Particition of Sodium-potassium Adenosine Triphosphatases in Homeostasis Regulation

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 191-195
Author(s):  
Sergey G. Dzugkoev ◽  
Fira S. Dzugkoeva ◽  
Olga I. Margieva ◽  
Irina V. Mozhaeva
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Metabolic Processes ◽  
Α Subunit ◽  
Caveolin 1 ◽  
Sodium Transporters ◽  
Catalytic Function ◽  
Adenosine Triphosphatases ◽  
The Status ◽  
Homeostasis Regulation

A literature review presented an analysis of data regarding the mechanisms of the Na pump in nephron and hormonal regulators of enzyme activity, including enzymatic catalysts. Investigating the regulatory mechanisms of metabolic processes can facilitate the development of new strategies to repair various pathological conditions. Among these functional proteins, Na+/K+ATPase is responsible for the regulation of hydroionic homeostasis and signaling. Ion transport in different parts of the nephron is mediated via sodium transporters, which are characterized by a clear topographical expression. In the oligomeric Na+/K+ATPase molecule, the α-subunit comprises 10 transmembrane domains and performs a catalytic function. The signal function of Na+/K+ATPase and its interaction with the molecular environment in lipid microdomains involve rafts and caveolae. Analysis of the literature data demonstrated an important function of Na+/K+ATPase, along with its interaction with caveolin-1, in the regulation of intracellular cholesterol traffic. Moreover, reciprocal interactions of enzymes and cholesterol have been indicated. The status of Na+/K+ATPase activity is affected by hypoxia, reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation (LPO), increased cholesterol concentrations, and the viscosity of the cytoplasmic membrane. Ecological pollutants, including heavy metals, have significant effects on enzyme activity in nephron, hepatocytes and cardiomyocytes. Thus, available literature data indicate an important role of Na+/K+ATPase in the regulation of metabolic processes.

scholarly journals Renal sodium transporter/channel expression and sodium excretion in P2Y2 receptor knockout mice fed a high-NaCl diet with/without aldosterone infusion

2011 ◽  
Vol 300 (3) ◽  
pp. F657-F668 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yue Zhang ◽  
Raelene Listhrop ◽  
Carolyn M. Ecelbarger ◽  
Bellamkonda K. Kishore
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Reabsorption ◽  
Prostaglandin E ◽  
Α Subunit ◽  
Sodium Transporters ◽  
Channel Expression ◽  
Important Regulator ◽  
Sodium Transporter ◽  
Renal Sodium Reabsorption ◽  
Epithelial Sodium Channel Enac

The P2Y2 receptor (P2Y2-R) antagonizes sodium reabsorption in the kidney. Apart from its effect in distal nephron, hypothetically, P2Y2-R may modulate activity/abundances of sodium transporters/channel subunits along the nephron via antagonism of aldosterone or vasopressin or interaction with mediators such as nitric oxide (NO), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) or oxidative stress (OS). To determine the extent of the regulatory role of P2Y2-R in renal sodium reabsorption, in study 1, we fed P2Y2-R knockout (KO; n = 5) and wild-type (WT; n = 5) mice a high (3.15%)-sodium diet (HSD) for 14 days. Western blotting revealed significantly higher protein abundances for cortical and medullary bumetanide-sensitive Na-K-2Cl cotransporter (NKCC2), medullary α-1-subunit of Na-K-ATPase, and medullary α-subunit of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) in KO vs. WT mice. Molecular analysis of urine showed increased excretion of nitrates plus nitrites (NOx), PGE2, and 8-isoprostane in the KO, relative to WT mice, supporting a putative role for these molecules in determining alterations of proteins involved in sodium transport along the nephron. To determine whether genotype differences in response to aldosterone might have played a role in these differences due to HSD, in study 2 aldosterone levels were clamped (by osmotic minipump infusion). Clamping aldosterone (with HSD) led to significantly impaired natriuresis with elevated Na/H exchanger isoform 3 in the cortex, and NKCC2 in the medulla, and modest but significantly lower levels of NKCC2, and α- and β-ENaC in the cortex of KO vs. WT mice. This was associated with significantly reduced urinary NOx in the KO, although PGE2 and 8-isoprostane remained significantly elevated vs. WT mice. Taken together, our results suggest that P2Y2-R is an important regulator of sodium transporters along the nephron. Pre- or postreceptor differences in the response to aldosterone, perhaps mediated via prostaglandins or changes in NOS activity or OS, likely play a role.

scholarly journals ЕФЕКТИВНІСТЬ ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ КОРМОВОЇ ДОБАВКИ ПЕКТИНОВМІСНОЇ ПОРОСЯТАМ НА ДОРОЩУВАННІ

2014 ◽  
pp. 112-115
Author(s):  
Л. О. Тарасенко
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Feed Additive ◽  
Optimum Dose ◽  
Metabolic Processes ◽  
Morphological Composition

Дослідженнями доведено, що застосування кормо-вої добавки пектиновмісної поросятам на дорощу-ванні за оптимальної дози 0,3 г/кг живої маси впро-довж 30-ти діб для зменшення вмісту кадмію, куп-руму, плюмбуму і меркурію в усіх органах і тканинахдо рівнів ГДК позитивно вплинуло на нормалізаціюметаболічних процесів, рівень мінерального та білко-вого обміну, покращання морфологічного складу крові.Відома залежність активності ферментів від наявно-сті в реакційній суміші активаторів і інгібіторів. Са-ме механізм зниження активності названих складнихферментів можливо пояснити наявністю інгібіторів –речовин, які викликають ґальмування реакцій, що ка-талізуються ферментами, в ролі яких у даному випад-ку виступають важкі метали, виведення яких у разізастосування пектиновмісної кормової добавки нор-малізують ферментативні процеси. Research has demonstrated that the use of a feed additive for piglets pectin rearing at the optimum dose of 0.3 g / kg body weight for 30 days to reduce cadmium, copper, of lead and mercury in all organs and tissues to levels MPC positive impact on the normalization of metabolic processes , the level of mineral and albumin metabolism, improved morphological composition of  blood. Known dependence of enzyme activity on the presence in the reaction mixture of activators and inhibitors. And that mechanism to reduce the activity of these enzymes may explain complicated by the presence of inhibitors - substances that cause inhibition of reactions catalyzed by enzymes, the role of which in this case are the heavy metals, the excretion of which the application pectin feed additive normalize enzymatic processes.

The study of interfacial reactions of nickel thin films on GaAs

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 156-157
Author(s):  
L.J. Chen ◽  
Y.F. Hsieh
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Integrated Circuits ◽  
Interfacial Reactions ◽  
Metal Contacts ◽  
Nickel Thin Films ◽  
Thin Foils ◽  
The Status ◽  
Si Doped ◽  
Electron Microscopes

One measure of the maturity of a device technology is the ease and reliability of applying contact metallurgy. Compared to metal contact of silicon, the status of GaAs metallization is still at its primitive stage. With the advent of GaAs MESFET and integrated circuits, very stringent requirements were placed on their metal contacts. During the past few years, extensive researches have been conducted in the area of Au-Ge-Ni in order to lower contact resistances and improve uniformity. In this paper, we report the results of TEM study of interfacial reactions between Ni and GaAs as part of the attempt to understand the role of nickel in Au-Ge-Ni contact of GaAs.N-type, Si-doped, (001) oriented GaAs wafers, 15 mil in thickness, were grown by gradient-freeze method. Nickel thin films, 300Å in thickness, were e-gun deposited on GaAs wafers. The samples were then annealed in dry N2 in a 3-zone diffusion furnace at temperatures 200°C - 600°C for 5-180 minutes. Thin foils for TEM examinations were prepared by chemical polishing from the GaA.s side. TEM investigations were performed with JE0L- 100B and JE0L-200CX electron microscopes.

Strategic Role of Zakat in Multidimensional Quality of Life in Sijunjung, Indonesia

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-72
Author(s):  
Herlin Hamimi ◽  
Abdul Ghafar Ismail ◽  
Muhammad Hasbi Zaenal
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Wealth Distribution ◽  
Absolute Poverty ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Status ◽  
Being There ◽  
The Impact

Zakat is one of the five pillars of Islam which has a function of faith, social and economic functions. Muslims who can pay zakat are required to give at least 2.5 per cent of their wealth. The problem of poverty prevalent in disadvantaged regions because of the difficulty of access to information and communication led to a gap that is so high in wealth and resources. The instrument of zakat provides a paradigm in the achievement of equitable wealth distribution and healthy circulation. Zakat potentially offers a better life and improves the quality of human being. There is a human quality improvement not only in economic terms but also in spiritual terms such as improving religiousity. This study aims to examine the role of zakat to alleviate humanitarian issues in disadvantaged regions such as Sijunjung, one of zakat beneficiaries and impoverished areas in Indonesia. The researcher attempted a Cibest method to capture the impact of zakat beneficiaries before and after becoming a member of Zakat Community Development (ZCD) Program in material and spiritual value. The overall analysis shows that zakat has a positive impact on disadvantaged regions development and enhance the quality of life of the community. There is an improvement in the average of mustahik household incomes after becoming a member of ZCD Program. Cibest model demonstrates that material, spiritual, and absolute poverty index decreased by 10, 5, and 6 per cent. Meanwhile, the welfare index is increased by 21 per cent. These findings have significant implications for developing the quality of life in disadvantaged regions in Sijunjung. Therefore, zakat is one of the instruments to change the status of disadvantaged areas to be equivalent to other areas.

The Kenya National Commission on Human Rights under the 2010 Constitutional Dispensation

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-226
Author(s):  
Bonolo Ramadi Dinokopila ◽  
Rhoda Igweta Murangiri
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Transitional Justice ◽  
National Commission ◽  
Bill Of Rights ◽  
Institutional Perspective ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
National Human ◽  
The Status ◽  
Protection Of Human Rights

This article examines the transformation of the Kenya National Commission on Human Rights (KNCHR) and discusses the implications of such transformation on the promotion and protection of human rights in Kenya. The article is an exposition of the powers of the Commission and their importance to the realisation of the Bill of Rights under the 2010 Kenyan Constitution. This is done from a normative and institutional perspective with particular emphasis on the extent to which the UN Principles Relating to the Status of National Institutions for the promotion and protection of human rights (the Paris Principles, 1993) have been complied with. The article highlights the role of national human rights commissions in transformative and/or transitional justice in post-conflict Kenya. It also explores the possible complementary relationship(s) between the KNCHR and other Article 59 Commissions for the better enforcement of the bill of rights.

Moderating Role of Gender in the Relationship between Cognitive Errors and Anxiety among Adolescents

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-102
Author(s):  
Tasnim Rehna ◽  
Rubina Hanif ◽  
Muhammad Aqeel
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Adolescent Psychopathology ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cognitive Errors ◽  
Adolescent Anxiety ◽  
Study Results ◽  
The Status ◽  
Manifest Anxiety ◽  
The Relationship

Background: Widespread social paradigms on which the status variances are grounded in any society, gender plays pivotal role in manifestation of mental health problems (Rutter, 2007). A hefty volume of research has addressed the issue in adults nonetheless, little is vividly known about the role of gender in adolescent psychopathology. Sample: A sample of 240 adolescents (125 boys, 115 girls) aging 12-18 years was amassed from various secondary schools of Islamabad with the approval of the Federal Directorate of Education (FDE), relevant authorities of the schools and the adolescents themselves. Instruments: Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale (Taylor & Spence, 1953) and Children’s Negative Cognitive Errors Questionnaire (CNCEQ) by Leitenberg et al., (1986) were applied in present study. Results: Multiple regression analysis revealed that cognitive errors jointly accounted for 78% of variance in predicting anxiety among adolescents. Findings also exhibited that gender significantly moderated the relationship between cognitive errors and adolescent anxiety. Implications of the findings are discoursed for future research and clinical practice.

FUNCTIONAL AND SEMANTIC CHARACTERS OF AN ADDRESS IN UKRAINIAN AND FRENCH

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (28) ◽  
pp. 129-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tetiana Korolova ◽  
Nadiia Demianova
Keyword(s):  
Field Model ◽  
Semantic Field ◽  
The Status ◽  
Semantically Heterogeneous

The vocative function of an address being the basic one is supplemented and modified by a number of other functions actualized in communication, i.e. the phatic one (establishing and developing the contact with the addressee), the status one (reflecting the status responsibility of the communicants), the emotional and attitudinal one (characterizing the addressee and the attitude of the speaker towards the uttered information). Such modification explains the polyfunctional character of the address in communication. All units of address, just like the components of the addressing functional field, are polysemantic and polysemy comprises every type of an address. According to the communicative tasks the following functions can be stated within the vocative one: nominative (naming the addressee), deixis (identifying the addressee), vocative proper (attracting the addressee’s attention). The field model of addresses’ semantic structures allows to research standard and nonstandard vocatives. The standard addresses form the nucleus of the semantic field under research and characterize stability of their application in one of the above-mentioned functions. Nonstandard vocative lexemes (1 % of the total amount of the experimental material) can play the role of an address under certain circumstances. They form semantically heterogeneous (conditioned by a situation) group, located in the periphery area of the semantic field of addresses. The addresses that include anthroponyms form the most widely used group (64,5 % in Ukrainian and 68,1 % in French), the second place belongs to the addresses with appellatives (34,6 % and 29,9 %, correspondingly). As to the composition of appellatives in the status and role addresses they comprise 36,4 % in Ukrainian and 34,9 % in French. Attitudinal addresses reach 63 % and 65,1 %, correspondingly.

Reforming the Role of the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights in Advancing Democratic Principles and Human Rights in African Countries: An Examination Using the Lens of Swaziland/ eSwatini

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy Sarkin
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Individual Country ◽  
The Status ◽  
Effective Role ◽  
Limited Compliance ◽  
Fact Finding ◽  
Democratic Principles ◽  
African Commission

This article explores the role of the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights and the role it plays regarding human rights in individual country situations in Africa. It specifically examines the extent to which it has been able to advance a human rights agenda in countries with long-standing human rights problems. The article uses Swaziland/ eSwatini as a lens to examine the matter, because of the longstanding problems that exist in that country. This is done to indicate how the institution works over time on a country’s human rights problems. The article examines a range of institutional structural matters to establish how these issues affect the role of the Commission in its work. The article examines the way in which the Commission uses its various tools, including its communications, the state reporting processes, fact-finding visits, and resolutions, to determine whether those tools are being used effectively. The article examines how the Commission’s processes issues also affect it work. Issues examined negatively affecting the Commission are examined, including problems with the status of its resolutions and communications, limited compliance with its outcomes, and inadequate state cooperation. Reforms necessary to enhance to role and functions of the Commission are surveyed to determine how the institution could become more effective. The African Union’s (AU|) Kagame Report on AU reform is briefly reviewed to examine the limited view and focus of AU reform processes and why AU reform ought to focus on enhancing human rights compliance. The article makes various suggestions on necessary institutional reforms but also as far as the African Commission’s procedures and methods of work to allow it to have a far more effective role in the promotion and protection of human rights on the continent. It is noted that political will by the AU and African states is the largest obstacle to giving the Commission the necessary independence, support and assistance that it needs to play the role in Africa that it should.

THE ROLE OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN STRENGTHENING DEMOCRACY

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-131
Author(s):  
Mbuzeni Mathenjwa
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Local Government ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Public Interest ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
African Union ◽  
African Countries ◽  
The Status ◽  
Administrative Units

The place and role of local government within the structure of government in Africa has attracted much public interest. Prior to and after independence, African countries used local government as the administrative units of central governments without their having any legal status, to the extent that local authorities were under the strict control of central governments. The autonomy of local government is pivotal in the democratisation of a country. The United Nations, European Union and African Union have adopted treaties to promote the recognition and protection of local government in the state parties’ constitutions. Accordingly, this article explains the status of local government in Africa and its impact on strengthening democracy in African states.

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