scholarly journals Nickel (Ni) reduction in Sorowako post-mining soil through application of mycorrhiza Acaulospora sp. associated with Canavalia ensiformis L.

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-37
Author(s):  
M. Akhsan Akib ◽  
Kahar Mustari ◽  
Tutik Kuswinanti ◽  
Syatrianty Andi Syaiful ◽  
Syatrawati ` ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Mining Area ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Canavalia Ensiformis ◽  
Mining Soil ◽  
Ni Content

The nickel (Ni) content in a post-mining soil of Pomalaa mines reached 14,200 mg.kg-1 and became a limiting factor in the plant growth process. A Ni reduction in the soil by using phyto-accumulator such as Jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis L.) can be improved by combining it with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the mycorrhizal fungus Acaulospora sp. on the efficiency of Ni reduction by C. ensiformis. This experiment was carried out by using a randomized block design with three different treatments, include: 1) C. ensiformis without Acaulospora sp. inoculation (negative control), 2) C. ensiformis inoculated with indigenous Acaulospora sp. and 3) C. ensiformis inoculated with non-indigenous Acaulospora sp. The study was conducted in the nursery that belongs to PT. Vale Indonesia Tbk., Sorowako, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. The results showed that highest nickel accumulation was found in the root inoculated with indigenous Acaulospora sp. (9500 mg.kg-1), followed by stem (1400 mg.kg-1), leaf and pod (1300 mg.kg-1), seed (1200 mg.kg-1), and flower (1100 mg.kg-1). This study indicates that application of the indigenous Acaulospora sp. can improve C. ensiformis efficiency to reduce Ni content at Sorowako post-mining area.

Frequent cultivation prior to planting to prevent weed competition results in an opportunity for the use of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus inoculum

2011 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 251-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
David D. Douds ◽  
Gerald Nagahashi ◽  
John E. Shenk
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Indigenous Populations ◽  
Paspalum Notatum ◽  
Allium Porrum ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
Greenhouse Production ◽  
Synthetic Chemicals

AbstractInoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi is a potentially useful tool in agricultural systems with limited options regarding use of synthetic chemicals for fertility and pest control. We tested the response ofAllium porrumcv. Lancelot to inoculation with AM fungi in a field high in available P (169 μg g−1soil) that had been repeatedly cultivated to control weeds. Seedlings were inoculated during the greenhouse production period with a mixed species inoculum produced on-farm in a compost and vermiculite medium withPaspalum notatumFlugge as a nurse host. Inoculated and uninoculated seedlings were the same size at outplanting. Inoculated seedlings were over 2.5-fold greater in shoot weight and shoot P content than uninoculated seedlings at harvest. These results demonstrate the potential yield benefits from inoculation with AM fungi in situations where farm management practices may negatively impact on indigenous populations of AM fungi.

scholarly journals Diversity of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus Populations in Heavy-Metal-Contaminated Soils

1999 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 718-723 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Del Val ◽  
J. M. Barea ◽  
C. Azcón-Aguilar
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Contaminated Soils ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Wiener Index ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
The European Union

ABSTRACT High concentrations of heavy metals have been shown to adversely affect the size, diversity, and activity of microbial populations in soil. The aim of this work was to determine how the diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi is affected by the addition of sewage-amended sludge containing heavy metals in a long-term experiment. Due to the reduced number of indigenous AM fungal (AMF) propagules in the experimental soils, several host plants with different life cycles were used to multiply indigenous fungi. Six AMF ecotypes were found in the experimental soils, showing consistent differences with regard to their tolerance to the presence of heavy metals. AMF ecotypes ranged from very sensitive to the presence of metals to relatively tolerant to high rates of heavy metals in soil. Total AMF spore numbers decreased with increasing amounts of heavy metals in the soil. However, species richness and diversity as measured by the Shannon-Wiener index increased in soils receiving intermediate rates of sludge contamination but decreased in soils receiving the highest rate of heavy-metal-contaminated sludge. Relative densities of most AMF species were also significantly influenced by soil treatments. Host plant species exerted a selective influence on AMF population size and diversity. We conclude based on the results of this study that size and diversity of AMF populations were modified in metal-polluted soils, even in those with metal concentrations that were below the upper limits accepted by the European Union for agricultural soils.

On-farm production and utilization of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus inoculum

2005 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. D. Douds Jr. ◽  
G. Nagahashi ◽  
P. E. Pfeffer ◽  
W. M. Kayser ◽  
C. Reider
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Plant Production ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Farm Production ◽  
Technological Barriers ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Potting Media ◽  
On Farm

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi colonize the roots of the majority of crop plants, forming a symbiosis that potentially enhances nutrient uptake, pest resistance, water relations, and soil aggregation. Inoculation with effective isolates of AM fungi is one way of ensuring the potential benefits of the symbiosis for plant production. Although inocula are available commercially, on-farm production of AM fungus inoculum would save farmers the associated processing and shipping costs. In addition, farmers could produce locally adapted isolates and generate a taxonomically diverse inoculum. On-farm inoculum production methods entail increasing inoculated isolates or indigenous AM fungi in fumigated or unfumigated field soil, respectively, or transplanting pre-colonized host plants into compost-based substrates. Subsequent delivery of the inoculum with seed to the planting hole in the field presents technological barriers that make these methods more viable in labor-intensive small farms. However, a readily available method for utilization of these inocula is mixing them into potting media for growth of vegetable seedlings for transplant to the field. Direct application of these inocula to the field and transplant of seedlings precolonized by these inocula have resulted in enhanced crop growth and yield. Key words: AM fungi, sustainable agriculture, biofertilizer

scholarly journals Salmonella and Escherichia coli O157:H7 Survival in Soil and Translocation into Leeks (Allium porrum) as Influenced by an Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus (Glomus intraradices)

2013 ◽  
Vol 79 (6) ◽  
pp. 1813-1820 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua B. Gurtler ◽  
David D. Douds ◽  
Brian P. Dirks ◽  
Jennifer J. Quinlan ◽  
April M. Nicholson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Glomus Intraradices ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Allium Porrum ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
Content Type ◽  
E Coli ◽  
The Mean

ABSTRACTA study was conducted to determine the influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi onSalmonellaand enterohemorrhagicEscherichia coliO157:H7 (EHEC) in autoclaved soil and translocation into leek plants. Six-week-old leek plants (with [Myc+] or without [Myc−] AM fungi) were inoculated with composite suspensions ofSalmonellaor EHEC at ca. 8.2 log CFU/plant into soil. Soil, root, and shoot samples were analyzed for pathogens on days 1, 8, 15, and 22 postinoculation. Initial populations (day 1) were ca. 3.1 and 2.1 log CFU/root, ca. 2.0 and 1.5 log CFU/shoot, and ca. 5.5 and 5.1 CFU/g of soil forSalmonellaand EHEC, respectively. Enrichments indicated that at days 8 and 22, only 31% of root samples were positive for EHEC, versus 73% positive forSalmonella. The meanSalmonellalevel in soil was 3.4 log CFU/g at day 22, while EHEC populations dropped to ≤0.75 log CFU/g by day 15. Overall,Salmonellasurvived in a greater number of shoot, root, and soil samples, compared with the survival of EHEC. EHEC was not present in Myc− shoots after day 8 (0/16 samples positive); however, EHEC persisted in higher numbers (P= 0.05) in Myc+ shoots (4/16 positive) at days 15 and 22.Salmonella, likewise, survived in statistically higher numbers of Myc+ shoot samples (8/8) at day 8, compared with survival in Myc− shoots (i.e., only 4/8). These results suggest that AM fungi may potentially enhance the survival ofE. coliO157:H7 andSalmonellain the stems of growing leek plants.

scholarly journals Asymbiotic mass production of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus clarus

2022 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sachiko Tanaka ◽  
Kayo Hashimoto ◽  
Yuuki Kobayashi ◽  
Koji Yano ◽  
Taro Maeda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
Hormonal Control ◽  
Root Colonisation ◽  
Rhizophagus Clarus ◽  
Am Symbiosis ◽  
Fungal Life Cycle

AbstractArbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis is a mutually beneficial interaction between fungi and land plants and promotes global phosphate cycling in terrestrial ecosystems. AM fungi are recognised as obligate symbionts that require root colonisation to complete a life cycle involving the production of propagules, asexual spores. Recently, it has been shown that Rhizophagus irregularis can produce infection-competent secondary spores asymbiotically by adding a fatty acid, palmitoleic acid. Furthermore, asymbiotic growth can be supported using myristate as a carbon and energy source for their asymbiotic growth to increase fungal biomass. However, the spore production and the ability of these spores to colonise host roots were still limited compared to the co-culture of the fungus with plant roots. Here we show that a combination of two plant hormones, strigolactone and jasmonate, induces the production of a large number of infection-competent spores in asymbiotic cultures of Rhizophagus clarus HR1 in the presence of myristate and organic nitrogen. Inoculation of asymbiotically-generated spores promoted the growth of host plants, as observed for spores produced by symbiotic culture system. Our findings provide a foundation for the elucidation of hormonal control of the fungal life cycle and the development of inoculum production schemes.

scholarly journals Hormonal Concentration and Growth in Chili Plants Inoculated with Several Mycorrhizal Fungus, Evaluated in Different Steps

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 832D-833
Author(s):  
Francisco Roman-García ◽  
María Patricia Yahuaca-Mendoza ◽  
Javier Farias-Larios ◽  
J. Gerardo López-Aguirre* ◽  
Sergio Aguilar-Espinosa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Mycorrhizal Colonization ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Hormonal Concentration ◽  
Fruit Mass ◽  
Hormonal Levels

The contribution of arbuscular endomycorrhizal fungus (AMF) on hormonal levels increase in chili plants, at different steps is currently unknown. In this experiment was evaluated the effect of Glomus sp. Zac-19, G. etunicatum and G. intraradices, inoculation mirasol and ancho cultivars, under greenhouse conditions. Plants were growing in pots containing 1 kg of substrate (3 sand: 1 soil ratio). The effect was measured on fresh fruit production and indolacetic acid, giberellin GA3 and 6-aminopurine concentration. Also plant parameters measured were: plant height, foliar area, stem diameter, root length, aerial fresh weight, total fresh weight, fruit weight and mycorrhizal colonization. All treatments were imposed using 16 replications in a full random design. Results shown that mycorrhizal colonization average of the three fungus was 44% in mirasol cultivar y 42% in ancho cultivar. Mycorrhizal colonization had an effect on growth and development in both cultivars, expressed in a greater height, leaf number, foliar area, total fresh weigh and fruit mass. Was registered an increase of 80% in the yield in inoculated plants respecting to control. Indolacetic acid and gibberellins concentration in shoots, were bigger in plants colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) than in control. The 6-aminopurine levels in roots of colonized plants by AMF shown higher values. These results suggest that AM fungi modify the hormonal concentration and some growth factors in chili plants.

scholarly journals Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus Improves Rhizobium–Glycyrrhiza Seedling Symbiosis under Drought Stress

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 572 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhipeng Hao ◽  
Wei Xie ◽  
Xuelian Jiang ◽  
Zhaoxiang Wu ◽  
Xin Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Tolerance Index ◽  
Mycorrhizal Dependency ◽  
Plant Nitrogen ◽  
Water Regimes ◽  
Am Fungus

Rhizobia and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi can potentially alleviate the abiotic stress on the legume Glycyrrhiza (licorice), while the potential benefits these symbiotic microbes offer to their host plant are strongly influenced by environmental factors. A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of single and combined inoculation with a rhizobium Mesorhizobium tianshanense Chen and an AM fungus Rhizophagus irregularis Walker & Schuessler on Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. seedling performance under different water regimes. Drought stress inhibited rhizobium nodulation but increased mycorrhizal colonization. Furthermore, co-inoculation of rhizobium and AM fungus favored nodulation under both well-watered and drought stress conditions. Glycyrrhiza seedling growth showed a high mycorrhizal dependency. The seedlings showed a negative growth dependency to rhizobium under well-watered conditions but showed a positive response under drought stress. R. irregularis-inoculated plants showed a much higher stress tolerance index (STI) value than M. tianshanense-inoculated plants. STI value was more pronounced when plants were co-inoculated with R. irregularis and M. tianshanense compared with single-inoculated plants. Plant nitrogen concentration and contents were significantly influenced by inoculation treatments and water regimes. R. irregularis inoculation significantly increased plant shoot and root phosphorus contents. AM fungus inoculation could improve Glycyrrhiza plant–rhizobium symbiosis under drought stress, thereby suggesting that tripartite symbiotic relationships were more effective for promoting plant growth and enhancing drought tolerance.

scholarly journals Functional analysis of the OsNPF4.5 nitrate transporter reveals a conserved mycorrhizal pathway of nitrogen acquisition in plants

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (28) ◽  
pp. 16649-16659 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuangshuang Wang ◽  
Aiqun Chen ◽  
Kun Xie ◽  
Xiaofeng Yang ◽  
Zhenzhen Luo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
N Uptake ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Nitrate Transporter ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
N Nutrition ◽  
Nitrogen Acquisition ◽  
Rice Roots ◽  
N Acquisition

Low availability of nitrogen (N) is often a major limiting factor to crop yield in most nutrient-poor soils. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are beneficial symbionts of most land plants that enhance plant nutrient uptake, particularly of phosphate. A growing number of reports point to the substantially increased N accumulation in many mycorrhizal plants; however, the contribution of AM symbiosis to plant N nutrition and the mechanisms underlying the AM-mediated N acquisition are still in the early stages of being understood. Here, we report that inoculation with AM fungusRhizophagus irregularisremarkably promoted rice (Oryza sativa) growth and N acquisition, and about 42% of the overall N acquired by rice roots could be delivered via the symbiotic route under N-NO3−supply condition. Mycorrhizal colonization strongly induced expression of the putative nitrate transporter geneOsNPF4.5in rice roots, and its orthologsZmNPF4.5inZea maysandSbNPF4.5inSorghum bicolor. OsNPF4.5 is exclusively expressed in the cells containing arbuscules and displayed a low-affinity NO3−transport activity when expressed inXenopus laevisoocytes. Moreover, knockout ofOsNPF4.5resulted in a 45% decrease in symbiotic N uptake and a significant reduction in arbuscule incidence when NO3−was supplied as an N source. Based on our results, we propose that the NPF4.5 plays a key role in mycorrhizal NO3−acquisition, a symbiotic N uptake route that might be highly conserved in gramineous species.

scholarly journals ATP-Dependent but Proton Gradient-Independent Polyphosphate-Synthesizing Activity in Extraradical Hyphae of an Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus

2009 ◽  
Vol 75 (22) ◽  
pp. 7044-7050 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiharu Tani ◽  
Ryo Ohtomo ◽  
Mitsuru Osaki ◽  
Yukari Kuga ◽  
Tatsuhiro Ezawa
Keyword(s):  
Gradient Centrifugation ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizas ◽  
Compartment System ◽  
Extraradical Hyphae ◽  
System A ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Mesh Bag

ABSTRACT Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi benefit their host plants by supplying phosphate obtained from the soil. Polyphosphate is thought to act as the key intermediate in this process, but little is currently understood about how polyphosphate is synthesized or translocated within arbuscular mycorrhizas. Glomus sp. strain HR1 was grown with marigold in a mesh bag compartment system, and extraradical hyphae were harvested and fractionated by density gradient centrifugation. Using this approach, three distinct layers were obtained: layers 1 and 2 were composed of amorphous and membranous materials, together with mitochondria, lipid bodies, and electron-opaque bodies, and layer 3 was composed mainly of partially broken hyphae and fragmented cell walls. The polyphosphate kinase/luciferase system, a highly sensitive polyphosphate detection method, enabled the detection of polyphosphate-synthesizing activity in layer 2 in the presence of ATP. This activity was inhibited by vanadate but not by bafilomycin A1 or a protonophore, suggesting that ATP may not energize the reaction through H+-ATPase but may act as a direct substrate in the reaction. This report represents the first demonstration that AM fungi possess polyphosphate-synthesizing activity that is localized in the organelle fraction and not in the cytosol or at the plasma membrane.

scholarly journals Phytohormone production by the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus irregularis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Pons ◽  
Sylvie Fournier ◽  
Christian Chervin ◽  
Guillaume Bécard ◽  
Soizic Rochange ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Rhizophagus Irregularis ◽  
Mycorrhizal Symbiosis ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
Mutualistic Interaction ◽  
Isopentenyl Adenosine ◽  
Acid Pathway

AbstractArbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis is a mutualistic interaction between most land plants and fungi of the glomeromycotina subphylum. The initiation, development and regulation of this symbiosis involve numerous signalling events between and within the symbiotic partners. Among other signals, phytohormones are known to play important roles at various stages of the interaction. During presymbiotic steps, plant roots exude strigolactones which stimulate the fungus, and favour the initiation of symbiosis. At later stages, different plant hormone classes can act as positive or negative regulators of the interaction. Although the fungus is known to reciprocally emit regulatory signals, its potential contribution to the phytohormonal pool has received little attention, and has so far only been addressed by indirect assays. In this study, using mass spectrometry, we analyzed phytohormones released into the medium by germinated spores of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus irregularis. We detected the presence of a cytokinin (isopentenyl-adenosine) and an auxin (indole-acetic acid). In addition, we identified a gibberellin (gibberellic acid 4) in spore extracts. We also used gas chromatography to show that R. irregularis produces ethylene from methionine and the α-keto γ-methylthiobutyric acid pathway. These results highlight the possibility for AM fungi to use phytohormones to interact with their host plants, or to regulate their own development.

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