scholarly journals OK or not OK? Commitments in acknowledgments and corrections

2016 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 595 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antoine Venant ◽  
Nicholas Asher
Keyword(s):  
Game Theory ◽  
Formal Semantics ◽  
The Other ◽  
Discourse Structure ◽  
Full Description ◽  
Epistemic Game Theory ◽  
Prior Work ◽  
Description Language ◽  
Propositional Language ◽  
Points Of View

While a semantics without differing “points of view” of different agents is a good first hypothesis for the analysis of the content of monologue, dialogues typically involve differing points of view from different agents. In particular one agent may not agree with what another agent asserts, or may have a different interpretation of an utterance from that of its author. An adequate semantics for dialogue should proceed by attributing to different dialogue agents separate views of the contents of their conversation. We model this, following others, by assigning each agent her own commitment slate. In this paper we bring out a complication with this approach that has gone so far unnoticed in formal semantics and the prior work we just mentioned, albeit it is well-known from epistemic game theory: commitment slates interact; agents typically commit to the fact that other agents make certain commitments. We thus formulate the semantics of dialogue moves and conversational goals in terms of nested, public commitments. We develop two semantics for nested commitments, one for a simple propositional language, the other for a full description language for the discourse structure of dialogues; and we show how one is an approximation of the other. We apply this formal setting to provide a unified account of different linguistic problems: the problem of ambiguity and the problem of acknowledgments and grounding. We also briefly discuss the problem of corrections and how to integrate them in our framework.

INTERPERSONAL COORDINATION AND EPISTEMIC SUPPORT FOR INTENTIONS WITH WE-CONTENT

2010 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 345-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivier Roy
Keyword(s):  
Game Theory ◽  
Epistemic Logic ◽  
The Other ◽  
Interpersonal Coordination ◽  
Epistemic Game Theory ◽  
Cast Doubt ◽  
Alternative Set

In this paper I study intentions of the form ‘I intend that we . . .’, that is, intentions with a we-content, and their role in interpersonal coordination. I focus on the notion of epistemic support for such intentions. Using tools from epistemic game theory and epistemic logic, I cast doubt on whether such support guarantees the other agents' conditional mediation in the achievement of such intentions, something that appears important if intentions with a we-content are to count as genuine intentions. I then formulate a stronger version of epistemic support, one that does indeed ensure the required mediation, but I then argue that it rests on excessively strong informational conditions. In view of this I provide an alternative set of conditions that are jointly sufficient for coordination in games, and I argue that these conditions constitute a plausible alternative to the proposed notion of epistemic support.

THE POWER OF KNOWLEDGE IN GAMES

2013 ◽  
Vol 15 (04) ◽  
pp. 1340030 ◽  
Author(s):  
ROHIT PARIKH ◽  
ÇAĞIL TAŞDEMİR ◽  
ANDREAS WITZEL
Keyword(s):  
Game Theory ◽  
Imperfect Information ◽  
The Other ◽  
Epistemic Game Theory ◽  
Knowledge States ◽  
States Of Knowledge

We propose a theory of the interaction between knowledge and games. Epistemic game theory is of course a well-developed subject but there is also a need for a theory of how some agents can affect the outcome of a game by affecting the knowledge which other agents have and thereby affecting their actions. We concentrate on games of incomplete or imperfect information, and study how conservative, moderate, or aggressive players might play such games. We provide models for the behavior of a knowledge manipulator who seeks to manipulate the knowledge states of active players in order to affect their moves and to maximize her own payoff even while she herself remains inactive, except for influencing the states of knowledge of the other players.

Classroom Discourse Structure in MTs Negeri Rantauprapat

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jupriaman Jupriaman ◽  
Sri Minda Murni
Keyword(s):  
Classroom Discourse ◽  
Tape Recorder ◽  
The Other ◽  
Discourse Structure ◽  
Video Tape ◽  
English Teacher ◽  
Video Tape Recorder ◽  
Field Note

The objectives of this study were to describe the classroom discourse structure, to describe how the classroom discourse is realized by teacher and students and the reasons for the realizations of the ways they are. The source of the data was English teacher and the students while the data are verbal and non verbal utterances of students and teachers. The instruments for collecting data were video tape recorder and researcher’s field note. The data were collected by observing and recording the utterances uttered by the teacher and students. The findings showed that the classroom discourse structures were dominantly realized by Initiation and Response (IR) structure. It was reflected in teacher direct, elicit and information exchanges was found that the classroom discourse structures. The other exchanges occur are boundary (framing and focusing move), directive, informing, check, accept, react, reply, nomination, marker, bid and conclusion acts. The reasons why the realization as the ways they are (1) teacher as a centre of interaction, (2) teacher gives some questions without any caring to the evaluation, appreciation and feedback without any feedback to make dialogue, (3) students have been disciplined not to speak in classes without a teacher’s direction, and most of them are unwilling to speak English.   Keywords: Classroom Discourse Structures, Initiation and Response, Sinclair and Coulthard Theory

Sin is Dead, Long Live Sin!

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kate Kirkpatrick
Keyword(s):  
Religious Commitment ◽  
The Other ◽  
Realist Approach ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Cultural Amnesia

Chapter 9 offers two concluding ‘provocations’: one on wretchedness without God, the other on wretchedness with God. The first brings Sartre into dialogue with Marilyn McCord Adams’s work ‘God because of Evil’, arguing that Sartre’s account lends credence to her view that optimism is not warranted if one takes a robust realist approach to evil. Read as a phenomenologist of fallenness, Sartre may serve the apologetic purpose of making options ‘live’, in William James’s language; or, to use the phrase of Stephen Mulhall, to ‘hold open the possibility of taking religious points of view seriously’. The second provocation—on the question of wretchedness with God—suggests that Sartre can be read ‘for edification’ to help us see our failures in love. The book concludes that reading Sartre in this light can help redress ‘damaging cultural amnesia’ about religious commitment, offering an account of sin that cultivates humility, love, and mercy.

scholarly journals General Environment Description Language

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 740
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Zatwarnicki ◽  
Waldemar Pokuta ◽  
Anna Bryniarska ◽  
Anna Zatwarnicka ◽  
Andrzej Metelski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intelligent Systems ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
The Other ◽  
Potential Fields ◽  
General Intelligence ◽  
Language Usage ◽  
Description Language ◽  
It Systems ◽  
New Research ◽  
Future Work

Artificial intelligence has been developed since the beginning of IT systems. Today there are many AI techniques that are successfully applied. Most of the AI field is, however, concerned with the so-called “narrow AI” demonstrating intelligence only in specialized areas. There is a need to work on general AI solutions that would constitute a framework enabling the integration of already developed narrow solutions and contribute to solving general problems. In this work, we present a new language that potentially can become a base for building intelligent systems of general purpose in the future. This language is called the General Environment Description Language (GEDL). We present the motivation for our research based on the other works in the field. Furthermore, there is an overall description of the idea and basic definitions of elements of the language. We also present an example of the GEDL language usage in the JSON notation. The example shows how to store the knowledge and define the problem to be solved, and the solution to the problem itself. In the end, we present potential fields of application and future work. This article is an introduction to new research in the field of Artificial General Intelligence.

Lexical Arguments and Information Types in Malay Oral Narratives

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-97
Author(s):  
Siaw-Fong Chung
Keyword(s):  
Information Flow ◽  
The Other ◽  
Discourse Structure ◽  
Oral Narratives ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
The Core ◽  
New Information ◽  
Intonation Units ◽  
Locative Expressions ◽  
Transitive Verbs

The analysis in this paper was based on five Malay narratives of the “frog story”. In these narratives, the types of lexical arguments and their relations with information flow and topic continuity were analyzed. It was found that most narrators used one lexical argument in telling the frog story (e.g., sarang itu jatuh “the nest fell”). About 60% of the verbs in the narratives contained one lexical argument only. Some transitive verbs that usually require the presence of both lexical arguments were used with one lexical argument only when produced in speech (e.g., dia mencari ø di merata tempat “he searched (for) ø everywhere”). Objects were sometimes omitted, as their meanings could be predicted from previous context. Despite the omission of objects, transitive constructions still prevailed in the stories. The most frequently occurring lexical arguments were objects (O) (37%), followed by intransitive subjects (S) (29%) and transitive subjects (A) (27%). In addition, our results showed that new information in Malay was usually allocated to the core argument of the object and to locative expressions, indicating that most of the new information appeared at the end of a clause. On the other hand, topic continuity was held between the subjects in two continuous intonation units. This clear-cut division of discourse functions in the heads and tails of constructions was consistently found in the five pieces of narration. This observation not only showed how ideas could be continued in Malay oral narratives, but also contributes to the study of discourse structure in Malay.

Combinatorial principles weaker than Ramsey's Theorem for pairs

2007 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 171-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denis R. Hirschfeldt ◽  
Richard A. Shore
Keyword(s):  
Reverse Mathematics ◽  
The Other ◽  
Base System ◽  
Ramsey's Theorem ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Ramsey’S Theorem ◽  
Combinatorial Principles ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
The One ◽  
Infinite Linear

AbstractWe investigate the complexity of various combinatorial theorems about linear and partial orders, from the points of view of computability theory and reverse mathematics. We focus in particular on the principles ADS (Ascending or Descending Sequence), which states that every infinite linear order has either an infinite descending sequence or an infinite ascending sequence, and CAC (Chain-AntiChain), which states that every infinite partial order has either an infinite chain or an infinite antichain. It is wellknown that Ramsey's Theorem for pairs () splits into a stable version () and a cohesive principle (COH). We show that the same is true of ADS and CAC, and that in their cases the stable versions are strictly weaker than the full ones (which is not known to be the case for and ). We also analyze the relationships between these principles and other systems and principles previously studied by reverse mathematics, such as WKL0, DNR, and BΣ2. We show, for instance, that WKL0 is incomparable with all of the systems we study. We also prove computability-theoretic and conservation results for them. Among these results are a strengthening of the fact, proved by Cholak, Jockusch, and Slaman, that COH is -conservative over the base system RCA0. We also prove that CAC does not imply DNR which, combined with a recent result of Hirschfeldt, Jockusch. Kjos-Hanssen, Lempp, and Slaman, shows that CAC does not imply (and so does not imply ). This answers a question of Cholak, Jockusch, and Slaman.Our proofs suggest that the essential distinction between ADS and CAC on the one hand and on the other is that the colorings needed for our analysis are in some way transitive. We formalize this intuition as the notions of transitive and semitransitive colorings and show that the existence of homogeneous sets for such colorings is equivalent to ADS and CAC, respectively. We finish with several open questions.

The harbor at Pylos, 425 B.C.

1988 ◽  
Vol 108 ◽  
pp. 198-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert B. Strassler
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Full Description ◽  
Military Base ◽  
Open Sea ◽  
To Come

Thucydides' full description of the harbor at Pylos is part of his discussion of the Spartan strategy for the campaign (iv 8).. . . and the Lacedaimonians . . . expected the Attic fleet from Zacynthos to come to the rescue and intended, if they had not captured Pylos by that time, to block up the entrances to the harbor, so that the Athenians could not sail in and use it as an anchorage. (The island called Sphacteria extends alongside the harbor, and lies close to it: hence the anchorage is safe and the entrances narrow–the entrance by Pylos and the Athenian fortifications giving a passage for two ships through the channel, and the entrance by the mainland on the other side a passage for eight or nine . . . ) These entrances then, they intended to block up tightly with ships lying parallel to each other, prows to the enemy: and since they were frightened that the Athenians might use Sphacteria as a military base, they ferried hoplites across to it, and stationed others along the mainland. By this plan, they thought, the Athenians would find both the island to be enemy-occupied and the mainland, which gave them no chance of landing (for the coast of Pylos itself, outside the entrance and towards the open sea, is harborless, and would give them no base of operations to help their troops): and equally they themselves would probably be able to capture the place by siege, without a sea-battle or any unnecessary danger–there was no food in it, and it had not been properly prepared for a siege. This, then, was their agreed plan . . .Although one would think this a clear and detailed geographic description, historians have not yet found a location at Pylos for the harbor which satisfactorily matches it.

The Prisoner's Dilemma Game and Cooperation in the Rat

1984 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 687-696 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rick M. Gardner ◽  
Terry L. Corbin ◽  
Janelle S. Beltramo ◽  
Gary S. Nickell
Keyword(s):  
Game Theory ◽  
Visual Communication ◽  
Prisoner's Dilemma ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Cooperative Behavior ◽  
Prisoner’S Dilemma ◽  
The Other ◽  
Prisoner’S Dilemma Game ◽  
Prisoner's Dilemma Game ◽  
Cooperative Behaviors

Cooperation in pairs of rats playing the prisoner's dilemma game was investigated. Six pairs of animals were taught to make either cooperative or uncooperative responses by running to one or the other end of a T-maze. Two T-mazes were joined together such that animals could respond simultaneously. Animals were run under conditions in which visual communication was present and absent. Mutually uncooperative responses were the most common and mutually cooperative behaviors the least preferred. Introduction of a barrier between the mazes, which removed visual communication between pairs, sharply accentuated uncooperative behavior. Similarities of the present findings to results with human subjects and the implications of using game theory for studying cooperative behavior in animals are discussed.

Stability Analysis of Supply Chain Cooperation Contract under Asymmetric Information

2010 ◽  
Vol 44-47 ◽  
pp. 794-798 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Ma
Keyword(s):  
Game Theory ◽  
Supply Chain ◽  
Repeated Games ◽  
Information Structure ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Information Economics ◽  
Real Life ◽  
The Other ◽  
Game Equilibrium ◽  
The Stability

The stability of cooperation contract is the result of abandon opportunistic behavior in the process of repeated games among the enterprise and the other subjects in the supply chain from long-term interests, and is also the foundation of healthy development for the whole supply chain. But in real life cooperation contract instability everywhere for a variety of reasons, such as ethical considerations, institutional factors, cultural factors and special reasons during the transition period and so on. From the perspective of information economics and game theory, the main game process of cooperation between enterprise and the other subjects in supply chain is not only the game of information, but also the game of interests. Information structure and the interesting structure are the important factors for the subjects of the game of the implementation of decisions and the basic contractual constraints for cooperative game equilibrium. Cooperation behaviors among the enterprise and the other subjects in the supply chain were studied on the basis of game theory, and the stability of cooperation contract is also being discussed in this paper.

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