scholarly journals ANCIENT SCALE WEIGHTS MADE OF COINS

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-131
Author(s):  
O. H. Chekhovych
Keyword(s):  
Small Group ◽  
Control Scale ◽  
General Picture ◽  
Monetary System ◽  
Monetary Systems ◽  
Metrological System ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Lead Weights

The study of scale weights of the ancient centers of the Northern Pontic region is of greater importance both for the study of metrology, monetary and weight systems of this region, and for understanding the general picture of trade and economic processes in ancient times. This paper presents small-sized weights made of bronze coins that are kept in the Scientific Repository of the Institute of Archaeology of the NAS of Ukraine. All of them are the chance finds from the territory of ancient sites of the Northern Pontic region. These findings were donated by V. A. Anokhin along with other finds of lead weights and bronze ingots. The collection contains weights in the shape of sub-square and sub-rectangular tiles of lead and bronze, round lead weights, weights made of bronze coins which are the chance finds from the territory of Olbia and its settlements, and other sites. During the processing this collection a small group of weights made of coins was distinguished. Among seven published weights six ones are made of Olbia coins and one of Panticapaeum. Each scale weight was studied in detail, basing of which the weight of each item was correlated with the existing monetary systems. Thus, it was possible to determine the metrological standards to which each particular instance belongs. The study of these findings showed that weights made of Olbian bronze coins belong to the Olbian metrological system as well as, in particular, the control scale weight which corresponds to 30 Olbian tetartemories, and the item made of bronze Panticapaeum coin refers to the Panticapaeum monetary system.

Changing the Paradigm of the Monetary System from Centralization to Decentralization

Auditor ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 50-55
Author(s):  
A. Soltakhanov ◽  
D. Sizova ◽  
T. Sizova ◽  
D. Zaharova
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Monetary System ◽  
Monetary Systems ◽  
Money Circulation

The features of the development of the centralization of the monetary system are considered and the possibility of its decentralization as a result of the development of blockchain technologies is determined. Th e necessity of transition to a new paradigm, in which the role and signifi cance of the decentralization of the monetary system will increase, is emphasized. New technologies of money circulation are refl ected and the possibilities of integration of centralized and decentralized monetary systems are established.

scholarly journals Design of Strategies for the Implementation and Management of a Complementary Monetary System Using the SWOT-AHP Methodology

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (17) ◽  
pp. 6849
Author(s):  
Alexandra Lenis Escobar ◽  
Ramón Rueda López ◽  
Jorge E. García Guerrero ◽  
Enrique Salinas Cuadrado
Keyword(s):  
Local Development ◽  
Urban Resilience ◽  
Analytic Hierarchy ◽  
Scientific Debate ◽  
Monetary System ◽  
Monetary Systems ◽  
Raising Awareness ◽  
Ethical Finance ◽  
Process Methodology ◽  
Hierarchy Process

The objective of this research is to contribute to the scientific debate on “complementary monetary systems” (CMSs), what strategies may be the best for allowing the implementation of a CMS in a territory and that optimise the potential that it seems to have to strengthen processes of sustainable local development and urban resilience. For this, the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats-Analytic Hierarchy Process methodology (SWOT-AHP) has been used, which has allowed us to identify four strategies: (1) build a social, economic and political consensus, (2) create a community observatory for “complementary social monetary systems” (CSMSs), (3) define communication tools for raising awareness and education in ethical finance and (4) promote the alignment of the CSMS with sustainable local development strategies. These strategies have been formulated so that that they can be implemented by any entity, public or private, and for any of the types of CMS that may be part of a CSMS.

Processes of Ethnic Interaction and Integration in Ethiopian History: the Case of the Agaw

1988 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taddesse Tamrat
Keyword(s):  
Linguistic Diversity ◽  
Northern Ethiopia ◽  
General Picture ◽  
The People ◽  
State And Society ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Ethiopian Region ◽  
Written Materials ◽  
North Western

The earliest documents available on the Ethiopian region, in the form of Greek and Ge'ez inscriptions, give a general picture of considerable ethnic and linguistic diversity in a relatively small area of northern Ethiopia. One of the ethnic groups referred to then and subsequently, with remarkable continuity from pre-Aksumite times until the present day, is the Agaw. Different sections of the Agaw seem to have constituted an important part of the population occupying the highland interior of northern Ethiopia from ancient times. In the early days of the gradual formation and consolidation of the Aksumite state, they seem at first to have been peripheral to the process, which was clearly dominated by the Semitic-speaking inhabitants of the area. Later, however, they assumed an increasing importance, so much so that they eventually took over political leadership, establishing the great Zagwe dynasty. The dynasty lasted for about two hundred years, and transmitted the institutions as well as the cultural and historical traditions of Aksum, almost intact, to later generations.The exact processes of this development cannot be reconstructed for those early days. Instead, this article is a preliminary attempt to understand the integration of the Agaw into the state and society of the Ethiopian empire over hundreds, even thousands of years, by considering a relatively recent period in the history of the Agaw in the northern and north-western parts of Gojjam. The considerable sense of history which the people of this area possess, going back to the time of its conquest and conversion in the seventeenth century, together with the existence of written materials for the period, provide an opportunity to study a particular example of the entry of the Agaw into the civilization of Christian Ethiopia which may throw light upon the more distant past of their ancestors.

The Rand and the Monetary Systems of Botswana, Lesotho, and Swaziland

1978 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis d'A. Collings
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
South African ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
National Currency ◽  
The South ◽  
Legal Tender ◽  
Monetary System ◽  
Monetary Systems ◽  
The Creation

Botswana, Lesotho, and Swaziland are among very few countries which, in recent times, have for an extended period and without formal agreement used another national currency as their domestic circulating medium and legal tender. After many years of being de facto part of a larger monetary area using the South African currency, in 1972 the three smaller countries jointly initiated negotiations with Pretoria which led to the creation of an officially recognised Rand Monetary Area in December 1974. Thereafter they chose different arrangemènts which span the spectrum between continued integration with and separation from the monetary system of South Africa. The experiences of these countries, while of interest in themselves, may also be relevant to other governments with dependent currency systems which face similar options.

scholarly journals Silver: A morally good money

2018 ◽  
pp. 213-236
Author(s):  
Christopher P. Guzelian
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
Ethical Principle ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Economic Implications ◽  
Material Resources ◽  
The Bible ◽  
Monetary System ◽  
Monetary Systems ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run

It is sometimes said, «money is at the root of all evil.»1 This essay examines whether there are any forms of money (and monetary systems) that are potentially morally good. To do so requires us to look at God’s ethics regarding material resources, and then to see what part, if any, God intends money to serve in the human econ- omy. I conclude that there exists at least one form of money, namely silver, that if used in accord with God’s material resource ethics, is morally good money. God intends the global human economy to be dynamically undergirded by two core principles: sharing resources morally and sustaining the Earth’s environment for future generations and their economic activities. The two principles interrelate and affect the extent and character of each other. They are also intensely ethical concepts, but simultaneously factual. As such, I refer to them throughout this article as «factual-ethical princi- ples.» Both derive directly from the Bible — both the Hebrew and New Testaments. While, as I shall later show, many people are able to disregard one or the other, or both, of these principles in the short run, the principles’ economic gravitas and implications cannot be ignored over the long run. In order to balance the basic sustainment of all human life and to afford wealth and comfort to maximally many members of society, a healthy tension between the two poles must remain in place. From the outset, it is important to describe with some detail aspects of the two principles, and the factual and normative rela- tionship between them. Once these principles are well-de- scribed, it is possible to understand what moral money and monetary systems should look like. Thus, Section 2 describes the first godly factual-ethical principle: moral sharing of resources. Section 3 describes the second godly factual-ethical principle: sustaining the earth. Section 4 combines these principles with a review of the historical monetary system that God  instructed the ancient Israelites to create, as well as Jesus’s reflections on that system, to reach conclusions about whether any form of moral money exists, in spite of oft-heard sentiments that all money is an evil. What must also be said is that this article starts out from the position that the Judeo-Christian portrayal of reality is correct. Apart from beliefs, sentiments, fashions, or faiths that argue to the contrary, ethical values as descended from the teachings and tradi- tions of Jesus of Nazareth and his disciples, and the Holy Scrip- tures, are True. Individual or collective departures from those values and teachings have actual economic implications in the mortal world, the grace and mercy of God notwithstanding (North 1992). I therefore assume for present purposes and this readership that I may refer to Scriptures or Church teachings as incontrovert- ible Truth for what might be considered by non-adherents to be either circular logic or teleological bias.

scholarly journals Computational Analysis of the Properties of Post-Keynesian Endogenous Money Systems

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 335
Author(s):  
Stef Kuypers ◽  
Thomas Goorden ◽  
Bruno Delepierre
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Real World ◽  
Money Stock ◽  
Monetary System ◽  
Monetary Systems ◽  
State Economy ◽  
Endogenous Money ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
The Stability

The debate about whether or not a growth imperative exists in debt-based, interest-bearing monetary systems has not yet been settled. It is the goal of this paper to introduce a new perspective in this discussion. For that purpose, an SFC computational model is constructed that simulates a post-Keynesian endogenous money system without including economic parameters such as production, wages, consumption and savings. The case is made that isolating the monetary system allows for better analysis of the inherent properties of such a system. Loan demands, which are assumed to happen, are the driving force of the model. Simulations can be run in two modes, each based on a different assumption. Either the growth rate of the money stock is assumed to be constant or the loan ratio, expressed as a percentage of the money stock, is assumed to be constant. Simulations with varying parameters were run in order to determine the conditions under which the model converges to stability, which is defined as converging to a bounded debt ratio. The analysis showed that the stability of the model is dependent on net bank profit ratios, expressed relative to their debt assets, remaining below the growth rate of the money stock. Based on these findings, it is argued that the question about the existence of a growth imperative in debt-based, interest-bearing monetary systems needs to be reframed. The question becomes whether a steady-state economy can realistically support such a system without destabilising it. In order to answer this question, the real-world behaviour of economic actors must be included in the model. It was concluded that there are indications that it might not be feasible for a steady-state economy to support a stable debt-based, interest-bearing monetary system without strong interventions. However, more research is necessary for a definite answer. Real-world observable data should be analysed through the lens of the presented model to bring more clarity.

scholarly journals Exploration of Gold Standard, Credit Currency and Digital Currency

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 316
Author(s):  
Sirui He
Keyword(s):  
Gold Standard ◽  
Standard System ◽  
New Era ◽  
Development Status ◽  
Digital Currency ◽  
Monetary System ◽  
Monetary Systems ◽  
Currency Policy ◽  
Effective Development

<p>In the perspective of present monetary system, the author proposes that we should analyze the comprehensive effectiveness with the combination of the former gold standard system and diversified monetary systems, such as the credit currency and the digital currency, which are highlighted in this new era, and confirm the more complete digital currency policy according to present development status so as to promote the healthier and more reasonable and effective development of the monetary funds. In this paper, the author launches research and exploration with the combination of gold standard, credit currency and digital currency.</p>

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