scholarly journals Evaluation of Thyroid Dysfunction in Adult Patients of Celiac Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 3-8
Author(s):  
Nauman Wazir ◽  
Shafqat Ur Rehman
Keyword(s):  
Celiac Disease ◽  
Thyroid Dysfunction ◽  
Adult Patients ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Overt Hypothyroidism ◽  
Thyroid Peroxidase ◽  
Serological Evidence ◽  
Adult Celiac Disease ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
And Control

OBJECTIVES: To assess free thyroxine (fT4), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), and anti thyroid peroxidase antibodies (anti TPO abs) in adult Celiac disease patients and non-celiac controls and to find out any statistically significant difference in their corresponding means between the two groups. METHODOLOGY: The study design was analytical cross sectional. Sixty adult patients of celiac disease (CD) and 30 apparently healthy non-celiac adults were included in the study. CD patients had earlier been diagnosed by elevated levels of serological evidence of elevated (greater than 15X ULN) anti tissue transglutaminase (TTG) (IgA class) antibodies. CD was ruled out in the control group by normal levels of the antibodies. TSH, fT4 and anti TPO abs were obtained from all individuals of CD patient and control groups. RESULTS: Mean age of Celiac disease in patients was 23.85±5.43 years. Mean age of individuals in the control group was 24.26±5.55 years. Statistically significant difference in mean TSH and anti-TPO abs levels between the CD patient group and control group (p values of 0.03 and 0.038, respectively) was present. No statistically significant difference was seen between mean fT4 of patients and control group (p=0.74). Subclinical and overt hypothyroidism was present in 10% and 5% of CD patients, while anti TPO abs was positive in 16.6% of CD patients. CONCLUSION: There is a considerably high prevalence of subclinical and overt hypothyroidism as well as serological evidence of thyroid dysfunction in adult patients of CD.

Thyroid Dysfunction in Pregnant Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. 895-899 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahin Safian ◽  
Farzaneh Esna-Ashari ◽  
Shiva Borzouei
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Gestational Diabetes ◽  
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Thyroid Dysfunction ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Thyroid Peroxidase ◽  
Free T4 ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Experimental Group

Aims: Investigation thyroid dysfunction and autoimmunity in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Background: This article was written to evaluate the thyroid function and anti-thyroid peroxidase (anti- TPO) antibodies in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Method: A total of 252 women with GDM and 252 healthy pregnant women were enrolled. Thyroid tests, including TSH, FreeT3, Free T4, and anti-TPO were performed for all women at 24–28 weeks of gestation. Data analysis was then carried out using SPSS ver. 22. Result: There was a significant difference between the experimental group (38.4%) and the control group (14.06%) in terms of the prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism (p= 0.016). The frequency of anti-TPO was higher in the experimental group than the control group and positive anti-TPO was observed in 18.6% of women with GDM and 10.3% of healthy pregnant women (P= 0.008). Conclusion: Thyroid disorders are observed in pregnant women with GDM more frequently than healthy individuals and it may be thus reasonable to perform thyroid tests routinely.

scholarly journals Thyroid Function in 35 Patients with Gitelman Syndrome

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Hong Zhou ◽  
Yan Ren ◽  
Chunyan Lu ◽  
Yuanmei Li ◽  
Haoming Tian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Primary Aldosteronism ◽  
Thyroid Dysfunction ◽  
Patient Characteristics ◽  
Gitelman Syndrome ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Thyroid Peroxidase ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
Significant Difference

Objective. In this study, we aimed to analyze thyroid function and related risk factors for thyroid dysfunction in 35 patients with Gitelman syndrome (GS). Methods. This study included 35 patients with GS who were referred to West China Hospital of Sichuan University from Aug 2013 to Jan 2018. General patient characteristics were collected, and thyroid function was assessed. To evaluate the potential contribution of hypokalemia to thyroid dysfunction, 636 patients who were clinically diagnosed with primary aldosteronism (PA) during the same period were included as the control group; these patients were divided into a hypokalemia group ( N = 528 ) and a normokalemia group ( N = 108 ). Logistic regression was used to screen for significant determinants of thyroid dysfunction in the GS patients. Results. Patients with GS had a significantly different prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism, hypothyroidism, and hyperthyroidism than patients with hypokalemic PA and normokalemic PA (28.6%, 2.9%, and 11.4% vs. 15.5%, 6.1%, and 0.7% vs. 8.3%, 4.6%, and 2.8%, P < 0.001 ). No significant difference was observed in the distribution of thyroid function between the hypokalemic PA group and the normokalemic PA group ( P > 0.05 ). No significant differences were seen in the positive rates of thyrotropin receptor antibody (TRAb), thyroglobulin antibody (TGAb), and thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) among the three groups ( P > 0.05 ). In the logistic regression, only sex (OR, 7.4; 95% CI, 1.555-35.479; P = 0.012 ) was significantly correlated with thyroid dysfunction in GS patients. Conclusion. GS is complicated with a greater rate of thyroid dysfunction than primary aldosteronism. The risk of thyroid dysfunction in female patients with GS is higher than that in male patients.

Association of Thyroid Peroxidase Gene polymorphisms and serum anti-TPO levels in Egyptian Patients with Autoimmune Hypothyroidism

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanan S Ahmed ◽  
Ayman A.M. Nsrallah ◽  
Azza H. Abdel-Fatah ◽  
Amira A. Mahmoud ◽  
Abeer A Fikry
Keyword(s):  
Disease Severity ◽  
Subclinical Hypothyroidism ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Overt Hypothyroidism ◽  
Thyroid Peroxidase ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Autoimmune Hypothyroidism ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Egyptian Patients ◽  
Structure Result

Background: Thyroid peroxidase (TPO) gene mutation leads to change in enzyme built structure result in the anti-TPO autoantibodies production that may cause thyroid destruction. Aim: to evaluate the association of three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the TPO gene and anti TPO- levels in Egyptian patients with autoimmune hypothyroidism and correlate them with the disease severity. Methods: Two hundred patients with newly discovered autoimmune hypothyroidism were included in the study (100 with subclinical hypothyroidism and 100 of them with overt hypothyroidism) and100 healthy individuals as a control group were genotyped by PCR-REFLP. Results: The TT genotype of rs2071400 C/T and the T allele were significantly more frequent in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism and overt hypothyroidism than in control group. But there were no significant difference in the TT genotype and T allele between subclinical and overt hypothyroidism patient. As regards TPO rs732609 A/C polymorphism, the CC genotype of rs732609 A/C and the C allele were significantly increased in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism and overt hypothyroidism than in controls. There was significant difference in the CC genotype and C allele between subclinical and overt hypothyroidism patients. Conclusion: We found an association of rs2071400 C/T and rs732609A/C polymorphisms with autoimmune hypothyroidism and correlated anti-TPO levels with different genotypes in hypothyroid patients. Also we found an association of rs732609A/C polymorphism with the disease severity.

scholarly journals Serum Lipid Profile in Hypothyroid Patients in Nepal

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 33-36
Author(s):  
Sudip Aryal ◽  
A Joshi
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormone ◽  
Lipid Profile ◽  
Subclinical Hypothyroidism ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Overt Hypothyroidism ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Record Card ◽  
And Control ◽  
Hypothyroid Patients

INTRODUCTION: Hypothyroidism is non-curable common endocrine disorder in which the thyroid gland is unable to produce enough thyroid hormone. Present with a number of symptoms, Having a low level of thyroid hormone affects our whole body. Untreated hypothyroidism can be the cause of raised cholesterol levels. Many study have shown association between hypothyroidism and lipid profile. In this study, we evaluate the mean lipid profile status in subclinical hypothyroidism and hypothyroid patients.  MATERIAL AND METHODS: A hospital based retrospective study done from the record card maintained in Alka Hospital, Jawalakhel. Total number of participants were 215. Out of which 73 had overt hypothyroidism, 92 had subclinical hypothyroidism and 50 were taken as control. SPSS version 20 was used for data analysis.  RESULTS: The level of LDL, TG and TC was significantly higher in case of overt hypothyroidism as compared to control group, but no significant difference was found in subclinical hypothyroidism and control group. TG level was significantly lower in subclinical hypothyroidism cases.  CONCLUSION: Elevated HDL, LDL & TC is seen in overt hypothyroid patients. It is important to screen for lipid profile in hypothyroid patients.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jucms.v2i4.12065Journal of Universal College of Medical Sciences (2014) Vol.02 No.04 Issue 08Page: 33-36

Nasal bacterial carriage in adult epistaxis: is neomycin the answer?

2008 ◽  
Vol 123 (6) ◽  
pp. 623-625
Author(s):  
F D L Walker ◽  
D E C Baring
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Adult Patients ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Nasal Swabs ◽  
And Control

AbstractIntroduction:After treatment of epistaxis, patients are routinely supplied with an intranasal bactericidal cream containing neomycin. Neomycin cream is effective in preventing recurrent paediatric epistaxis. This study aimed to assess whether there is an increased rate of nasal bacterial infections in adult epistaxis patients.Methods:Between October 2004 and April 2005, nasal swabs were taken from adult patients presenting with epistaxis, and from a control group comprising elective ENT patients.Results:There were 23 controls and 26 epistaxis patients. Staphylococcus aureus was grown in 21 per cent and 23 per cent, respectively. There was no significant difference in bacterial carriage rates between the epistaxis and control groups.Conclusions:The epistaxis and control groups demonstrated the same bacterial species and the same proportion of bacterial carriage. Although the majority of bacterial species encountered were sensitive to neomycin, a significant proportion was not. These results do not support the routine use of neomycin in the prevention of recurrent adult epistaxis.

scholarly journals Study on the Changes of Serum Vaspin Level and its Regulatory Mechanism in Patients with Thyroid Dysfunction

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhenzuo Li ◽  
Jian Zhang ◽  
Lin Li ◽  
Xiaoxia Pan ◽  
Li Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Dysfunction ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Ankle Brachial Index ◽  
Resistance Index ◽  
Blood Lipid ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Model Assessment ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
And Control

Objective: To study the changes of serum vaspin levels in hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism, and the correlation between serum vaspin and FT3, FT4, TSH and HOMA-IR. Methods: According to the diagnostic criteria of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism published in the 8th edition of internal medicine, the patients were divided into hyperthyroidism group (n = 47), male 14, female 33, average age (35 ± 9) years; hypothyroidism group: 23 hypothyroidism patients, 7 males and 16 females, with an average age of (38 ± 10) years. The blood pressure, height and weight of all the participants were measured by a specially assigned person, and the body mass index (BMI = weight (kg) / height (M2) and ankle brachial index (ABI) were calculated. Venous blood samples were drawn from all subjects after fasting for 8 hours in the morning to determine biochemical indexes. Fasting insulin (fins) was measured by chemiluminescence method, insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR, HOMA-IR = FPG × fins / 22.5) was calculated by homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR), and HbA1c was determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography. The levels of FT3, FT4 and TSH were detected by radioimmunoassay. Serum vaspin levels were measured by ELISA. Results: The level of BMI in hypothyroidism group was significantly higher than that in hyperthyroidism group and control group (P < 0.01), BMI level in hyperthyroidism group was significantly lower than that in control group (P < 0.05), FT3 and FT4 levels in hyperthyroidism group were significantly higher than those in hypothyroidism group and control group (P < 0.01), TSH level in hypothyroidism group was significantly higher than that in control group and hyperthyroidism group (P < 0.01). The level of FPG in hyperthyroidism group was significantly higher than that in control group (P < 0.01), but there was no significant difference between hyperthyroidism group and hypothyroidism group, and fins level in hypothyroidism group was significantly higher than that in control group and hyperthyroidism group (P < 0.01). The level of HOMA-IR in hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism group was significantly higher than that in control group (P < 0.01). Compared with the control group and the control group, the blood lipid indexes (TC, LDL-C) in the hyperthyroidism group were lower than those in the control group and hypothyroidism group (P<0.01), and all the blood lipid indexes in the hypothyroidism group were significantly different from those in the control group (P<0.01). The vaspin level of hyperthyroidism group was significantly higher than that of control group and hypothyroidism group, and the latter two groups showed that the level of vaspin in hypothyroidism group was significantly lower than that of control group (P < 0.05). Correlation analysis showed that serum vaspin was positively correlated with FT3 and FT4 (r = 0.255, P = 0.005; r = 0.327, P = 0.001), and negatively correlated with BMI, TC and HDL (r = -0.250, P = 0.006; r = -0.244, P = 0.007; r = -0.258, P = 0.004). )   Conclusion: Serum vaspin level is related to thyroid function. The level of serum vaspin increases in hyperthyroidism and decreases in hypothyroidism. Abnormal changes of fat factor vaspin are associated with thyroid dysfunction.

IgA anti-gliadin antibodies in adult celiac disease

1991 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 647-650 ◽  
Author(s):  
P G Hill ◽  
S P Thompson ◽  
G K Holmes
Keyword(s):  
Celiac Disease ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Dietary Compliance ◽  
Predictive Values ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Objective Evidence ◽  
Adult Celiac Disease ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract We have improved the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for IgA-class antibodies to gliadin in serum by evaluating earlier publications. We also assess the value of measuring these antibodies when screening for adult celiac disease and monitoring dietary compliance. Of 61 adults with untreated celiac disease, 57 had abnormal results, giving a sensitivity for the test of 0.93. Patients (n = 283) attending a gastroenterology clinic formed the control group. The predictive values of positive results and negative results were 50% and 99.7%, respectively, indicating that the test has a role in helping select those subjects in whom small bowel biopsy is indicated. Adults with celiac disease, after two years on a strict gluten-free diet, and normal subjects showed no significant difference in serum IgA-class anti-gliadin antibody concentrations. The test thus provides objective evidence of dietary compliance in addition to its role as a screening test.

scholarly journals STUDY OF ASSOCIATION OF RESISTIN AND LEPTIN WITH THYROID HORMONES IN HYPOTHYROID PATIENTS

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 744-750
Author(s):  
Peeyush Yadav ◽  
◽  
G.G. Kaushik ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Thyroid Dysfunction ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Free T4 ◽  
Serum Leptin ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Coefficient Corrélation ◽  
Healthy Control ◽  
And Control ◽  
Hypothyroid Patients

Objective:The present study was aimed to evaluate the levels of resistin and leptin in hypothyroid patients and to find a possible association of thyroid hormones with resistin and leptin. Material and Methods:The present study was conducted on 100 previously diagnosed hypothyroid (PDH) patients (38 Males & 62 Females) and 100 newly diagnosed hypothyroid (NDH) patients (44 Males & 56 Females) attending the outpatient clinics or admitted in wards of J.L.N. Hospitals, Ajmer. 100 healthy control subjects of same age group of either gender were selected for the study. Blood samples were drawn from patients and controls, after overnight fast of at least 8 hours. Estimation of Serum Leptin, Resistin, free T3, free T4, and TSH was done by using Enzyme- Linked Immunosorbant Assay (ELISA) technique. Differences in the parameters among the groups were analyzed by ANOVA test followed by its Tukey HSD post hoc analysis. Correlations between variables were tested using the Pearson rho (r: Correlation coefficient) correlation test. Results:Findings of the present study shows that the levels of serum fT3 (1.79 ± 0.29 pg/mL) and serum fT4 (0.34 ± 0.11 ng/dL) were significantly lower in NDH group compared to PDH group (fT3 = 3.00 ± 0.32 pg/mL & fT4 = 0.81 ± 0.15 ng/dL) and control group (fT3 = 3.12 ± 0.31 pg/mL & fT4 = 0.85 ± 0.11ng/dL) whereas serum TSH levels were significantly higher in NDH group (40.59 ± 13.55 μIU/mL) compared to PDH group (5.34 ± 1.47 μIU/mL) and control group (3.23 ± 1.04 μIU/mL) [Table 1 Figure 1]. Serum leptin levels were significantly higher in NDH group (21.37 ± 6.44 ng/mL) compared to PDH group (16.51 ± 4.47 ng/mL) and control group (11.15 ± 5.29 ng/mL) [Table 2]. A highly significant variation (p<0.0001) in the levels of serum leptin was found between the groups. Serum resistin levels were significantly higher in NDH group (14.50 ± 2.72 ng/mL) compared to PDH group (11.33 ± 1.59 ng/mL) and control group (7.78 ± 1.19 ng/mL) [Table 2]. Highly Significant difference (p<0.0001) in resistin levels was found between the groups. Conclusion: It was suggested that thyroid dysfunction does not affect the leptin levels and also thyroid hormones were not involved in the synthesis and secretion of leptin. Further studies are required to gain more insight into the relationship between leptin and thyroid dysfunction. Resistin shows a significant correlation with thyroid hormones which indicate that serum resistin might be considered as a confirmation extra test for the early detection of atherosclerosis and atherosclerosis induced conditions in hypothyroid patients.

scholarly journals Recognition of a subgroup of adolescents with rapidly growing thyroids under iodine-replete conditions: seven year follow-up

1998 ◽  
pp. 674-680 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Tajtakova ◽  
P Langer ◽  
V Gonsorcikova ◽  
D Hancinova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Thyroid Peroxidase ◽  
Initial Examination ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Previously Treated ◽  
And Control

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether small iodine supplements decrease the incidence of adolescent thyroid hypertrophy in an iodine-sufficient population or whether such thyroid enlargement should be considered an inevitable physiological phenomenon. DESIGN: Beginning in September 1991 (after an initial examination in September 1990), 54 11-year-old children in Bardejov, Slovakia were given small iodine supplements (Thyrojod depot tablets containing 1530 microg iodide) every 2 weeks for 2 years followed by once weekly for 2 years. A second group of 63 children served as controls. In June 1995, there were still 52 treated and 60 control children in the study and these were examined; 44 treated and 48 control children remained in the study until June 1997. METHODS: In 1990, 1993, 1995, 1996 and 1997 the thyroid volume (ThV) was measured by ultrasound. Serum levels of TSH, thyroglobulin, total and free thyroxine and tri-iodothyronine and anti-thyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO), anti-thyroglobulin (anti-TG) and anti-TSH receptor (TSR) antibodies were estimated in 1990 and 1994, while only TSH, and anti-TPO and anti-TSR antibodies were measured in 1997. RESULTS: There was no difference between the groups at any interval in the serum levels of the hormones measured. Marginally increased TSH was found in two treated and two control children. Anti-TSR antibodies were negative in all children, while anti-TPO and anti-TG antibodies were found in one treated and four control children. At the age of 10 years (1990), 84% of all ThVs were less than 4 ml, indicating a previous life-long sufficient iodine intake. After the treatment was completed (June 1995), a significant difference in ThV (P < 0.04) was found between the whole treated (5.78 +/- 0.19 ml) and the whole control group (6.56 +/- 0.30 ml). However, there was already a marked difference in the 75th percentile (6.4 ml in treated vs 8.5 ml in controls) due to more rapid thyroid growth in certain children of the control group (ThV > 7.0 ml in 6/52 treated children vs 24/60 controls; P < 0.01). Since such differences were much higher in 1997, the children in each group whose ThV was in the range of the upper 25% in 1997 were retrospectively evaluated as arbitrary separate subgroups in all the time intervals and compared with the remaining 75% of children who showed moderate thyroid growth rate. Two years after the termination of treatment (June 1997), excessive thyroid growth continued in the upper quarter of 12 controls with the highest ThV (13.60 +/- 0.40 ml or 7.60 +/- 0.29 ml/m2; 12/12 with ThV > 11.0 ml), and a similar subgroup now also appeared in 11 previously treated children (10.79 +/- 0.51 ml or 6.19 +/- 0.30 ml/m2; 5/11 with ThV > 11.0 ml). At the same time, ThV in the remaining 75% of both control (8.12 +/- 0.38 ml or 4.82 +/- 0.17 ml/m2; 3/36 with ThV > 11.0 ml) and treated (7.20 +/- 0.30 ml or 4.39 +/- 0.17 ml/m2; 0/33 with ThV > 11.0 ml) children was significantly less (P < 0.01 to P < 0.001) than that in the appropriate rapidly growing subgroups. During the whole observation period (1990-1997), no difference was found between treated and control subgroups with moderate thyroid growth. CONCLUSIONS: Since iodine intake in Slovakia has been adequate for decades and sporadic iodine deficiency is highly unlikely, the observed excessive thyroid growth in certain adolescents may result from causes other than simple iodine deficiency (e.g. hereditary), which are nevertheless ameliorated by small iodine supplements. The question remains whether such a subgroup with rapidly growing thyroids should be included in the range of normal thyroid volumes in adolescents.

scholarly journals Significance of Anti-TPO as an Early Predictive Marker in Thyroid Disease

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thushani Siriwardhane ◽  
Karthik Krishna ◽  
Vinodh Ranganathan ◽  
Vasanth Jayaraman ◽  
Tianhao Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormone ◽  
Thyroid Disease ◽  
Thyroid Dysfunction ◽  
Predictive Marker ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Overt Hypothyroidism ◽  
Thyroid Autoantibody ◽  
Significant Difference

Even though most thyroid subjects are undiagnosed due to nonspecific symptoms, universal screening for thyroid disease is not recommended for the general population. In this study, our motive is to showcase the early appearance of thyroid autoantibody, anti-TPO, prior to the onset of thyroid hormone disruption; hence the addition of anti-TPO in conjunction with traditional thyroid markers TSH and FT4 would aid to reduce the long-term morbidity and associated health concerns. Here, a total of 4581 subjects were tested multiple times for TSH, FT4, anti-TPO, and anti-Tg and followed up for 2 years. We streamlined our subjects into two groups, A1 (euthyroid at first visit, but converted to subclinical/overt hypothyroidism in follow-up visits) and A2 (euthyroid at first visit, but converted to hyperthyroidism in follow-up visits). According to our results, 73% of hypothyroid subjects (from group A1) and 68.6% of hyperthyroid subjects (from group A2) had anti-TPO 252 (±33) and 277 (±151) days prior to the onset of the thyroid dysfunction, respectively. Both subclinical/overt hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism showed a significantly higher percentage of subjects who had anti-TPO prior to the onset of thyroid dysfunction compared to the combined control group. However, there was no significant difference in the subjects who had anti-Tg earlier than the control group. Further assessment showed that only anti-TPO could be used as a standalone marker but not anti-Tg. Our results showcase that anti-TPO appear prior to the onset of thyroid hormone dysfunction; hence testing anti-TPO in conjunction with TSH would greatly aid to identify potentially risk individuals and prevent long-term morbidity.

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