most common composition of urinary stones in all age groups. Mixed stones are more common than pure ones. The incidence of calcium oxalate stone increases while that of struvite, uric acid, and cystine stone decreases with age.

scholarly journals Dual-Energy Multidetector Computed Tomography: A Highly Accurate Non-Invasive Tool for in Vivo Determination of Chemical Composition of Renal Calculi

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. E202134
Author(s):  
Shafqat Shabir Bhawani ◽  
Majid Jehangir ◽  
Mohammad Masood ◽  
Sajjad Ahmad Dar ◽  
Sajad Nazir Syed
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Uric Acid ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Multidetector Computed Tomography ◽  
Renal Calculi ◽  
Dual Energy ◽  
Dual Energy Computed Tomography ◽  
Uric Acid Stones

Introduction. Computed tomography is more accurate than excretory urography in evaluation of renal stones due to its high sensitivity and temporal resolution; it permits sub-millimetric evaluation of the size and site of calculi but cannot evaluate their chemical composition. Dual-energy computed tomography allows evaluating the chemical composition of urinary calculi using simultaneous image acquisition at two different energy levels. The objective of the research was to determine renal stone composition using dual-energy multidetector computed tomography, and its correlation with post-extraction chemical analysis of stones. Materials and Methods. This prospective study was conducted in the Department of Radiodiagnosis and Imaging from September 2017 to March 2019. A total of 50 patients with urolithiasis at the age of 18-70 years were included in the study. Dual-energy computed tomography ratios of various stones were noted, and preoperative composition of calculi was given based on their colour and dual-energy computed tomography ratio. These results were compared with the post-extraction chemical analysis of stones (using Fourier infrared transform spectroscopy as the standard comparative method.) Results. The most common type of calculi in our study population was calcium oxalate stones (78%) followed by uric acid stones (12%), cystine stones (6%) and hydroxyapatite stones (4%). The dual-energy ratio of calcium oxalate, uric acid, cystine and hydroxyapatite stones ranged from 1.38-1.59, 0.94-1.08, and 1.20-1.28 and 1.52-1.57, respectively, with the mean dual-energy ratio of 1.43, 1.01, 1.25 and 1.55, respectively. Dual-energy computed tomography was found to be 100% sensitive and specific for differentiating uric acid stones from non‑uric acid stones. The sensitivity and specificity in differentiating calcium oxalate calculus from non‑calcium oxalate calculus was 97.5% and 90.9%, respectively, with 96% accuracy and kappa value of 0.883 suggesting strong agreement. Conclusions. Dual-energy computed tomography is highly sensitive and accurate in distinguishing between various types of renal calculi. It has vital role in management as uric acid calculi are amenable to drug treatment, while most of non-uric acid calculi require surgical intervention.

Urine stones of different chemical composition occurrence depending on the level of uricuria

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-113
Author(s):  
Michail Y. Prosiannikov ◽  
Nikolay V Anokhin ◽  
Sergey A. Golovanov ◽  
Olga V Konstantinova ◽  
Andrey V. Sivkov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Biochemical Analysis ◽  
Urinary Stone ◽  
Urinary Stones ◽  
Acid Excretion ◽  
Uric Acid Excretion ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Stones ◽  
Urinary Acid

Introduction. According to modern concepts one of the key links in the pathogenesis of urolithiasis is metabolic lithogenic disturbances. The study of the complex effect of many factors on the metabolism of urolithiasis patient is the basis of modern scientific research. We studied the frequency of various chemical urinary stones occurrence depending on various levels of uricuria. Materials and methods. Data from of 708 urolithiasis patients (303 men and 405 women) were analized. The results of blood and urine biochemical analysis and chemical composition of urinary stone were studied. The degree of uricuria was ranked by 10 intervals: from 0.4 to 14.8 mmol/day to assess the occurrence of different stones at various levels of uricuria. Results. The incidence of calculi consisting of uric acid also increases with increasing levels of uric acid in the urine. An increase in the level of uricuria above 3.11 mmol/day is observed to increase calcium-oxalate stones occurrence. Decrease in the prevalence of carbonatapatite and struvite stones observed at an increase of urine uric acid excretion. At high levels of uric acid excretion, we found uric acid and calcium oxalate stones most often. Conclusion. Control over the level of urinary acid excretion in urine is important in case of calcium-oxalate and uric acid urolithiasis.

Quantitative phase analysis and microstructural characterization of urinary tract calculi with X-ray diffraction Rietveld analysis on a Caribbean island

2022 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaimie Greasley ◽  
Shivan Goolcharan ◽  
Roger Andrews
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Rietveld Refinement ◽  
Natural Extension ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Stone Analysis ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Carbonated Apatite ◽  
Urinary Tract Calculi

In the twin-island state of Trinidad and Tobago, urinary stone analysis is not routinely performed. This study investigates, via powder X-ray diffraction, 52 urinary tract calculi collected from hospitals in Trinidad. Of these, 46 stones were analysed with Rietveld refinement for quantitative analysis and materials characterization. Refined unit-cell, microstructural and weight fraction parameters were obtained, with the last being used for stone classification. The results revealed seven distinct mineralogical phases of varying frequency: calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM, 58%), calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD, 23%), carbonated apatite (APA, 48%), brushite (BRU, 6%), struvite (STR, 42%), uric acid (UA, 23%) and ammonium acid urate (AAU, 19%). The average refined crystallite sizes were 1352 ± 90 Å (COM), 1921 ± 285 Å (COD), 83 ± 5 Å (APA), 1172 ± 9 Å (BRU), 1843 ± 138 Å (STR), 981 ± 87 Å (UA) and 292 ± 83 Å (AAU). Subsequently, 36.5% of stones were categorized as phosphates, 34.6% as oxalates, 13.5% as uric acid/urates and 15.4% as mixed compositions. The study findings highlight the importance of stone analysis as a necessary step towards disease management of local patients, and endorse the application of Rietveld refinement as a natural extension to diffraction-based kidney stone investigations.

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