scholarly journals The History Of Trade Relations Of Central Asian Countries With Foreign Countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 02 (10) ◽  
pp. 110-116
Author(s):  
Uktam Mansurov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Asian Countries ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
History Of ◽  
Central Asian Countries ◽  
Mutual Relations ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
The Impact

The article describes the history of trade relations of Central Asian countries with foreign countries in ancient and medieval times, the importance of the Great Silk Road, the impact of these relations on political, economic, diplomatic, ethnic and cultural relations. It states that due to diplomatic and trade relations with foreign countries, mutual relations have been established, and the movement of citizens abroad and their entry is based on certain rules. Attention is paid to such factors as the impact of such relations on the socio-political and economic situation in those countries, the specific way of life of the peoples of the region, the way in which diplomatic relations are established. The article focuses on the development of trade relations with foreign countries during the reign of ancient Khorezm, Sogdiana, Parthia and the medieval Hephthalites, the Turkish Khanate, the Arab Caliphate, Amir Temur and the Temurids, the Central Asian khanates, Khiva, Kokand, Bukhara khanates.

scholarly journals The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor: Gateway to Central Asia

2019 ◽  
Vol 05 (03) ◽  
pp. 455-469
Author(s):  
Mir Sher Baz Khetran ◽  
Muhammad Humayun Khalid
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Regional Integration ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Energy Demands ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
Regional Markets ◽  
History Of ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Central Asian Countries ◽  
The Belt And Road

The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is a flagship project under the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI); and its launch in 2015 was regarded as a landmark event in the history of the Sino-Pakistani relationship. With a budget amounting to over $62 billion, it has become the foremost regional integration initiative between China and Pakistan. The project is also open to all interested regional stakeholders, among which Central Asia is one of the most important in geopolitical terms. Located in a landlocked but resource-rich region, Central Asian countries need better access to regional markets including Pakistan, China, India, and the countries of West Asia. Pakistan and China have huge energy demands that can be satisfied by growing trade with Central Asia. Thus, the CPEC will not only benefit Pakistan and China, but it also presents a strategic opportunity for Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, and Tajikistan to transport their goods more easily and gain competitiveness in regional and global markets.

scholarly journals Impact of Trade Openness on Food Security: Evidence from Panel Data for Central Asian Countries

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 3012
Author(s):  
Zhilu Sun ◽  
Defeng Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Panel Data ◽  
Trade Openness ◽  
Generalized Method Of Moments ◽  
Dynamic Panel Data ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
The World ◽  
Central Asian Countries ◽  
The Impact

The problem of food insecurity has become increasingly critical across the world since 2015, which threatens the lives and livelihoods of people around the world and has historically been a challenge confined primarily to developing countries, to which the countries of Central Asia, as typical transition countries, cannot be immune either. Under this context, many countries including Central Asian countries have recognized the importance of trade openness to ensure adequate levels of food security and are increasingly reliant on international trade for food security. Using the 2001–2018 panel data of Central Asian countries, based on food security’s four pillars (including availability, access, stability, and utilization), this study empirically estimates the impact of trade openness and other factors on food security and traces a U-shaped (or inverted U-shaped) relationship between trade openness and food security by adopting a panel data fixed effect model as the baseline model, and then conducts the robustness test by using the least-squares (LS) procedure for the pooled data and a dynamic panel data (DPD) analysis with the generalized method of moments (GMM) approach, simultaneously. The results show that: (1) a U-shaped relationship between trade openness and the four pillars of food security was found, which means that beyond a certain threshold of trade openness, food security status tends to improve in Central Asian countries; (2) gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, GDP growth, and agricultural productivity have contributed to the improvement of food security. Employment in agriculture, arable land, freshwater withdrawals in agriculture, population growth, natural disasters, and inflation rate have negative impacts on food security; and (3) this study confirms that trade policy reforms can finally be conducive to improving food security in Central Asian countries. However, considering the effects of other factors, potential negative effects of trade openness, and vulnerability of global food trade network, ensuring reasonable levels of food self-sufficiency is still very important for Central Asian countries to achieve food security. Our research findings can provide scientific support for sustainable food system strategies in Central Asian countries.

UNDERSTANDING JAPANESE SOFT POWER POLICY AND ITS FEATURE IN CENTRAL ASIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 029-038
Author(s):  
Farrukh Usmonov ◽  
Fumiaki Inagaki
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Soft Power ◽  
Regional Cooperation ◽  
Transition Process ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Asian Region ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
Border Conflicts ◽  
History Of ◽  
Central Asian Countries

The states of the Central Asian region obtained their independence in 1991 and have been undergoing a turbulent transition process, such as civil war, cross-border conflicts, revolution and socio-political reforms. Japan has been furthering its cooperation with the Central Asian countries since the day diplomatic relations were established. Despite only a 25-year history of cooperation, Japan has developed numerous and diverse patterns of involvement in the Central Asian region. There is a positive attitude towards Japan and Japanese people among the population of Central Asian countries. This work explores the features of Japanese soft power policy and its development in Central Asia. The core of the multilateral collaboration format in Japanese Central Asian Policy is “Central Asia + Japan,” which aims to promote inter-regional and intra-regional cooperation among the Central Asian states.

scholarly journals Uprising Nuances: Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan´s Social Mobilizations and Order Maintenance

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guilherme Moreira Leite de Mello
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Social Mobilization ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
Ruling Elites ◽  
Central Asian Countries ◽  
To Come ◽  
Political Economic

Social mobilization in Central Asia comes in a rare form, alongside political, economic, social and ethnical overtones, aligned with post-Sovietic difficulties and dependencies. Although standing as independent nations, economic instabilities, political insurgencies and social inequalities are triggering circumstances of uprisings in Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan and Kyrgystan. As countries still struggling to sustain and perpetrate democratic values, social mobilization resurface as a tool to establish political change. However, although understanding that the range of protests are regional and do not offer its nations a challenge concerning national security, the casualties and government accommodations were not as peaceful and organized as it was expected. The participation of the international community, specially playing a role in cooperating and co-opting with Central Asian insurgencies, is a crucial for the understanding of these protests as a way of its population to come in aid of their own political standards and voicing their grievances towards its ruling elites. Nevertheless, the necessity of social mobilization in Central Asian countries arrive in a time and place where its political standards can do no longer curb its dependencies and sufficiently generates instabilities that are most certainly, critical.Key-Words: International relations, Central Asia, social mobilization, political instability.

FROM THE HISTORY OF THE RELATIONS FORMATION OF CHINA WITH CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES IN THE AREAS OF POLITICS, SECURITY, AND ECONOMICS

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 4-15
Author(s):  
Vladimir Paramonov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
The Political ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Recent Past ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
The People ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
History Of ◽  
Central Asian Countries ◽  
Political Security ◽  
Near Future

The main purpose of the article is to identify the key trends in relations of the People Republic of China with the countries of Central Asia in the political, security and economic fields from 1992 to 2007. It seems that all this should help to scientifically evaluate the recent past of Chinese-Central Asian ties, and therefore help to build morestable and mutually beneficial formats of relations in the near future.

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