scholarly journals DEVELOPMENT AND LEVEL OF EFFICIENCY OF TRADE ACTIVITIES BY RETAIL ENTERPRISES OF UKRAINE

2020 ◽  
pp. 132-144
Author(s):  
N. V. Koval ◽  
N. L. Korzhenivska ◽  
E. V. Dobrovolska
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Preferences ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Digital Information ◽  
Network Marketing ◽  
Managerial Decision ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Digital Material ◽  
Trading Activities ◽  
Business Entities

Development of trading activities is carried out in accordance with the current Concept of development of internal trade of Ukraine. At a rapid pace, changes are occurring in consumer preferences, assortment conditions, and the expansion of the influence of the geographical and species capabilities of the presented goods. The analysis of internal changes in the volume of goods turnover of enterprises by product groups, business entities at the country level and its individual regions made it possible to argue and justify the importance of observing the totality of organization principles, the balance of supply and demand, purchasing power, economic feasibility and payback. The used methods of author generalizations, analytical and statistical calculations, comparisons made it possible to systematize the digital material of the study and substantiate conclusions regarding the state and dynamics of the development of trade activities in Ukraine, as well as the Khmelnitsky region, as one of its regions. The study focuses on network marketing, as one of the forms of development and improvement of trade and the determination of the necessary nomenclature and bottlenecks in the activities of trade entities, including markets. The prospects of the use of electronic commerce (purchase and sales) are substantiated, which significantly expands the possibilities for carrying out trading activities for both buyers and trade enterprises. It is proposed to take into account the influence of demographic security, as one of the factors that shape the country's product policy and its export potential. It is determined that the influence on the increase in turnover indicators has an extensive factor in the growth of prices for consumed goods, in a certain way introduces distortions in the perception of digital information. The use of innovative technologies, modern methods of managerial decision-making in the field of marketing, logistics allows us to improve the trading process, satisfy consumer demand and ensure the effectiveness of enterprises in the trading sphere.

scholarly journals Regulation and Decriminalisation of Illegal Substances in Thailand

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rasmon Kalayasiri ◽  
Teerayuth Rungnirundorn ◽  
Robert Ali ◽  
John Marsden
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Middle Income Country ◽  
Drug Control ◽  
Psychoactive Substances ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Country Level ◽  
History Of ◽  
Legal Controls

Psychoactive substances – chemical compounds which can alter a person’s mood, thoughts, and behaviors may be liable to misuse and cause addiction. Internationally, many strategies have been implemented in order to limit the supply and demand of illegal substances, with a wide variation at the country level. Thailand is an upper-middle income country in Southeast Asia. Since 2015, Thai authorities and policymakers have instituted many changes to the legal controls on illegal drugs. The aim of this review was to summarise the history of drug control and regulation in Thailand, focusing on opioids (including Kratom), methamphetamines and cannabis, and the outcome of recent strategies. Recent measures towards decriminalising substance use disorders are also discussed.

scholarly journals Demystifying the Opioid Trade in Anonymous Markets and Forums (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhengyi Li ◽  
Xiangyu Du ◽  
Xiaojing Liao ◽  
Xiaoqian Jiang ◽  
Tiffany Champagne-Langabeer
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Supply Chain ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Opioid Use Disorder ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Opioid Use ◽  
Longitudinal Measurement ◽  
Online Marketplaces ◽  
Trading Activities

BACKGROUND Opioid use disorder presents a public health issue afflicting millions across the globe. There is a pressing need to understand the opioid supply chain to gain new insights into the mitigation of opioid use and effectively combat the opioid crisis. The role of anonymous online marketplaces and forums that resemble eBay or Amazon, where anyone can post, browse, and purchase opioid commodities, has become more and more important in opioid trading. Therefore, a greater understanding of anonymous markets and forums may enable public health officials and other stakeholders to comprehend the scope of the crisis. OBJECTIVE The objective of this work is to profile the opioid supply chain in anonymous markets and forums via a large-scale, longitudinal measurement study on anonymous market listings and posts. Toward this, we propose a series of techniques to collect data, to identify opioid jargon terms used in the anonymous marketplaces and forums, and to profile the opioid commodities, suppliers, and transactions. METHODS We first conducted a whole-site crawl of anonymous online marketplaces and forums to solicit data. Then, we developed a suite of opioid domain-specific text mining techniques (e.g., opioid jargon detection, opioid trading information retrieval) to recognize information relevant to opioid trading activities (e.g., commodities, price, shipping information, suppliers, etc.). After that, we conducted a comprehensive, large-scale, longitudinal study to demystify opioid trading activities in anonymous markets and forums. RESULTS A total of 248,359 listings from 10 anonymous online marketplaces and 1,138,961 traces (i.e., threads of posts) from 6 underground forums were collected. Among them, we identified 28,106 opioid product listings and 13,508 opioid-related promotional and review forum traces from 5147 unique opioid suppliers’ IDs and 2778 unique opioid buyers’ IDs. Our study characterized opioid suppliers (e.g., activeness and cross-market activities), commodities (e.g., popular items and their evolution), and transactions (e.g., origins and shipping destination) in anonymous marketplaces and forums, which enabled a greater understanding of the underground trading activities involved in international opioid supply and demand. CONCLUSIONS The results provide insight into opioid trading in the anonymous markets and forums, and may prove an effective mitigation data point for illuminating the opioid supply chain.

scholarly journals IMPROVING THE INTERACTION OF SMALL AND MEDIUM-SIZED ENTERPRISES WITH BANKS IN THE PROCESS OF CREDIT INTERRELATIONS

2018 ◽  
pp. 95-103
Author(s):  
Ihor HUTSAL
Keyword(s):  
Market Economy ◽  
Financial Intermediation ◽  
Mutual Influence ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Regional Level ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Financial Contracts ◽  
Effective Collaboration ◽  
Market Infrastructure ◽  
Economic Expediency

Introduction. The article outlines the directions of interaction of SMEs with banks, attention is focused on mutually beneficial cooperation of entities market economy because of the interdependence of their relationship. It is confirmed that the interaction between SMEs and banks in the process of financial intermediation is carried out by mutual influence that happens within the existing communications and is accompanied by the exchange of resources and their obligations based on operational needs and financial capabilities and economic feasibility. Purpose. For effective collaboration and interaction between SMEs and banks it is necessary to implement the motivational principles at the regional level through the development of market infrastructure. On the first phase should be solved the problem of matching supply and demand of credit resources, mainly through refinancing of banks according to the needs of SMEs. Results. The next phase requires implementation of customer-oriented strategy of SMEs’ needs on the part of banks by systematization and standardization of banking products. Ideal variants for meeting the needs of SME banking products – are special loan programs, which are clustered approaches indeed. Conclusion. It is proved that the interaction of SMEs and banks is carried out by mutual influence between them in the process of sharing resources and obligations within financial contracts. Such interaction is based on operational needs and financial possibilities, economic expediency.

Digital Television Transition in South Africa

2014 ◽  
pp. 15-26
Author(s):  
Blessing Mbatha
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Digital Television ◽  
Digital Information ◽  
Key Informants ◽  
Open Coding ◽  
Global Access ◽  
Business Entities ◽  
Analogue To Digital ◽  
Depth Interviews

This chapter examines possible obstacles to the adoption of digital television in South Africa. A qualitative approach was followed by conducting in-depth interviews with key informants. The data was analyzed using open coding, where dominant themes from the discussions were identified and discussed in detail. This chapter intends to outline the importance of digital readiness from digital television perspective as a platform for universal disposal of digital information to both the citizenry and business entities. In order to do that, the chapter discusses digital migration with a focus to improving e-Government development of promoting global access to government information.The findings show that there are a few challenges in migrating from analogue to digital television in South Africa. From this study, it is evidently shown that the emerging digital television platforms have a lot of potential to be used as a vehicle for e-Government applications.

scholarly journals Differences in Consumer Preferences for Lamb Meat before and during the Economic Crisis in Spain. Analysis and Perspectives

Foods ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 696 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrián Rabadán ◽  
Laura Martínez-Carrasco ◽  
Margarita Brugarolas ◽  
Casilda Navarro-Rodríguez de Vera ◽  
Estrella Sayas-Barberá ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Consumer Preferences ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Economic Recession ◽  
Meat Consumption ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Purchasing Decisions ◽  
External Appearance ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Lamb Meat

Determining the preferences of food consumers is key for adapting supply and demand. This adaptation of supply is dynamic rather than static, given that it develops over time and is influenced by both social and economic factors. This work presents an analysis of the development of lamb meat consumption at two points in time, 2004 and 2014, before and in the midst of the economic crisis in Spain (2007–2017). Our findings show that together with the external appearance and against the backdrop of an economic recession, price has a greater impact on consumers’ purchasing decisions than origin and quality seals, despite these being attributes that are traditionally used as a guarantee of food safety and traceability. This suggests that in times of economic crisis consumer preferences shift towards attributes that are less related to product quality. Nonetheless, the comparison of the consumer segments for each of the years under study revealed that age and level of education are the socioeconomic factors that most influence the preferences of lamb meat consumers.

scholarly journals Too Many Products: Decentralized Decision Making in Multinational Firms

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 280-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Multinational Firms ◽  
Consumer Preferences ◽  
Laundry Detergent ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
Product Range ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Decentralized Decision Making

I analyze country-level product ranges offered by multinational laundry detergent manufacturers in Western Europe. Observed product range variation across countries exceeds the optimal firm-level response to differences in consumer preferences and retail environments. Counterfactual analysis reveals that increased product range standardization would reduce firm costs and increase profits. These findings are consistent with theory models of local agency, where decentralized decision making can be the constrained optimal organizational form despite the resulting lack of coordination across divisions. My analysis suggests that organizational structure affects product market outcomes and firm performance. (JEL D23, F23, L21, L25, L65)

Lateral Collaboration in Semiconductor Industry Supply Networks

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 39-79
Author(s):  
Bikram K. Bahinipati ◽  
S.G. Deshmukh
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Supply Chain ◽  
Resource Sharing ◽  
Semiconductor Industry ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Managerial Decision ◽  
Supply Networks ◽  
Penalty Cost ◽  
Optimal Capacity ◽  
Capacity Decision

The interactive emphasis of vertical and horizontal collaboration in the semiconductor industry supply chain (SSC) support the buyer(s) performing procurement activities with supplier(s) through joint planning and decision-making, information sharing, resource sharing and incentive alignment. The paper proposes a framework to explore the resource sharing conditions under which enterprises are motivated to collaborate and the conditions in which such collaboration would be successful. A lateral collaboration scheme is proposed, which can be operated by the e-market intermediary to motivate buyers and suppliers to collaborate under competion. The results of this study demonstrate that the proposed collaboration mechanism yields an effective infrastructure for each members of the supply chain that supports efficient exchange of information and resources among all members. It is expected that the proposed scheme would enable the optimal capacity decision among competing suppliers for minimum expected total cost of the supply chain by appropriate selection of ordering quantity and penalty cost as imposed by the e-market intermediary. It is argued that the managerial decision-making in procurement perspective contribute to the matching between supply and demand for gaining mutual benefits.

Up, Up and Away! The Economics of Vertical Farming

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chirantan Banerjee ◽  
Lucie Adenaeuer
Keyword(s):  
Concurrent Engineering ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Consumer Preferences ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Market Potential ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Vertical Farming ◽  
Footprint Area ◽  
The Cost

With rising population and purchasing power, demand for food and changing consumer preferences are building pressure on our resources. Vertical Farming, which means growing food in skyscrapers, might help to solve many of these problems. The purpose of this study was to construct a Vertical Farm and thereof investigate the economic feasibility of it. In a concurrent Engineering Study initiated by DLR Bremen, a farm, 37 floors high, was designed and simulated in Berlin to estimate the cost of production and market potential of this technology. It yields about 3,500 tons of fruits and vegetables and ca. 140 tons of tilapia fillets, 516 times more than expected from a footprint area of 0.25 ha due to stacking and multiple harvests. The investment costs add up to € 200 million, and it requires 80 million litres of water and 3.5 GWh of power per year. The produced food costs between € 3.50 and € 4.00 per kilogram. In view of its feasibility, we estimate a market for about 50 farms in the short term and almost 3000 farms in the long term. To tap the economic, environmental and social benefits of this technology, extensive research is required to optimise the production process.

scholarly journals Optimal Supply & Demand Balance In Service Environments

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-52
Author(s):  
Eylem Koca ◽  
Mohammad Sedaghat ◽  
K. Paul Yoon
Keyword(s):  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Strategic Decision ◽  
Finite Capacity ◽  
Output Rate ◽  
Managerial Decision ◽  
Optimal Balance ◽  
Course Of Action ◽  
Service Environments ◽  
First Time ◽  
Shed Light

We study service environments that can be modeled as stochastic finite-capacity double-ended queues, where supply and demand arrive in independent Poisson processes to be instantly paired-off. In the case where throughput (output rate) is not a significant metric of system performance (as typically studied in the literature), we derive analytical results to gain managerial insights. We find that the operational decision on optimal supply/demand balance and the strategic decision on how to achieve that optimal balance can be decoupled and stratified. With the purpose of providing a managerial guide, we identify conditions for when to manipulate demand rather than supply, and vice versa. For the first time in the literature, we study throughput considerations in this context, and we analytically characterize the optimal strategy. Specifically, we show that it is optimal to manipulate either demand, or supply (and not both), and that the optimal system balance and the strategy on how to achieve it are strongly tied. Our findings can shed light on the managerial decision making process in these environments, and they can be used to revisit any governing strategies dictating management of demand (or supply) as a first course of action.

scholarly journals Fairness of taxation in modern economic theory

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (97) ◽  
pp. 7-21
Author(s):  
O. Nepochtenko ◽  
◽  
P. Bechko ◽  
S. Ptashnyk ◽  
J. Nagornaya
Keyword(s):  
Economic Theory ◽  
Tax Evasion ◽  
The State ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Financial Policy ◽  
Tax System ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
Theoretical Substantiation ◽  
Modern Economic ◽  
Business Entities

The article deals with the basic principles of the taxation system ˗ the principle of the efficiency of taxation. Tax simplification (the principle of efficiency) is a principle according to which any tax system strives to develop, since it helps to reduce tax evasion and, accordingly, increases the administrative efficiency of taxation. The financial policy of the state, in modern conditions, is mainly based on a clear system of financial levers and incentives, among which the main ones are taxes, fees, other obligatory payments of business entities, households, individuals, and other categories of payers to the budget and trust funds. The formation and functioning of an effective tax system, throughout the entire period of its existence, remains at the heart of the research of scientists and practitioners. For the functioning of the modern tax system, the issues of fairness of taxation in modern economic theory remain relevant, it is an important component of building an optimal tax system. They require a more detailed study of the issue of the very process of development of taxation and a theoretical substantiation of the mechanism of formation of the tax system. Summing up the above, it can be noted that the principle of efficiency today, as a rule, is not used either in theory or in practice. We can observe some of the ideas of this principle in the principles of economy, fairness, economic feasibility, and the like. But it should also be noted that the essence expressed in these principles does not quite correspond to the primary ideas of the principle of tax efficiency, expresses the priority of the taxpayer's rights. Efficiency of administration assumes that the procedure of tax collection should be as simple as possible for payers of taxes, fees and other obligatory payments. Taxes should be designed in such a way that while giving income to the state, they do not negatively affect the economy and society. Taxation should be convenient for the taxpayer; taxes should be collected in the cheapest way. It should also be noted the issue of the effectiveness of tax law, largely determined by the flexibility of the tax policy of the state. This is expressed in the change of already established legal norms, if they do not correspond to the socio-economic conditions of their application.

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