Load-Carrying Capacity of the early age Steel Ghent Floralia Exposition Hall/Tragverhalten der Floralia-Ausstellungs- halle des frühen Stahlzeitalters

Bauingenieur ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 95 (05) ◽  
pp. 174-179
Author(s):  
Philippe Van Bogaert

ABSTRACT The Floraliahall in Ghent was built during 1912 and 1913 as part of a series of large infrastructure works for the world exposition of 1913. The main structure of the hall consists of 18 portal frames having three spans of 10.16 m, 40.18 m and 10.16 m. The upper part of the structure is highly slender. Adversely to the customary concepts of 100 years ago, the lighter frames at 7.45 m distance, are hinged twice at the springs, whereas the more heavy frames, at 15 m distance, are completely clamped at their base. In addition, measurements show that cross-sections of compressed parts have larger area than the tensile parts. From the structural point of view, these frames sometimes have an unexpected composition. The aim was to determine whether this structure can comply with contemporary requirements and codes. From measurements and simulations follows that in limited areas high stresses appear, unacceptable even in serviceability state. This may be partly due to modifications of the roof that were made inappropriately, from the uncertainty to assess certain details with the model and from ineffective analysis at the time of construction. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Die Floraliahalle in Gent wurde zwischen 1912 und 1913 als Teil einer Reihe großer Infrastrukturarbeiten für die Weltausstellung von 1913 errichtet. Die Hauptstruktur der Halle besteht aus 18 Portalrahmen mit drei Feldern von 10,16 m, 40,18 m und 10,16 m. Der obere Teil der Struktur ist sehr schlank. Im Gegensatz zu den vor 100 Jahren üblichen Konzepten sind die leichteren Rahmen in einem Abstand von 7,45 m gelenkig aufgelagert, während die schwereren Rahmen in einem Abstand von 15 m vollständig an ihrer Basis eingespannt sind. Außerdem zeigen Messungen, dass Querschnitte von druckbeanpruchten Teilen eine größere Fläche aufweisen als die Zugteile. Vom strukturellen Standpunkt aus haben diese Rahmen manchmal eine unerwartete Zusammensetzung. Ziel war es festzustellen, ob diese Struktur den heutigen Anforderungen und Normen entspricht. Aus Messungen und Simulationen geht hervor, dass in begrenzten Bereichen hohe Beanspruchungen auftreten, die auch im Gebrauchstauglichkeitszustand nicht akzeptabel sind. Dies kann zum Teil auf unsachgemäß vorgenommene Änderungen des Daches, auf die Unsicherheit, bestimmte Details mit dem Modell zu bewerten, und auf eine ineffektive Analyse zum Zeitpunkt des Baus zurückzuführen sein.

Author(s):  
V. Bogaert

<p>The Floraliahall in Ghent was built during 1912-1913 as part of a series of large infrastructure works for the world exposition of 1913. The main structure of the hall consists of 18 portal frames having 3 spans of 10.16, 40.18 and 10.16 m. The upper part of the structure is highly slender. Adversely to the customary concepts of 100 years ago, the lighter frames at 7.45 m distance, are hinged twice at the springs, whereas the more heavy frames, at 15 m distance, are completely clamped at their base. In addition, measurements show that crosssections of compressed parts have larger area than the tensile parts. From the structural point of view, these frames sometimes have an unexpected composition. The aim was to determine whether this structure can comply with contemporary requirements and codes. From measurements and simulations follows that in limited areas high stresses appear, unacceptable even in serviceability state. This may be partly due to modifications of the roof that were made inappropriately, from the uncertainty to assess certain details with the model and from ineffective analysis at the time of construction.</p>


Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (13) ◽  
pp. 3468
Author(s):  
Zbigniew Kolakowski ◽  
Andrzej Teter

The phenomena that occur during compression of hybrid thin-walled columns with open cross-sections in the elastic range are discussed. Nonlinear buckling problems were solved within Koiter’s approximation theory. A multimodal approach was assumed to investigate an effect of symmetrical and anti-symmetrical buckling modes on the ultimate load-carrying capacity. Detailed simulations were carried out for freely supported columns with a C-section and a top-hat type section of medium lengths. The columns under analysis were made of two layers of isotropic materials characterized by various mechanical properties. The results attained were verified with the finite element method (FEM). The boundary conditions applied in the FEM allowed us to confirm the eigensolutions obtained within Koiter’s theory with very high accuracy. Nonlinear solutions comply within these two approaches for low and medium overloads. To trace the correctness of the solutions, the Riks algorithm, which allows for investigating unsteady paths, was used in the FEM. The results for the ultimate load-carrying capacity obtained within the FEM are higher than those attained with Koiter’s approximation method, but the leap takes place on the identical equilibrium path as the one determined from Koiter’s theory.


2013 ◽  
Vol 671-674 ◽  
pp. 1319-1323
Author(s):  
Zi Xue Lei ◽  
Yu Hang Han ◽  
San Sheng Dong ◽  
Jun Qing Guo

A centrally reinforced column is a new type of RC columns, formed by providing a reinforcement skeleton at the central part of the cross section of an ordinary RC column. Tests have shown that as compared with an ordinary RC column, this type of columns has a higher load carrying capacity and ductility. From the pushover analysis of a frame composed of ordinary RC columns and one consisting of centrally reinforced columns, their seismic performance under seismic load of 9-degree intensity was studied according to Chinese code, including target displacements, story-level displacements, interstory drifts, appearance and development of plastic hinges. The results indicate that although the dimensions of cross sections of columns in the frame with centrally reinforced columns are smaller than those of the ordinary frame, the former still has a higher overall load carrying capacity and seismic performance than the latter.


1977 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 214-225
Author(s):  
Baidar Bakht ◽  
Paul F. Csagoly

There are many thousands of existing pony truss bridges in North America which were constructed in the earlier part of this century and are still serving as important traffic carriers. The present economic situation demands that these bridges should usefully serve their purpose for as long as is safely possible.These bridges could be found inadequate for either or both of the following reasons. With the exception of remote areas, operational traffic safety would require two 12-ft lanes plus adequate shoulders. Many of these old bridges are therefore unsatisfactory from the geometrical point of view. Some bridges were designed for live loads that are only a fraction of present commercial vehicle weights.A computer-oriented method of rigorous analysis of lateral buckling behaviour of pony truss bridges is briefly discussed. The method is implemented through a computer program which has been validated by experimental data. It is expected that the program would predict realistic values of load-carrying capacity of such bridges and would help to avoid many an unnecessary replacement.Various methods of strengthening and widening pony truss bridges, and their pros and cons, are discussed. It is shown that the strengthening of a few components of a pony truss bridge does not always lead to an increase in the load-carrying capacity of the bridge.


2018 ◽  
Vol 219 ◽  
pp. 02002
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Gordziej-Zagórowska ◽  
Elżbieta Urbańska-Galewska

The influence of eccentricity at intersections of truss members on the load carrying capacity of the truss joint is presented in the paper. The research truss elements were designed as cold-formed open cross section. Analytical calculations, numerical analysis and experimental research were conducted to reveal how the eccentricity affects the effort of material in the joint area. The results of analysis and investigations are compared and discussed. The main achievement of the tests carried out is statement that slender plane members of the compression chords are safe compared with the results of analytical calculations.


1999 ◽  
Vol 121 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Błachut ◽  
O. R. Jaiswal

Localized and global, of eigenmode type, initial geometric imperfections were superimposed on perfect torispherical, ellipsoidal, and toroidal shells of circular and elliptical cross section. Reduction of the load-carrying capacity was then calculated numerically for various geometries and the yield point of material which was assumed to be mild steel. Results show that the buckling strength of torispheres and ellipsoids could be strongly affected by imperfections, but reduction of its magnitude was dependent on the choice of imperfection shape and, more importantly, on the imperfection’s location. Calculations carried out for closed toroids of circular cross section show that these shells are not sensitive to eigenmode-type imperfections, while toroids with elliptical cross sections are sensitive to eigen-imperfections.


2018 ◽  
Vol 70 (8) ◽  
pp. 1388-1395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shipra Aggarwal ◽  
R.K. Pandey

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to conceive a new surface texture incorporating a tiny shape among the micro-pockets (with circular, rectangular, trapezoidal and triangular cross-sections) and dimples (cylindrical, hemispherical and ellipsoidal) for exploring to enhance the maximum possible performance behaviors of sector shape pad thrust bearing. Design/methodology/approach Numerical simulation of hydrodynamically lubricated sector shape textured pad thrust bearing has been presented incorporating thermal and cavitation effects. The coupled solution of governing equations (Reynolds equation, film thickness expression, viscosity–temperature relation, energy equation and Laplace equation) has been achieved using finite difference method and Gauss–Seidel iterative scheme. Findings With new textured pads, higher load-carrying capacity and lower coefficient of friction are obtained in comparison to plain sector shape pad. Texture pattern comprising square cross-sectional pockets yields higher load-carrying capacity and lower coefficient of friction in comparison to other cross-sectional shapes (circular, trapezoidal and triangular) of pockets considered herein. Originality/value This study reports a new texture, which involves micro-pockets of square cross-sectional shapes to improve the performance behavior of sector shape pad thrust bearing. About 75 per cent increase in load carrying capacity and 42 per cent reduction in coefficient of friction have been achieved with pad having new texture in comparison to conventional pad.


2016 ◽  
Vol 78 (5-4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nurain Rosdi ◽  
Mohd Hanafie Yasin ◽  
Mohd Hazim Mohd Azam ◽  
Rohana Hassan

Over recent years, half-lap connection is widely used all over the world to provide longer structural member due to limited size of sawn timber in construction industries. Timber connected in joints may reduce overall mechanical properties of the structure. This paper present finding on a series of connection of half lap bolted joint member from Keruing (SG5) and Sesendok (SG7) timber species. The half-lap connection were subjected to tensile test and reinforced with GFRP sheet that were conducted until failure to determine their tensile behavior. The results showed that the GFRP help to increase the load carrying capacity of all the timber specimens especially timber species that lies in a weak strength group for almost 30 % by strength.


Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 3314
Author(s):  
Andrzej Teter ◽  
Zbigniew Kolakowski

The multimodal buckling of thin-walled isotropic columns with open cross-sections under uniform compression is discussed. Column lengths were selected to enable strong interactions between selected eigenmodes. In the case of short columns or very long ones subjected to compression, single-mode buckling can be observed only and the effect under discussion does not occur. In the present study, the influence of higher global modes on the load-carrying capacity and behavior in the post-buckling state of thin-walled structures with open cross-sections is analyzed in detail. In the literature known to the authors, higher global modes are always neglected practically in the analysis due to their very high values of bifurcation loads. However, the phenomenon of an unexpected loss in the load-carrying capacity of opened columns can be observed in the experimental investigations. It might be explained using multimode buckling when the higher global distortional-flexural buckling modes are taken into account. In the conducted numerical simulations, a significant influence of higher global distortional-flexural buckling modes on the post-buckling equilibrium path of uniformly compressed columns with C- and TH-shaped (the so-called “top-hat”) cross-sections was observed. The columns of two lengths, for which strong interactions between selected eigenmodes were seen, were subject to consideration. Two numerical methods were applied, namely, the semi-analytical method (SAM) using Koiter’s perturbation approach and the finite element method (FEM), to solve the problem. The SAM results showed that the third mode had a considerable impact on the load-carrying capacity, whereas the FEM results confirmed a catastrophic effect of the modes on the behavior of the structures under analysis, which led to a lack of convergence of numerical calculations despite an application of the Riks algorithm. All elastic-plastic effects were neglected.


2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. S. Patel ◽  
D. P. Vakharia ◽  
G. M. Deheri

Efforts have been made to study and analyze the performance of a hydrodynamic short journal bearing under the presence of a magnetic fluid lubricant. With the usual assumptions of hydrodynamic lubrication, the associated Reynolds equation for the fluid pressure is solved with appropriate boundary conditions. In turn, this is then used to calculate the load-carrying capacity which results in the calculation of friction. The computed results presented in graphical form suggest that the bearing system registers an improved performance owing to the magnetic fluid as compared to the conventional lubricant. It is clearly observed that the load-carrying capacity increases nominally while the coefficient of friction decreases significantly. Besides, it is seen that the bearing can support a load even when there is no flow of lubricant. In addition, this type of study may offer an additional degree of freedom from design point of view in terms of the forms of the magnitude of the magnetic fluid.


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