scholarly journals NOTES ON BRONZE POLE-TOPS WITH A GRIFFIN FROM SCYTHIAN ALEKSANDROPOL BARROW

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 278-284
Author(s):  
A. Yu. Alekseev ◽  
R. S. Minasyan ◽  
E. A. Shablavina

The article proposes a scheme and algorithm for the manufacture of four bronze pole-tops from the Scythian Royal Alexandropol burial mound dated to the second half of the 4th century BC, which can serve as a basis for understanding the manufacturing process or the ancient repair of the similar Scythian replicated products. There is both a general idea of the manufacture of such bronze pole-tops by casting (according to a wax model or in detachable forms), and private judgments about the nature of castings, the correction of defects and the repair of pole-tops and their parts. But at the same time, specific details of the production process by different researchers (S. V. Polin, B. N. Mozolevsky, A. I. Melyukova, L. I. Babenko, A. R. Kantorovich, V. R. Erlikh, etc.) are assumed different, showing a very colorful picture. The process of making bronze pole-tops which were similar in composition, but different in the elaboration and decoration, most likely consisted of the following successive steps: creating a stencil of wax models of griffins in a rectangular frame; revision and decoration by hand of some individual parts on the surface of these wax figures (wings, paws, etc.), giving individuality to each object; attachment and molding of wax plugs; closure of the wax model by the clay mold, its drying and firing (?); casting in metal; destruction of clay mold; machining the surface of the casting. The pole-tops are casted from lead-tin bronze (copper is the base, tin is 9—12 %, lead is 2—3 %, traces of arsenic, iron and nickel). The pole-top (no. Dn 1853 1/6) differs by one feature. On the side edges of the nozzle are high dark triangles with clear boundaries, made by lead-tin plating. On the other objects such ornamentation (?) is not visible. Thus, the considered pole-tops were made using a single stencil and cast according to a single technical scheme.

1876 ◽  
Vol 22 (98) ◽  
pp. 196-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Claye Shaw

There is a general idea expressed in text-books, and more or less freely asserted in practice, but which I shall prove to be a fallacy, that a high-arched palate is so frequently met with in idiocy and imbecility that it may be taken as a sign of their existence. Indeed, when a case of this kind is brought forward the patient is made to open his mouth, under the conviction that a high palate will be found as certainly as a superficial alteration of the tongue in gastric disturbance. We shall see that the connection is an accidental one; and there is, in reality, no relationship between the development of the intellect and the height and width of the palate. If we consider that the bones of the cranium are developed in a different manner from those of the face, and that ossification at the base is complete long before that of the bones forming the palate, it is clear that there can be no primâ facie reason for thinking that because a person has an imperfect brain he should therefore have an imperfect palate; yet such an interdependence is held. It is quite true that a constitutional taint, such as rickets or syphilis, which affects the ossification of the bones generally and the cranial sutures, would probably affect the palatine bones, and hence it is that many idiots and imbeciles are found to have high or imperfect palates: but on the other hand some modifying taint may dwarf the height of the body, may affect the shape of the head to such an extent as to make an idiot of the microcephalic type, and yet leave the palate untouched, perfect in all conditions of width, height, number, quality, and regularity of teeth.


1992 ◽  
Vol 03 (01) ◽  
pp. 95-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
STEPHEN W. DIRECTOR ◽  
PETER FELDMANN ◽  
KANNAN KRISHNA

Yield loss can be characterized as either catastrophic or parametric. Catastrophic yield loss is primarily due to local disturbances, such as spot defects, that occur in a manufacturing process. On the other hand, parametric yield loss is due to global disturbances, such as mask misalignment. In this paper we briefly explore these two different types of yield loss and then review some methods that have been developed to maximize parametric yield.


Author(s):  
Anna Brusilovski

Pulse microelectrochemical machining (ECM) by bipolar current is a method allowing the manufacturing of microholes and micropatterns. In many cases, microholes with parallel walls and accurate micropatterns can only be manufactured with the application of an electrically isolating coating to the side surfaces of the cathode. The goal of this research was to find a durable coating for this process. Epoxy resins, Teflon, and diamond-like carbon are considered as dielectric cathode coatings. Different aspects of the working environment of these coatings in the pulse bipolar ECM process, such as electric field, chemical composition, and physical influences of the electrolyte, are analyzed. The main reasons for the low process durability of coatings are poor adhesion and harsh chemical and physical environments. The most promising coating for the process is diamond-like carbon, which shows significantly better performance than the other coatings. Improved adhesion of a coating to the cathode can dramatically improve its durability in the pulse bipolar ECM environment and therefore permits an efficient manufacturing process.


2019 ◽  
pp. 106-135
Author(s):  
A.L. Rybakov

The church of Georgia, ever since its foundation in the early 4th century AD, was quite closely related to the Antioch church. These relations were based not only on religious matters but involved both politics and religion. Patriarchs of Antioch, vicars of the Chair of St Peter, the chief apostle, had always aspired to the leadership over all the other chairs in the Eastern Diocese of the Byzantium not only Georgia but Jerusalem as well. At the time of the Joint Monarchy in the 10th 15th centuries, the Georgian hierarchs had to resort to the summits of eloquence and knowledge in order to be able to reject those claims. At the time of disintegration of the Georgian kingdom that entered the crucial stage by the middle of the 15th century, Antioch and its patriarchs had become in demand in Georgia. To them Georgia was one of the most significant sources of income in the conditions of Ottoman supremacy in the Middle East. Patriarch Michael III of Antioch was probably the most famous but by far not the only representative of apostle Peters chair in Georgia. He granted the feudal lords of Georgia what they had so much aspired for a chance to legitimate their centrifugal ambitions. In the conditions of an ongoing conflict with the weakening royal power in Tbilisi getting control of their own ecclesiastical structure virtually insured the former vassals with success in this confrontation. It was thanks to the resourcefulness and activity of Michael III that West Georgian (or Abkhazian) Catholicate gained independence from the Catholicos of All Georgia in Mtskheta in the 15th century, hereby also gaining independence from the Georgian kings in Tbilisi. The rendered text, a composition titled The Instruction in Faith and ascribed to Patriarch Michael, is the first translation from ancient Georgian into Russian and a heretofore unprecedented attempt to analyze it. An extensive glossary was necessary in order to give a general idea of the peculiarities of the canonical system of the Georgian church, i.e. coexistence of two Catholicates as well as reconstruct the historical context. Without it might be quite difficult to draw any relevant conclusions from the present document.Грузинскую церковь с самого ее основания в начале IV века с Антиохийским престолом связывали весьма тесные, можно сказать, интенсивные отношения. Они лежали не только сугубо в религиозной, но и в церковнополитической плоскости. Патриархи Антиохии наместники кафедры Петра, главы апостолов всегда имели претензии на главенство над всеми кафедрами в Восточном диоцезе Византийской империи, не только над Грузией, но и над Иерусалимом. В эпоху объединенной монархии (XXV вв.) грузинским иерархам не раз требовалось все их красноречие и знания, чтобы аргументированно отклонить эти притязания. В период дезинтеграции Грузинского царства, вошедшей в решающую фазу к середине XV века, Антиохия и ее патриархи стали востребованы уже внутри самой Грузии, для которых она служила одним из наиболее существенных источников дохода в условиях османского господства на Ближнем Востоке. Антиохийский патриарх Михаил III стал, возможно, самым известным, но далеко не единственным представителем кафедры апостола Петра в Грузии, который дал грузинским феодалам то, что им было нужно в тот исторический момент больше всего возможность легитимации своих центробежных устремлений. В условиях ожесточенной борьбы со слабевшей царской властью в Тбилиси установление контроля над собственной церковной структурой практически гарантировало бывшим вассалам успех в этом противостоянии. Именно благодаря ресурсам и активности Михаила III изпод власти католикосовпатриархов всея Грузии в Мцхета (а значит, и грузинских царей в Тбилиси) в том же XV в. вышел Западногрузинский (Абхазский) католикосат. Представленный текст приписываемого патриарху Михаилу сочинения под кратким заглавием Наставление в вере является его первым переводом с древнегрузинского на русский язык и первой попыткой его анализа в отечественной историографии. Столь обширный комментарий сделался необходим для того, чтобы в самых общих чертах описать особенности канонического строя Грузинской церкви (одновременное существование двух католикосатов) и попытаться воссоздать контекст эпохи, без чего весьма трудно сделать корректные выводы из данного памятника.


2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 (DPC) ◽  
pp. 001429-001444
Author(s):  
Thomas Wang ◽  
James Lin ◽  
Tony Cheng ◽  
Ping-Chi Hong ◽  
Albert Lin ◽  
...  

This paper describes a package design and associated manufacturing assembly process that stack a module on top of another module using a frame board. The module on the top could be in molded or open frame form. In addition, this manufacturing process is compatible with the conformal shielding process important in RF applications. The complete module-on-module can be coated seamlessly and connected to the ground planes of the two substrates. The module may be a part of product line that requires more functionality over the same foot print. There is the need to houses more components than its predecessor. Such example includes the standard memory package-on-package. However, if the module on top is not of commodity type, or when the volume is not big enough to develop a standard package, this module-on-module architecture and process could be a good solution. Alternatively, one could fix the design of bottom module , and design multiple choices of the top module. When stacked together, the two modules form various different configurations in order to serve different functionalities. The structure of the module on module is shown in figure 1 below: Figure 1 Structure of the Module on Module On the frame board, there are vertical via where vertical electrical and power connection can be made. The frame board is mounted on the main board-II by surface mount process with underfill option. In the figure, a molded module on the top is shown, and an overall coating is applied to the whole module-on-module. Figure 2 Manufacturing Process of the Module-on-module The assembly process of the module-on-module is shown in Figure 2. First, the bottom module is manufactured by a one side SMT process and sawed, with the frame board soldered and underfilled. Then, the top module is SMT and molded in a panel form on the one side, and the bottom module is SMT and underfilled on the other side. Last, the complete module is sawed and conformal shielded by the sputtering process. The design of the ground plans of the substrates, together with that of the frame board, makes it such that the coating is connected to the ground planes of the boards. It is important to study the warpage of such a module-on-module to make sure that it meets the JDEC standards. It is important to assure that the signal integrity of the electrical connections, including RF connections, inside of the frame board meets the requirement. Both simulation and measurement are made to test vehicles of the module-on-module. It is found that the simulation matches the measurement nicely. This module structure can be used for a variety of applications.


1893 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 328-337
Author(s):  
A. G. Bather

Mr. Benson in the preceding paper has given an account of the new facts which have been brought to light by the complete clearing of the Thersilion. With regard to these points of fact there can be no question and in the deductions to be drawn from them we are for the most part agreed. It remains to be seen whether from the remains before us we can reconstruct a building of any known Greek design, in other words, whether we can discover what was the builder's plan and how he developed it. At first sight a large columned hall of this nature appears to be un-Greek in character: the only parallel we can produce for it is the late Hall of the Mysteries at Eleusis, which however only resembles it in the badest characteristics. Where we do find halls which resemble this building however is in the East. The Hall of the hundred columns at Persepolis (Perrot et Chipiez, v. p. 723) presents several striking analogies: like the Thersilion it is a large square building on one side flanked by a portico while we have two doors on each of the other three. Now, as is clearly shown by the character of the building, the Thersilion belongs, in its original plan, to the earliest period after the foundation of Megalopolis by Epameinondas. That is sufficiently proved by the cramps and the. use of tufa rather than conglomerate for the foundation bases. Moreover just at this period we have a direct communication between Persia and Megalopolis in the person of Antiochus, who visited Susa as a delegate from the Arcadian league in 367 B.C. (Xen. Hell. vii. 1, 33–38 J.H.S. Supp. Pap. I. p. 128), and it is quite possible, whether he was the dedicator of the theatre thrones or not, that he brought back the idea of such a columned hall from the East. But it can have been only the general idea that was so brought to Megalopolis: the arrangement of the columns in the Thersilion is entirely different from that of its prototypes in the East, while the inward slope of the floor is also a new element. Thus, though this building may have owed its origin and shape to the East, its plan, as I will endeavour to show, is taken from a common Greek type, and is in fact simply that of a Greek theatre.


2015 ◽  
Vol 752-753 ◽  
pp. 864-872
Author(s):  
Andrei Kutin ◽  
Sergei Grigoriev ◽  
Mikhail Turkin ◽  
Mikhail Sedykh

This paper examines technological and operational aspects that influence the selection of manufacturing process structure for integrated bladed rotors. On one hand the choice of rough manufacturing process technologies is highly important as it determines the main portion of the cycle time and as a result greatly affects the overall unit cost. On the other hand the finishing processes greatly influences the operational parameters of the blisk in service as the final geometry, surface roughness and boundary layer properties are formed at this stage. This research provides ways to build a solid framework for selecting optimal technologies and tools at each stage of blisk manufacturing based on a set of key parameters that include geometric requirements specified by the drawings, properties of the stock material, production volume and operational requirements.


1934 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
F. B. Jones

Abstract In spite of continuous investigation of the problem of the variation in supplies of raw rubber, a completely satisfactory method of dealing with the matter has yet to be devised. Before discussing estate practice it is necessary to agree what the desirable properties of raw rubber should be. It is perhaps a surprising fact that rubber manufacturers are not in complete agreement. There seem to be two schools of thought. One school considers quick-vulcanizing and high-tensile rubbers to be preferred, while the other favors a slow-vulcanizing and easily worked raw material. The most desirable properties in raw rubber from the factory point of view are uniformity, ease in handling, and a high level of quality in the finished product. Uniformity must come first. If the properties of raw rubber are known to be consistent, a standard manufacturing process can be confidently adopted and followed. Nowadays the ability to repeat operations exactly is so important from a factory efficiency point of view that variability in raw material is much more important than the actual properties of that material, assuming of course a reasonable level of quality.


2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 49-55
Author(s):  
Phebe Kavati ◽  
Chandrasekaran Bangaru ◽  
Asit Baran Mandal

Quality is an important aspect of the apparel manufacturing process. Although the basic quality of apparels mainly depends on the fabric properties, the type of thread used and selection of seams play an important role in determining the final quality of the apparel. Seam strength testing is basically an examination of the amount of pressure required to tear the seam of a garment. It is an essential parameter that determines the performance of a garment. For the perfect fit and look of a garment, seam strength has to be proper. It is therefore worthwhile to select the correct sewing thread size for good seam quality. The present work reports on an experimental investigation about the effect of different threads on the characteristics of leather. The other parameters, which are investigated, include seam strength, puckering and slippage.


2011 ◽  
Vol 35 (8) ◽  
pp. 583-603 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul De Boeck ◽  
Sun-Joo Cho ◽  
Mark Wilson

The models used in this article are secondary dimension mixture models with the potential to explain differential item functioning (DIF) between latent classes, called latent DIF. The focus is on models with a secondary dimension that is at the same time specific to the DIF latent class and linked to an item property. A description of the models is provided along with a means of estimating model parameters using easily available software and a description of how the models behave in two applications. One application concerns a test that is sensitive to speededness and the other is based on an arithmetic operations test where the division items show latent DIF.


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