Dynamics of Carbon Stocks in the Formation of Forests on Post-Agrogenic Lands

2021 ◽  
pp. 46-59
Author(s):  
Elena N. Nakvasina ◽  
◽  
Yuliya N. Shumilova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Carbon ◽  
Forest Floor ◽  
Carbon Stock ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Carbon Stocks ◽  
Forest Vegetation ◽  
Carbon Pool ◽  
Middle Taiga ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Middle Taiga Subzone

Carbon stocks were calculated in different components of bigeocenosis (soil, living ground cover, forest floor, undergrowth, underbrush and forest stand) using the example of a selected chronosequence of fallows (4 sample areas of different age, yrs: 16, 25, 63 and 130) in the Kargopol district of the Arkhangelsk region (middle taiga subzone, residual carbonate soils). The structure of carbon stocks of the forming plantations and its changes with the fallow age is estimated. It was found that a natural increase in carbon stocks and its redistribution between the soil and the forming phytocenosis occurs in the process of succession during the afforestation of arable lands. In plantations growing on young fallows, more than 86 % of the carbon stock is represented by carbon from the arable soil horizon. During the colonization of the fallow by forest vegetation the share of this pool decreases and already in the middle-aged 63-year-old forest it is 22 %, and in the mature 130-year-old forest it is only 7.6 %. In the structure of the total carbon stock in the middleaged plantation, the share of the stand reaches 69 %, and in the mature 130-year-old stand it is already 90 %. In plantations on young fallows, the structure of the main components of biogeocenosis (soil carbon, ground cover carbon and tree layer carbon) is characterized by a ratio of 9:1:0, whereas in plantations on old fallows of 63 and 130 years it is 2:0:8 and 1:0:9, respectively. The undergrowth and underbrush of the studied chronosequence are characterized by the small shares of carbon, which do not have a significant value in the structure of the ecosystem carbon pool. Forest floor in forming forest stands contributes significantly to the carbon structure of the biogeocenosis, although the total biogeocenosis carbon pool is 3–4 % and does not contribute to an increase in soil carbon stocks. In the system “soil – forest floor – living ground cover” the share of soil carbon decreases from 91 to 76–77 % with the increase in the age of plantation, while the share of formed forest floor in the middle-aged and mature forest is 16 and 20 %, respectively. In plantations on young fallows the ratio of these components of biogeocenosis is 9:0:1, whereas on old fallows it is 8:2:0. Leaving arable land on residual carbonate soils for self-overgrowth with forest vegetation and formation of forest plantations on them in the middle taiga subzone will lead to a gradual decrease in the carbon pool in the soil, but will contribute to the sequencing of carbon in the phytomass of perennial woody vegetation and in forest floor. These two components of biogeocenosis will serve as a sequenced carbon depot, supporting the biological cycle.

scholarly journals Modeling relevant factors and covariates of carbon stock changes in peatlands using a hierarchical linear mixed modeling approach

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kilian Walz ◽  
Kenneth A Byrne ◽  
David Wilson ◽  
Florence Renou-Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Soil Carbon ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Carbon Stock ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Carbon Stocks ◽  
Carbon Distribution ◽  
Soil Carbon Stock ◽  
Modeling Approach ◽  
The Impact

<p>While peatlands constitute the largest soil carbon stock in Ireland with 75% of soil carbon stored in an area covering an estimated 20% of the land surface, carbon stocks of peatlands are affected by past and present disturbances related to various land uses. Afforestation, grazing and peat extraction for energy and horticultural use often are major drivers of peatland soil degradation. A comparative assessment of the impact of land disturbance on peatland soil carbon stocks on a national scale has been lacking so far. Current research, funded by the Irish Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), addresses this issue with the goal to fill various gaps related to mapping and modeling changes of soil carbon stock in Irish peatlands. Data from the first nationwide peatland survey forms the basis for this study, in which the influence of different factors and covariates on soil carbon distribution in peatlands is examined. After data exploratory analysis, a mixed linear modeling approach is tested for its suitability to explain peatland soil carbon distribution within the Republic of Ireland. Parameters are identified which are responsible for changes across the country. In addition, model performance to map peat soil carbon stock within a three-dimensional space is evaluated.</p>

scholarly journals Soil carbon stock increases in the organic layer of boreal middle-aged stands

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 1279-1289 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Häkkinen ◽  
J. Heikkinen ◽  
R. Mäkipää
Keyword(s):  
Soil Carbon ◽  
Carbon Stock ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Repeated Measurements ◽  
Soil Survey ◽  
Permanent Plots ◽  
Organic Layer ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Soil Carbon Stock ◽  
Soil Organic Layer

Abstract. Changes in the soil carbon stock can potentially have a large influence on global carbon balance between terrestrial ecosystems and atmosphere. Since carbon sequestration of forest soils is influenced by human activities, reporting of the soil carbon pool is a compulsory part of the national greenhouse gas (GHG) inventories. Various soil carbon models are applied in GHG inventories, however, the verification of model-based estimates is lacking. In general, the soil carbon models predict accumulation of soil carbon in the middle-aged stands, which is in good agreement with chronosequence studies and flux measurements of eddy sites, but they have not been widely tested with repeated measurements of permanent plots. The objective of this study was to evaluate soil carbon changes in the organic layer of boreal middle-aged forest stands. Soil carbon changes on re-measured sites were analyzed by using soil survey data that was based on composite samples as a first measurement and by taking into account spatial variation on the basis of the second measurement. By utilizing earlier soil surveys, a long sampling interval, which helps detection of slow changes, could be readily available. The range of measured change in the soil organic layer varied from −260 to 1260 g m−2 over the study period of 16–19 years and 23 ± 2 g m−2 per year, on average. The increase was significant in 6 out of the 38 plots from which data were available. Although the soil carbon change was difficult to detect at the plot scale, the overall increase measured across the middle-aged stands agrees with predictions of the commonly applied soil models. Further verification of the soil models is needed with larger datasets that cover wider geographical area and represent all age classes, especially young stands with potentially large soil carbon source.

scholarly journals Allocation pattern and accumulation potential of carbon stock in natural spruce forests in northwest China

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e4859 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun-Wei Yue ◽  
Jin-Hong Guan ◽  
Lei Deng ◽  
Jian-Guo Zhang ◽  
Guoqing Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Sequestration ◽  
Soil Carbon ◽  
Fine Roots ◽  
Carbon Stock ◽  
Northwest China ◽  
Carbon Stocks ◽  
Stand Age ◽  
Natural Forests ◽  
Spruce Forests ◽  
Accumulation Potential

Background The spruce forests are dominant communities in northwest China, and play a key role in national carbon budgets. However, the patterns of carbon stock distribution and accumulation potential across stand ages are poorly documented. Methods We investigated the carbon stocks in biomass and soil in the natural spruce forests in the region by surveys on 39 plots. Biomass of tree components were estimated using allometric equations previously established based on tree height and diameter at breast height, while biomass in understory (shrub and herb) and forest floor were determined by total harvesting method. Fine root biomass was estimated by soil coring technique. Carbon stocks in various biomass components and soil (0–100 cm) were estimated by analyzing the carbon content of each component. Results The results showed that carbon stock in these forest ecosystems can be as high as 510.1 t ha−1, with an average of 449.4 t ha−1. Carbon stock ranged from 28.1 to 93.9 t ha−1 and from 0.6 to 8.7 t ha−1 with stand ages in trees and deadwoods, respectively. The proportion of shrubs, herbs, fine roots, litter and deadwoods ranged from 0.1% to 1% of the total ecosystem carbon, and was age-independent. Fine roots and deadwood which contribute to about 2% of the biomass carbon should be attached considerable weight in the investigation of natural forests. Soil carbon stock did not show a changing trend with stand age, ranging from 254.2 to 420.0 t ha−1 with an average of 358.7 t ha−1. The average value of carbon sequestration potential for these forests was estimated as 29.4 t ha−1, with the lower aged ones being the dominant contributor. The maximum carbon sequestration rate was 2.47 t ha−1 year−1 appearing in the growth stage of 37–56 years. Conclusion The carbon stock in biomass was the major contributor to the increment of carbon stock in ecosystems. Stand age is not a good predictor of soil carbon stocks and accurate evaluation of the soil carbon dynamics thus requires long-term monitoring in situ. The results not only revealed carbon stock status and dynamics in these natural forests but were helpful to understand the role of Natural Forest Protection project in forest carbon sequestration as well.

The Impact of Land Use on Soil Properties and Structure of Ecosystem Carbon Stocks in the Middle Taiga Subzone of Karelia

2021 ◽  
Vol 54 (11) ◽  
pp. 1756-1769
Author(s):  
I. A. Dubrovina ◽  
E. V. Moshkina ◽  
V. A. Sidorova ◽  
A. V. Tuyunen ◽  
A. Yu. Karpechko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Carbon Stocks ◽  
Middle Taiga ◽  
Middle Taiga Subzone ◽  
Ecosystem Carbon ◽  
Ecosystem Carbon Stocks ◽  
The Impact

Carbon stock changes through dryland rehabilitation: a case study from central Jordan’s agro-pastures

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liam Hall ◽  
Mira Haddad ◽  
Stefan Strohmeier ◽  
Hamzeh Rawashdeh ◽  
Nabeel Bani-Hani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Cover ◽  
Soil Carbon ◽  
Carbon Stock ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Carbon Stocks ◽  
Water Harvesting ◽  
Pronounced Increase ◽  
Landscape Modification ◽  
Central Jordan ◽  
Water Harvesting Structures

<p>Land cover, productivity and carbon stocks are among the widely acknowledged indicators of the land’s degradation and development status. The indicators’ assess-ability, however, differs across global ecosystems and location. Despite the complexity of carbon stocks, soil carbon in particular is receiving increasing attention for its potential in both climate change mitigation and economic growth in developing carbon markets. <br>The degraded drylands of Jordan have been targeted by multiple investment programs to rehabilitate their arid agro-pastures, including through the application of mechanized micro-water harvesting structures combined with the plantation of native shrub seedlings. Whilst both local and remote land cover and biomass change monitoring indicate variable rehabilitation success, the related carbon stock changes remain largely under-investigated and unclear.<br>An international research consortium designed and implemented a study to investigate the actual and potential future carbon stocks per ecosystem status at an agro-pastoral research site located in central Jordan’s ‘Badia’, considering both conventionally managed (degraded) and rehabilitated lands. Field experiments conducted by scientists and  local and former tribal community collaborators were combined with carbon modeling using RothC. This enabled the development of multiple scenarios considering both natural and enhanced, or human induced, processes; for example, through landscape modification (mechanized micro-water harvesting), vegetation plantation as well as optional soil amendment through biosolids. Preliminary results suggest that the implementation of water harvesting structures leads to a pronounced increase in soil carbon sequestration when compared to baseline conditions of between 15% and 45% over a 5 year period , with work ongoing to quantify the uncertainties around these results. The selected rehabilitation scenarios match the criteria for vast potential upscaling across global drylands. The study outcomes will eventually support a comprehensive ecosystem services valuation approach with (soil) carbon as an integral factor and moving towards reversing degradation and crediting the dry ecosystem’s values beyond their marginal agricultural services.</p>

Does soil disturbance result in soil carbon losses? – A case study on bioturbation effects of wild boar

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Axel Don ◽  
Christina Hagen ◽  
Erik Grüneberg ◽  
Cora Vos
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Carbon ◽  
Wild Boar ◽  
Forest Floor ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Soil Disturbance ◽  
Carbon Stocks ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Carbon Turnover

<p>Soil disturbance and disruption is assumed to enhance mineralisation and cause losses of soil organic carbon. Therefore, no tillage is promoted as soil carbon sequestration measure. However, the experimental evidence of enhanced carbon turnover due to soil disturbance is rare.  We investigated soil disturbance in forest ecosystems with simulated bioturbation of wild boar. Wild boar are effective at mixing and grubbing in the soil and wild boar populations are increasing dramatically in many parts of the world. In a six-year field study, we investigated the effect of wild boar bioturbation on the stocks and stability of soil organic carbon in two forest areas at 23 plots. The organic layer and mineral soil down to 15 cm depth were sampled in the disturbed plots and adjacent undisturbed reference plots.</p><p>No significant changes in soil organic carbon stocks were detected in the bioturbation plots compared with non-disturbed reference plots. However, around 50% of forest floor carbon was transferred with bioturbation to mineral soil carbon and the stock of stabilised mineral-associated carbon increased by 28%. Thus, a large proportion of the labile carbon in the forest floor was transformed into more stable carbon. Carbon saturation of mineral surfaces was not detected, but carbon loading per unit mineral surface increased by on average 66% due to bioturbation. This indicates that mineral forest soils have non-used capacity to stabilise and store more carbon.</p><p>Our results indicate that soil disturbance and bioturbation alone does not affect soil carbon turnover and stocks, but only change the distribution of carbon in the soil profile. This is in line with results from no-tillage experiments. The prevailing effect is a redistribution of carbon in the soil profile with no changes in total soil carbon stocks. We discuss these findings in the light of soils as potential sinks for carbon.</p><p> </p>

scholarly journals Forest soil carbon stock estimates in a nationwide inventory: evaluating performance of the ROMULv and Yasso07 models in Finland

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 4169-4183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksi Lehtonen ◽  
Tapio Linkosalo ◽  
Mikko Peltoniemi ◽  
Risto Sievänen ◽  
Raisa Mäkipää ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Carbon ◽  
Carbon Stock ◽  
Litter Quality ◽  
Carbon Stocks ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Soil Carbon Stock ◽  
Litter Input ◽  
Soil Carbon Stocks ◽  
Water Holding ◽  
Litter Quantity

Abstract. Dynamic soil models are needed for estimating impact of weather and climate change on soil carbon stocks and fluxes. Here, we evaluate performance of Yasso07 and ROMULv models against forest soil carbon stock measurements. More specifically, we ask if litter quantity, litter quality and weather data are sufficient drivers for soil carbon stock estimation. We also test whether inclusion of soil water holding capacity improves reliability of modelled soil carbon stock estimates. Litter input of trees was estimated from stem volume maps provided by the National Forest Inventory, while understorey vegetation was estimated using new biomass models. The litter production rates of trees were based on earlier research, while for understorey biomass they were estimated from measured data. We applied Yasso07 and ROMULv models across Finland and ran those models into steady state; thereafter, measured soil carbon stocks were compared with model estimates. We found that the role of understorey litter input was underestimated when the Yasso07 model was parameterised, especially in northern Finland. We also found that the inclusion of soil water holding capacity in the ROMULv model improved predictions, especially in southern Finland. Our simulations and measurements show that models using only litter quality, litter quantity and weather data underestimate soil carbon stock in southern Finland, and this underestimation is due to omission of the impact of droughts to the decomposition of organic layers. Our results also imply that the ecosystem modelling community and greenhouse gas inventories should improve understorey litter estimation in the northern latitudes.

scholarly journals Baseline of Carbon Stocks in Pinus radiata and Eucalyptus spp. Plantations of Chile

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillermo Federico Olmedo ◽  
Mario Guevara ◽  
Horacio Gilabert ◽  
Cristian R. Montes ◽  
Eduardo C. Arellano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Forest Floor ◽  
Carbon Stocks ◽  
Carbon Pool ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Forest Plantations ◽  
Ground Biomass ◽  
C Stocks ◽  
Industrial Forest ◽  
C Stock

Forest plantations have a large potential for carbon sequestration, playing an important role in the global carbon cycle. However, despite the huge amount of research carried out worldwide, the absolute contribution of industrial forest plantations is still incomplete for some parts of the world. To contribute to bridge this gap, we calculated the amount of C stock in three fast growing forest species in Chile. Relevant C pools (above-ground and below-ground biomass, forest floor, and soil) were considered for this analysis. Across the industrial plantation forests of Chile, carbon accumulated in the above-ground biomass was 181–212 Mg · ha−1 for Pinus radiata, 147–180 Mg · ha−1 for Eucalyptus nitens, and 95–117 Mg · ha−1 for Eucalyptus globulus (age 20–24 years for P.radiata and 10–14 years for Eucalyptus). Our results agree with other studies showing that 30%–50% of the total C stock is stored in the soil. Total C stocks were for 343 Mg · ha−1 for P.radiata, 352 Mg · ha−1 for E.nitens, and 254 Mg · ha−1 for E. gloubulus, also at the end of a typical rotation. The carbon pool in the forest floor was found to be significantly lower (less than 4% of the total) when compared to the other pools and showed large spatial variability. We conclude that industrial forest plantations are a valuable tool to reduce atmospheric CO2 and mitigate climate change. Given the contribution of soils to total carbon stocks, special attention should be paid to forest management activities that affect the soil organic carbon pool.

scholarly journals ESTIMATION OF CARBON RESERVED IN MANGROVE FOREST OF SUNGAI SEMBILAN SUB-DISTRICT, DUMAI CITY, RIAU PROVINCE

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-134
Author(s):  
Edi Handoyo ◽  
Bintal Amin ◽  
Elizal Elizal
Keyword(s):  
Soil Carbon ◽  
Co2 Sequestration ◽  
Carbon Stock ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Organic Soil ◽  
Carbon Stocks ◽  
Line Transect ◽  
Mangrove Forests ◽  
Soil Carbon Stock ◽  
Mangrove Biomass

Increasing CO2 concentration in the atmosphere is one of the factor which cause global warming. CO2 sequestration through mangrove forests is believed to be one of the efforts to reduce CO2 in atmosphere. This research was conducted in July 2019, aimed at estimating mangrove biomass, mangrove carbon stocks, soil organic carbon, and CO2 sequestration in mangrove forests in the coastal areas of Sungai Sembilan District, Dumai City, Riau Province. This research was conducted using the line transect plot method. Sampling is done by non destructive sampling by measuring DBH (Diameter at Breast Height) of mangrove trees, and soil sampling is done in a composite manner in each plot.. Mangrove biomass calculations done using allometric equations. Then, biomass is converted to carbon stock and CO2 sequestration, where the percentage value of carbon was 0.47 of biomass. As for the organic soil carbon calculation is done by multiplying the bulk density values, the percentage value of 0.47 and a depth of soil carbon.The results showed that the average estimated amount of mangrove biomass, mangrove carbon stocks, soil carbon stocks and CO2 sequestration were 621.46 tons/ha, 289.22 tons/ha, 1819.31 tons/ha and 1074.99 tons/ha. ANOVA analysis results showed that the amount of mangrove biomass, mangrove carbon stock, soil carbon stock and CO2 sequestration between stations were not significantly different (p> 0.05).

scholarly journals Carbon Stocks in Miombo Woodlands: Evidence From Over 50 Years

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Medha Bulusu ◽  
Christopher Martius ◽  
Jessica Clendenning
Keyword(s):  
Soil Carbon ◽  
Carbon Stock ◽  
Carbon Stocks ◽  
Dry Forest ◽  
Systematic Sampling ◽  
Miombo Woodlands ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Aboveground Carbon ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Soil Carbon Stocks

Miombo woodlands are extensive dry forest ecosystems in central and southern Africa covering ≈2.7 million km2. Despite their vast expanse and global importance for carbon storage, the long-term carbon stocks and dynamics have been poorly researched. The objective of this paper is to present and summarize the evidence gathered on above- and belowground (root and soil) carbon stocks of miombo woodlands from the 1960s to mid-2018 through a review. We analyzed data to answer: (1) What is the range of aboveground and belowground carbon stocks found in miombo woodlands over the last six decades? (2) Are there differences in carbon stocks based on land-management categories? (3) Does precipitation influence aboveground carbon stocks in old-growth miombo? (4) Do differences in cover type, age and region influence carbon stocks? (5) How does previous land-use affect carbon stocks in re-growth miombo? A literature review protocol was used to identify 56 publications from which quantitative data on aboveground and soil carbon pools were extracted. We found that the mean aboveground carbon stock in old-growth miombo was 30.83±16.76 Mg C ha-1 (range 1.48—107.24 Mg ha-1). Old-growth miombo had an average calculated root carbon stock of 16.49±9.18 Mg C ha-1 (range 0.8—57.81 Mg ha-1). Soil carbon stocks in old-growth miombo varied widely, between 8.75 and 134.6 Mg C ha-1 while in re-growth miombo they varied between 10.73 and 52.2 Mg C ha-1. It must be noted these soil data are given only for information; they inconsistently refer to varying soil depths and are thus difficult to interpret. The wide range reported suggests a need for further studies, much more systematic in methods and reporting. Other limitations of the dataset include the lack of systematic sampling and lack of data in some countries, viz. Angola and Democratic Republic of the Congo.

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