scholarly journals You won’t guess that: On the limited benefits of guessing when learning a foreign language

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewa Butowska ◽  
Maciej Hanczakowski ◽  
Katarzyna Zawadzka
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Recall Performance ◽  
Recognition Performance ◽  
Cued Recall ◽  
Test Accuracy ◽  
Foreign Word ◽  
Initial Learning ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Right ◽  
Future Learning

AbstractGuessing the meaning of a foreign word before being presented with the right answer benefits recognition performance for the translation compared to reading the full translation outright. However, guessing does not increase memory for the foreign-word-to-translation associations, which is crucial for language acquisition. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether this disadvantage of guessing for performance in cued-recall tests would be eliminated if a restudy phase was added. In Experiments 1–3, we consistently demonstrated that guessing resulted in lower cued-recall performance compared to reading, both before and after restudy. Even for items for which participants successfully recalled their initial guesses on the cued-recall test, accuracy levels did not exceed those from the reading condition. In Experiment 4, we aimed to generalize our findings concerning restudy to a different set of materials – weakly associated word pairs. Even though this time guessing led to better performance than reading, consistent with previous studies, this guessing benefit was not moderated by adding a restudy phase. Our results thus underscore the importance of the initial learning phase for future learning and retention, while undermining the usefulness of the learning-through-guessing strategy for acquiring foreign language vocabulary.

scholarly journals Longitudinal Decline on the Dichotic Digits Test

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 862-872
Author(s):  
Lauren K. Dillard ◽  
Mary E. Fischer ◽  
Alex Pinto ◽  
Barbara E. K. Klein ◽  
Adam J. Paulsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Hearing Impairment ◽  
Recall Performance ◽  
Recognition Performance ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Free Recall Task ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Right Ear Advantage ◽  
The Right

Purpose The dichotic digits test (DDT) is commonly administered in clinical and research settings, but it is not well understood how performance changes in aging. The purpose of this study is to determine the 5-year change on the free recall task and right ear advantage (REA) in a population-based cohort and factors associated with change. Method Participants in the population-based Epidemiology of Hearing Loss Study, who completed the DDT during the fourth (2009–2010) and fifth (2013–2016) examination periods were included ( n = 865, M age = 72.8 years at baseline). Free recall DDT was administered using 25 sets of triple-digit pairs presented at 70 dB HL. The REA was calculated by subtracting the score in the left ear from the score in the right ear. Results In 5 years, most participants (62.4%) declined on free recall performance (mean decline = 3.0% [4.5 digits], p < .01). In age-sex–adjusted models, higher baseline scores, hearing impairment, and lower education were significantly associated with increased risk of decline. An REA at baseline (76.8%) and follow-up (77.9%) was common. Half of participants (50.6%) had a 5-year REA widening ( M = 1.9% [1.4 digits], p = .01). Older age, but not hearing impairment, was associated with increased risk of REA widening. Conclusions The 5-year decline on free recall recognition performance was not associated with age but was associated with hearing impairment, whereas the 5-year widening of REA was associated with age but not hearing impairment. These results indicate that the REA may be a more sensitive measure of aging of the central auditory system than free recall performance.

Comparative Arterial Antithrombotic Activity of Clopidogrel and Acetyl Salicylic Acid in the Pig

1992 ◽  
Vol 68 (05) ◽  
pp. 500-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ch M Samama ◽  
Ph Bonnin ◽  
M Bonneau ◽  
G Pignaud ◽  
E Mazoyer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Aggregation ◽  
Femoral Artery ◽  
Bleeding Time ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Flow Reduction ◽  
Cyclic Flow ◽  
Left Femoral Artery ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Right ◽  
Induced Aggregation

SummaryWe investigated the comparative antithrombotic properties of clopidogrel, an analogue of ticlopidine, and aspirin, using the Folts' model on femoral arteries in 22 pigs. On each animal, clopidogrel or aspirin were used to treat the thrombotic process on the left femoral artery and to prevent this process on the right femoral artery. Sequentially: an injury and stenosis were carried out on the left femoral artery; the thrombotic process was monitored with a Doppler during a 30-min observation period for cyclic flow reductions or permanent cessation of flow; after the first cyclic flow reduction occurred, clopidogrel (5 mg kg-1) or aspirin (2.5, 5, 100 mg kg-1) were injected intravenously; if cyclic flow reductions were abolished, epinephrine (0.4 µg kg-1 min-1) was injected to try to restore cyclic flow reductions and/or permanent cessation of flow; then injury and stenosis were applied on the right femoral artery. Before and after injection of clopidogrel or aspirin, ear immersion bleeding times and ex-vivo platelet aggregation were performed. Clopidogrel (n = 7) abolished cyclic flow reductions in all animals and epinephrine did not restore any cyclic flow reduction. On the right femoral artery, cyclic flow reductions were efficiently prevented, even for two injuries. Basal bleeding time (5 min 28) was lengthened (>15 min, 30 min after clopidogrel and remained prolonged even after 24 h). ADP-induced platelet aggregation was inhibited (more than 78%). Comparatively, aspirin had a moderate and no dose-dependent effect. Aspirin 2.5 mg kg-1 (n = 6) abolished cyclic flow reductions in 2 animals, CFR reoccurred spontaneously in one animal and epinephrine restored it in a second animal. Aspirin 5 mg kg-1 (n = 6) abolished cyclic flow reductions in only 3 animals and epinephrine always restored it. Aspirin 100 mg kg-1 (n = 3) was unable to abolish cyclic flow reductions. On the right femoral artery, aspirin did not significantly prevent cyclic flow reductions which occurred in all animals after one (n = 14) or two injuries (n = 1), except for one animal. Basal bleeding time was lengthened but it shortened rapidly, reaching its basal value after 24 h. ADP-induced aggregation was not significantly inhibited, whereas arachidonic acid induced aggregation was always inhibited. Clopidogrel appears as a more potent antithrombotic drug than aspirin in this model, in treating and preventing spontaneous or epinephrine-induced cyclic flow reductions and lengthening bleeding time.

EFEKTIVITAS METODE DEMONSTRASI DALAM MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR SISWA SEKOLAH MENENGAH KEJURUAN PADA PENGAJARAN SISTEM KOLOID

2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 28
Author(s):  
Hamda Situmorang ◽  
Manihar Situmorang
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Abstract Concept ◽  
Vocational High School ◽  
School Students ◽  
Lecture Method ◽  
Colloid System ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Right ◽  
And Control

Abstract Implementation of demonstration method in the teaching of chemistry is assigned as the right strategy to improve students’ achievement as it is proved that the method can bring an abstract concept to reality in the class. The study is conducted to vocational high school students in SMKN1 Pargetteng getteng Sengkut Pakfak Barat at accademic year 2013. The teaching has been carried out three cycles on the teaching of chemistry topic of colloid system. In the study, the class is divided into two class, experiment class and control class. The demontration method is used to teach students in experimental class while the teaching in control class is conducted with lecture method. Both are evaluated by using multiple choise tests before and after the teaching procedures, and the ability of students to answer the problems are assigned as students’ achievements. The results showed that demonstration method improved students’ achievement in chemistry. The students in experimental class who are taughed with demonstration method (M=19.08±0.74) have higher achievements compare with control class (M=12.91±2.52), and both are significantly different (tcalculation 22.85 > ttable 1.66). The effectivity of demostration method in experimental class (97%) is found higer compare to conventional method in control class (91%).

EDUKASI TERHADAP REMAJA DALAM PENINGKATAN PENGETAHUAN TENTANG PENGGUNAAN GAME DENGAN BIJAK

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Ikhsan Fuady ◽  
Rangga Saptya MP
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Violent Behavior ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Improper Use ◽  
Effective Role ◽  
Education And Outreach ◽  
The Right ◽  
Dedicated Team ◽  
User Ratings

<p align="center"><strong>Abstrak</strong></p><p><em>Pemanfaatan game dikalangan remaja memiliki peran yang efektif sebagai wadah untuk hiburan. Tetapi pemanfaatan game tidak tepat memiliki efek samping game terhadap kehidupan sehari hari remaja, mulai dari kurang bersosialIsasi hingga perilaku kekerasan dikalangan remaja. Penyuluhan terhadap remaja bertujuan untuk memberikan pemahaman kepada remaja tentang variasi game berdasarkan rating pengguna, maupun cerdas dalam manajemen penggunaan game dalam kehidupan remaja sehari hari. Pengetahuan remaja tentang varian/ragam game berdasarkan rating relatif rendah sebagaian besar pemengetahuannya tersebar pada kategori sangat rendah dan rendah yaitu sebesar 65 persen. Metode edukasi dan sosialisasi ini adalah dengan beberapa tahapan. Tahap pertaman tim pengabdian memberikan edukasi dan diskusi tentang beragam bentuk game, karakteristik, serta karakteristik pengguna game yang tepat. Selanjutnya beberapa permainan dan kuis untuk meingkatkan literasi remaja tentang pemanfaatan game secara bijak. Kegiatan penyuluhan ini mampu meningkatkan pemahaman para remaja dalam mengenali game yang baik digunakan, hal ini dapat dilihat dari peningkatan pengetahuan remaja relatif signifikan sebelum dan sesudah penyuluhan.</em></p><p><strong>Kata kunci<em>:</em></strong><strong><em> </em></strong><strong><em>Edukasi, Game, Penyuluhan </em></strong></p><p align="center"><em> </em></p><p align="center"><strong>Abstract</strong> </p><p><em>The use of games among teenagers has an effective role as a forum for entertainment. But the improper use of games has the side effects of games on the daily lives of adolescents, ranging from lack of socialization to violent behavior in adolescents. Counseling against adolescents aims to provide understanding to adolescents about the variety/variance of games based on user ratings, as well as being smart in managing game use in daily teenage life. Teenagers' knowledge about game variants/based on the rating is relatively low, most of the knowledge is spread in the very low and low categories, which is 65 percent. The method of education and outreach is by several stages. The first stage of the dedicated team provided education and discussion about various forms of games, characteristics, and characteristics of the right game user. Furthermore, some games and quizzes to improve teen literacy about game use wisely. This counseling activity can increase the understanding of teenagers in recognizing games that are well used, this can be seen from the relatively significant increase in adolescent knowledge before and after counseling.</em></p><p><strong>Keywords<em>:</em></strong><em> <strong>Education, Games, Counseling</strong></em></p>

Promoting positive washforward through personalised test feedback and other benefits: Piloting a computer-based testing system

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 235-244
Author(s):  
Elena A. M. Gandini ◽  
Tania Horák
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Testing System ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Test Feedback ◽  
Teachers And Students ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
Computer Based Testing ◽  
The University ◽  
Future Learning ◽  
Personalised Feedback

AbstractThis contribution reports on the developing and piloting of a computer-based version of the test of English as a foreign language produced by the University of Central Lancashire (UCLan), where it is currently used for the admission of international students and the subsequent evaluation of their language progress. Among other benefits, computer-based testing allows for better and individualised feedback to both teachers and students, and it can provide a more authentic test experience in light of the current digital shift that UK universities are undergoing. In particular, the qualitative improvement in the feedback available for test-takers and teachers was for us a crucial factor. Providing students with personalised feedback, that is, directly linked to their performance, has positive washforward, because it means we can guide their future learning, highlighting the areas they need to work on to improve their language skills and giving them suggestions on how to succeed in academia. Furthermore, explaining the meaning of test results in detail improves transparency and ultimately washback, as teachers can use the more accessible marking criteria, together with information on how their students performed, to review plans and schemes of work for subsequent courses.

Smartphone addiction and the relationship with head and neck pain and electromiographic activity of masticatory muscles

Work ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Fabiana Foltran Mescollotto ◽  
Érica Brito Gonçalves ◽  
Ester Moreira de Castro Carletti ◽  
Ana Beatriz Oliveira ◽  
Elisa Bizetti Pelai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Neck Pain ◽  
Head And Neck ◽  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Neck Region ◽  
Masticatory Muscles ◽  
Smartphone Addiction ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Smartphone Use ◽  
The Right

Background: Excessive use of smartphones may be associated with behavioral and physical health changes and might cause musculoskeletal alterations in the head and neck region. Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of smartphone addiction in college students and its correlation with symptoms of head and neck pain and masticatory and trapezius muscle activity while resting, before and after smartphone use. Methods: Twenty university students participated in the study. They answered the Smartphone Addiction Scale and the Fonseca Anamnestic Index. Next, the participants were seated and prepared for electromyography through the placement of surface electrodes on the masseter, temporal, and trapezius muscles. Rest condition data were collected for 10 seconds before and after 30 minutes of smartphone use. Results: The results showed that 35% of the evaluated individuals were classified as smartphone addicted and 35% reported no head or neck pain in the previous 30 days. There was no association between smartphone use and head and neck pain. In the electromyography, there was an increase in RMS values after smartphone use in the right and left masseter muscles and the left trapezius. Conclusion: College students presented a high prevalence of smartphone addiction and head and neck pain, but these were not statistically associated. There was a change in muscle activity only in the right trapezius muscles before and after 30 minutes of smartphone use. These findings are contrary to the current belief that the use of smartphones correlates with pain in the neck region and changes in the electrical muscle activity, leading to fatigue in the cervical muscles.

scholarly journals Mediastinal anatomical landmarks, their variants and tips for video-assisted thoracoscopic navigation during oesophageal extirpation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergey Dydykin ◽  
Friedrich Paulsen ◽  
Tatyana Khorobykh ◽  
Natalya Mishchenko ◽  
Marina Kapitonova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prone Position ◽  
Anatomical Study ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Posterior Mediastinum ◽  
Visual Navigation ◽  
Anatomical Landmarks ◽  
Video Assisted ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Human Cadavers ◽  
The Right

Abstract Purpose There is no systematic description of primary anatomical landmarks that allow a surgeon to reliably and safely navigate the superior and posterior mediastinum’s fat tissue spaces near large vessels and nerves during video-assisted endothoracoscopic interventions in the prone position of a patient. Our aim was to develop an algorithm of sequential visual navigation during thoracoscopic extirpation of the esophagus and determine the most permanent topographic and anatomical landmarks allowing safe thoracoscopic dissection of the esophagus in the prone position. Methods The anatomical study of the mediastinal structural features was carried out on 30 human cadavers before and after opening the right pleural cavity. Results For thoracoscopic extirpation of the esophagus in the prone position, anatomical landmarks are defined, their variants are assessed, and an algorithm for their selection is developed, allowing their direct visualization before and after opening the mediastinal pleura. Conclusion The proposed algorithm for topographic and anatomical navigation based on the key anatomical landmarks in the posterior mediastinum provides safe performance of the video-assisted thoracoscopic extirpation of the esophagus in the prone position.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the morphology and mechanics of the right ventricle using echocardiography before and after transcatheter balloon pulmonary angioplasty in patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
KIRILL Malikov ◽  
MARINA Kirichkova ◽  
MARIA Simakova ◽  
NARECK Marukyan ◽  
OLGA Moiseeva
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Artery ◽  
Right Ventricle ◽  
Pulmonary Artery Pressure ◽  
Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension ◽  
Reverse Remodeling ◽  
Free Wall ◽  
Artery Pressure ◽  
Balloon Pulmonary Angioplasty ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Right

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: None. Introduction Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) leads to a progressive increase in pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) and pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) with the development of severe dysfunction of the right heart and heart failure. Mortality for three years with an average pressure in the pulmonary artery (PA) of more than 50 mmHg is more than 90%. Balloon pulmonary angioplasty (BPA) has a significant advantage over other methods of surgical treatment, but it requires the determination of additional non-invasive markers of effectiveness. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) remains the main method for assessing the morphology and function of the heart. Purpose Compare different indicators reflecting the severity of CTEPH with TTE indicators before and after BPA. To evaluate the effectiveness of using BPA for the treatment of patients with CTEPH using routine TTE and speckle tracking mode. Materials and methods For 18 months 30 patients without concomitant cardiovascular pathology were subjected to several BPA sessions. Before treatment, 50% of patients belonged to the 3 CTEPH functional class (FC), 40% to 2 FC, 10% to 1 FC. The average number of sessions was 4.7 ± 1.3. Before the first BPA and after the last, all the patients were performed: six-minute walk test (6MWT, metres), Borg scale (in points), test for NT-proBNP (pg/ml); TTE with assessment of the right ventricle (RV) and left ventricle (LV) including areas of the right atrium (aRA, cm2), mean pulmonary artery pressure (PUPM,mmHg),RV free wall strain (GLSFW, %), RV free wall strain rate (GLSRFW, sm/sec), RV free wall postsystolic shortening (PSSFW, %), tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE, sm), tricuspid annulus systolic velocity (TASV, sm/sec). Results. Before the first BPA session, the 6MWT in the patient group averaged 315.9 ± 9.08 metres, after - 439.5 ± 11.45 m; the Borg from 5.4 ± 0.94 points decreased to 4 ± 1.01 points; NT-proBNP before the treatment was 1513 ± 13.01 pg/ml, after - 171 ± 6.09; according to TTE the ratio of RV/ LV before and after treatment was 1.31 ± 0.02 and 0.97 ± 0.04; aRA was 29.3 ± 4.87 and 22.3 ± 3.53 cm2; basal RV - 52 ± 5.11 and 44 ± 7.26 mm; PUPM decreased from 76.6 ± 7.65 to 31.3 ± 3.78 mmHg; GLSFW from -14.69 ± 2.33 came to 17.5 ± 3.45 %; GLSRFW with -0.9 ± 0.09 to -1.7 ± 0.11 cm/sec; TAPSE from 16.7 ± 1.87 to 18.2 ± 2.34 cm; TASV from 10.11 ± 1.45 to 12.25 ± 1.98 cm/s, PSSFW before treatment was -18.4 ± 1.2%, after treatment in 66% of patients disappeared, in 34% became an average of 17.4 ± 0.9% The distribution of STEPH FC has also changed. Conclusion. BPA leads to an improvement in the tolerance of physical activity, clinical indicators, and parameters of central hemodynamics in the pulmonary circulation, evaluated according to direct manometry, and leads to reverse remodeling of the RV in the long term. Performing a staged BPA leads to an improvement in the functional parameters of contractility of the RV.

scholarly journals Performance of a capnodynamic method estimating cardiac output during respiratory failure - before and after lung recruitment

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 1199-1207
Author(s):  
Thorir Svavar Sigmundsson ◽  
Tomas Öhman ◽  
Magnus Hallbäck ◽  
Eider Redondo ◽  
Fernando Suarez Sipmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Respiratory Failure ◽  
Reference Method ◽  
Hemodynamic Instability ◽  
Lung Lavage ◽  
Lung Recruitment ◽  
Recruitment Manoeuvre ◽  
Percentage Error ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Right

AbstractRespiratory failure may cause hemodynamic instability with strain on the right ventricle. The capnodynamic method continuously calculates cardiac output (CO) based on effective pulmonary blood flow (COEPBF) and could provide CO monitoring complementary to mechanical ventilation during surgery and intensive care. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the ability of a revised capnodynamic method, based on short expiratory holds (COEPBFexp), to estimate CO during acute respiratory failure (LI) with high shunt fractions before and after compliance-based lung recruitment. Ten pigs were submitted to lung lavage and subsequent ventilator-induced lung injury. COEPBFexp, without any shunt correction, was compared to a reference method for CO, an ultrasonic flow probe placed around the pulmonary artery trunk (COTS) at (1) baseline in healthy lungs with PEEP 5 cmH2O (HLP5), (2) LI with PEEP 5 cmH2O (LIP5) and (3) LI after lung recruitment and PEEP adjustment (LIPadj). CO changes were enforced during LIP5 and LIPadj to estimate trending. LI resulted in changes in shunt fraction from 0.1 (0.03) to 0.36 (0.1) and restored to 0.09 (0.04) after recruitment manoeuvre. Bias (levels of agreement) and percentage error between COEPBFexp and COTS changed from 0.5 (− 0.5 to 1.5) L/min and 30% at HLP5 to − 0.6 (− 2.3 to 1.1) L/min and 39% during LIP5 and finally 1.1 (− 0.3 to 2.5) L/min and 38% at LIPadj. Concordance during CO changes improved from 87 to 100% after lung recruitment and PEEP adjustment. COEPBFexp could possibly be used for continuous CO monitoring and trending in hemodynamically unstable patients with increased shunt and after recruitment manoeuvre.

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