scholarly journals Administrators despite their wish: the professors of botany and zoology of Russian universities and creation of laboratories in the 1860–70s

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4-2021) ◽  
pp. 81-93
Author(s):  
E. Yu. Zharova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Russian Empire ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
Practical Training ◽  
University Professors ◽  
Returning Home ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Foreign Universities ◽  
Russian Universities

The creation of laboratories and the introduction of practical training in botany and zoology at the universities of the Russian Empire took place in the 1860s and 1870s and was the result of professorship fellows at foreign universities at the period of the late 1850-s and the 1860-s. But after returning home the professors faced problems, the result of which in some cases was the impossibility of putting their ideas into practice. In this article, the author analyzes information about fellowships in the late 1850–1860s, considering the main vectors of movement of scientists, and talks about the difficulties faced by university professors in organizing classrooms and laboratories and compares their efforts to supply microscopes in relation to the number of students of the natural sciences departments.

Pictorial Debates: The Tatar Satirical Journal Yalt-Yolt and Muslim Modernity Discourses, 1906-1917

Experiment ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-181
Author(s):  
Azade-Ayse Rorlich
Keyword(s):  
Public Sphere ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Reform Era ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Public Sphere ◽  
The Russian Empire

Abstract The Great Reform era in Russia, as well as the modernist movements in the Ottoman Empire and other Muslim lands represent the background against which the Muslims of the Russian Empire engaged in the scrutiny of the reasons behind the backwardness of their societies and began advocating the compatibility of Islam with modernity. After 1906, the Muslim press became the most important instrument in the creation of the public sphere where issues of tradition and modernity were debated. This essay focuses on the Tatar satirical journal Yalt-Yolt to explore its contribution to the critique of the old Muslim mentalité, as well as its role as an instrument of modernity.

scholarly journals Behind the Facade of Uvarov’s Classicism: Career Strategies of Classical Philologists at Russian Universities

2020 ◽  
pp. 80-92
Author(s):  
Kira Ilina
Keyword(s):  
Public Education ◽  
General Education ◽  
Sociology Of Knowledge ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Ministry Of Education ◽  
Classical Source ◽  
Academic Networks ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Russian Universities

Introduction. The article is focused on reconstruction of the practices of forming a disciplinary group of classical philologists in the Russian Empire universities in the 1830s – 1850s. Methods. For this purpose, the archival materials of the Ministry of Education, as well as Saint Petersburg, Moscow, Kazan and Kiev Universities are considered. The research methodology is based on a combination of both traditional general historical methods and methods of classical source studies, and approaches developed in the framework of the history of science, the sociology of knowledge and the history of disciplines. Analysis and results. It is important to analyze three points: the political context, practices in building career trajectories and academic networks of professors of Greek and Roman literature and antiquities at Russian universities. The transformation of the existing network of universities into the system of public education was carried out by the Minister of Public Education Sergey Uvarov in the 1830s. Transferring to Russia the European model of secondary education based on the study of classical languages, Uvarov created a system of general education and relentlessly promoted antiquity studies in the Russian Empire. Teaching classical disciplines was expanded at gymnasiums and universities. Following the academic personnel reform of the late 1830s, a number of “antiquity chairs” at universities was headed by young philologists and historians who had spent two or three years of training at universities in Germany, mainly in Berlin, attending lectures and seminars of leading German classical philologists. In the 1840s – 1850s, an artificially constructed group of classical philologists gradually transformed into a disciplinary community.

scholarly journals Arkistotoimen organisointi Suomen senaatissa kaksi vuosisataa sitten

2017 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eljas Orrman
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Administrative Process ◽  
National Archives ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Grand Duchy

The paper deals with the organization of records and archives management in the middle of 1810s at the Senate, i. e. the supreme administrative board of the Grand Duchy of Finland, belonging to the Russian Empire. Also the reasons why the creation of the position of an archivist at the Senate was proposed by the Senate to the Emperor-Grand Duke Alexander I are dealt with. Likewise the administrative process resulting in the appointment of the first archivist is described. The new position of archivist at the Senate formed the embryo of the National Archives of Finland in our days. The international, especially Swedish and Russian background, to the establishment of this position is also described. It becomes evident why the new position got the title “archivist” (in Swedish: arkivarie), not “actuary” (in Swedish: aktuarie). In the Russian administration an archivist was responsible for the preservation of noncurrent and semi-current records but in the Swedish administration this title was very seldom used in the beginning of the 19th century. There actuaries were in charge of the preservation of noncurrent and semi-current records.

scholarly journals Pale of the Settlement Working-Class Jewish Youth and Adoption of Revolutionary Identity During the 1905 Revolution

2009 ◽  
pp. 47
Author(s):  
Inna Shtakser
Keyword(s):  
Working Class ◽  
Jewish Community ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Social Conditions ◽  
Political Space ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Jewish Youth ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Attitudes And Behavior

This paper examines the construction of a revolutionary identity among the working-class Jewish youth of the Pale of Settlement through the prism of changes taking place in their attitudes and behavior standards. I claim that these changes, caused initially by worsening economic and social conditions for the Jewish community in the Russian empire, resulted in the creation of a new image a young Jew could choose for her/himself, that of a working-class Jewish revolutionary. This new image widened the options for secularization available to working-class Jews and signaled a greater openness within the Jewish community to an idea of a secular Jew. The availability of a new secular, activist identity also allowed the workingclass revolutionary youth to create for themselves a new political space within the hierarchy of the Jewish community, a space dependent on their combined new and old identities as revolutionaries and Jews.

scholarly journals IMPERIAL AND SOVIET DIMENSIONS OF THE UKRAINIAN NATIONAL ISSUE IN O. LOTOTSKY’S JOURNALISM

2021 ◽  
pp. 43-59
Author(s):  
Galina Mykhailenko
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual History ◽  
Social Activity ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The State ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Independent State ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
National Issue

This paper aims at studying O. Lototsky’s journalistic works during the revolutions of 1905-1907, 1917-1921 and the emigration of 1920-1930. The main focus is on the analysis of the position of Ukrainian lands in the imperial era and the Soviet period, as well as the vision of key problems and political prospects proposed in the articles of O. Lototsky. The research methodology is based on the principles of historicism and objectivity. Both general scientific and special-historical methods are used in the study, namely: historical and comparative, problematic, research tools of the history of ideas (intellectual history) and biographistics. The scientific novelty of the research is determined by its focus on the analysis of the content of Lototsky’s journalistic works in the context of opportunities to solve the Ukrainian national issue in the conditions of the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union. Conclusions. O. Lototsky’s creative legacy contains a significant amount of journalistic material. Their topics are diverse: from reviews of the economic situation of Ukrainian lands to the analysis of the state of educational institutions in the Russian Empire and the problems of the clergy. Considerable attention in these materials is devoted to the Ukrainian national issue. Due to O. Lototsky’s active social activity from 1906 to 1917, the topics of his essays frequently intertwined with the problems in which he was directly involved (for example, the status of the Ukrainian language and the abolition of bans on its use). The position of the Ukrainian lands as part of the Russian Empire and other states in the specified period was of his particular concern. During the emigrant era, the publicist continued to express his vision of the situation of Ukrainian territories within the USSR. The leading idea expressed in most of O. Lototsky’s materials of that period was that the state policy of both the Russian Empire and the USSR did not provide for the creation of an independent Ukrainian state, let alone support for Ukrainian culture. Given the historical experiences of the Ukrainian lands, O. Lototsky in the 1920s and 1930s was an active supporter of the creation of an independent state. O. Lototsky’s diverse creative legacy, his active social and political activities leave many more aspects for further elaboration, analysis, and determination of the significance of his heritage in the intellectual history of Ukraine and the Ukrainian movement.

scholarly journals Andrei Cușco, 1878, înainte și după: construcție națională românească, politici imperiale ruse și viziuni ale alterității în Basarabia de sud / 1878, Before and After: Romanian Nation-Building, Russian Imperial Policies, and Visions of Otherness in Southern Bessarabia

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-51
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Nation Building ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Nation State ◽  
Alternative Strategies ◽  
High Point ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Russian Empire

The reintegration of three Southern Bessarabian districts into the Russian Empire in 1878 represented not only a high point of the Russian-Romanian symbolic competition for Bessarabia, but also the creation of an ‘administrativ aberration’ within the Russian Empire. The former Romanian territories, merged into the new Ismail uezd, preserved their institutional and legal peculiarities for almost 40 years. Thus, the modern structures of an emerging nation-state were transferred into the Russian imperial context. This article will discuss, first, the attitude of a number of Russian observers and officials towards the 1856 – 1878 Romanian administration, with a special emphasis on mutual perceptions and the foreign policy dimension. Second, the article will examine the polemics concerning the alternative strategies for integrating this region within the empire.

scholarly journals Ethnological aspects of the history of the legislation of the Russian Empire regarding Jews (1762–1818)

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 61-66
Author(s):  
Irina Shikhova ◽  
◽  
Iulii Palihovici ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Status ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Equal Rights ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Short Period ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Creation ◽  
State Taxes ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Right

The article for the first time in Romanian examines the Jewish ethnological aspect of the history of law in the Russian Empire. The authors, using specific primary material of legislative acts, as well as other historical sources, investigate the history of the appearance of Jews within the borders of the Russian Empire, the history of the creation and functioning of the Jewish Pale of Settlement and the evolution of the official attitude towards them. The authors reveal three fundamental positions on which the entire policy of the Russian Empire regarding the Jews was built: Jews within the Russian Empire have the right to settle only in certain regions; they are attached to the kahals (later – Jewish societies), which are collectively responsible to the state; taxes from Jews are higher than from other citizens of the empire, regardless of their economic status. The particular study is devoted to the short period of liberalization in the first years of the reign of Alexander I, whose "Polojenie o evreiah" at the declarative level gave Jews almost equal rights with the rest of the citizens of the Empire and encouraged them to cultural and economic integration.. The research focuses as well on the regional aspect: history, population, territories of the modern Republic of Moldova and Romania. The chronological framework of this article is from the beginning of the reign of Catherine the Great (1762) to the creation of the Bessarabian region (1818). In the future the study will continue historically, until the collapse of the Russian Empire and the abolition of the Pale of Settlement

scholarly journals A Statistical Study on the University Professoriate in the Russian Empire

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-43
Author(s):  
Andrei Yu. Andreev ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
University Professors ◽  
The Social ◽  
University Life ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The University ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Russian Universities

The article is devoted to a statistical analysis of quantitative and qualitative parameters characterizing the professoriate of Russian universities in 1755–1884. The material for such a study was drawn from the prosopographic database compiled on the basis of biographical data on professors and containing more than 1200 names of scientists. The following characteristics have been examined: the social composition; the dynamics of the replenishment of the professor corps; the distribution of professors by different universities and by branches of science; the average age of embarking on the professorial position; the length of the professorial service; the role of “junior” university positions and the importance of the period of teaching as Privatdozent before becoming a professor; the proportion of those who were graduates of the universities where they later taught, etc. These characteristics have been studied in chronological dynamics, depending on the main stages of replenishment of the professoriate, which coincided with the major university reforms in the 19th century. The similarity between some parameters for the entire professorial corps (for example, the average age of receiving professorship) and the evolution of parameters in different periods and differences between universities has been identified. Some phenomena of university life, known in historiography in a number of examples, have received a detailed explanation in the light of statistical analysis. At the same time, the study has demonstrated the potential of quantitative methods in revealing new properties of Russian university professors that cannot be found only through the analysis of narrative sources.

THE CONDITION OF LAND AND WATER RELATIONS IN THE SIRDARYA REGION IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE XIX - THE BEGINNING OF THE XX CENTURIES

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 60-70
Author(s):  
Umidjon Usarov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Water Relations ◽  
Land Ownership ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Property Relations ◽  
Agrarian Policy ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Ownership Rights ◽  
Land Water ◽  
Syr Darya

This article analyzes the features of land-water relations in the agrarian policy of the Russian Empire in the second half of the XIX and early XX centuries in the Turkestan region, in particular, in the Syr Darya region. This explains the influence of the policy of the imperial government on the creation of the province, changes in land ownership rights and property relations after the establishment of colonial domination in the country, including the declaration of all lands as state property and the adaptation of these relations to imperial interests

Liberal clergy organisations during the 1905-1907 revolution

2019 ◽  
pp. 187-202
Author(s):  
Павел Евгеньевич Липовецкий
Keyword(s):  
Russian Empire ◽  
Russian Revolution ◽  
Political Crisis ◽  
The Political ◽  
Faith Based ◽  
The Press ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
History Of Formation

Статья посвящена истории становления организаций либерального духовенства в годы Первой русской революции (1905-1907) Политический кризис, начавшийся в Российской империи в 1905 г., поставил духовенство Православной Церкви перед необходимостью определить свою позицию по ряду общественных вопросов. Значительная часть клириков высказала симпатии либеральному направлению в политике. Наиболее крупные организации либерального духовенства сложились в Санкт-Петербурге и Москве. Сменившая несколько названий, столичная организация, выросшая из группы 32-х пастырей, в определённой степени пользовались поддержкой правящего архиерея - митр. Антония (Вадковского). Клирики имели возможность высказываться на собраниях и со страниц периодической печати. В свою очередь представители московского духовенства объединились на базе «Общества любителей духовного просвещения». Однако вскоре члены Общества вступили в конфликт с митр. Владимиром (Богоявленским), что заставило их искать поддержки у партии «Союз 17 октября». Это привело к созданию независимой от церковного начальства организации, получившей название «Вероисповедная комиссия при Союзе 17 октября». В программном отношении организации либерального духовенства схожи между собой. Первоначальной темой обсуждения в них были вопросы церковного преобразования, но позднее общественные темы приобрели больший вес. В провинции на данный момент объединений либерального духовенства выявить не удалось. Тем не менее прослеживается деятельность отдельных клириков. The article is devoted to the history of formation of liberal clergy organizations in the years of the First Russian revolution (1905-1907) The political crisis which began in the Russian Empire in 1905 made the Orthodox clergy to define their position on a number of social questions. A large proportion of the clergy expressed sympathy for the liberal trend in politics. The largest organisations of liberal clergy emerged in St Petersburg and Moscow. The organisation in the capital, which had grown out of a group of 32 pastors, had the support of the ruling bishop, Metropolitan Anthony (Vadkovsky), to a certain extent. The clerics were able to speak out at meetings and in the press. Representatives of the Moscow clergy in their turn united on the basis of the 'Society of Lovers of Spiritual Enlightenment'. However, members of the Society soon came into conflict with Metropolitan Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky), which compelled them to seek support from the October 17th Union party. This led to the creation of an organization independent of church authorities called the Faith-Based Commission under the October 17th Union. In programmatic terms, the liberal clergy organizations were similar. Their initial topic of discussion was ecclesiastical conversion, but later social topics acquired greater weight. No liberal clergy associations could be traced in the provinces at present. Nevertheless, the activities of individual clerics can be traced.

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