scholarly journals Enrichment and Detection of Clostridium perfringens Toxinotypes in Retail Food Samples

10.3791/59931 ◽  
2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zuha Anwar ◽  
Samantha B. Regan ◽  
Jennifer Linden
Keyword(s):  
Clostridium Perfringens ◽  
Food Samples ◽  
Retail Food

scholarly journals Heavy Metal Tolerance Trend in Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase Encoding Strains Recovered from Food Samples

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 4718
Author(s):  
Kashaf Junaid ◽  
Hasan Ejaz ◽  
Iram Asim ◽  
Sonia Younas ◽  
Humaira Yasmeen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Metal Tolerance ◽  
Heavy Metal Tolerance ◽  
Heavy Metal Resistance ◽  
Metal Resistance ◽  
Food Samples ◽  
Esbl Production ◽  
Extended Spectrum ◽  
Retail Food ◽  
Esbl Producers

This study evaluates bacteriological profiles in ready-to-eat (RTE) foods and assesses antibiotic resistance, extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) production by gram-negative bacteria, and heavy metal tolerance. In total, 436 retail food samples were collected and cultured. The isolates were screened for ESBL production and molecular detection of ESBL-encoding genes. Furthermore, all isolates were evaluated for heavy metal tolerance. From 352 culture-positive samples, 406 g-negative bacteria were identified. Raw food samples were more often contaminated than refined food (84.71% vs. 76.32%). The predominant isolates were Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 76), Enterobacter cloacae (n = 58), and Escherichia coli (n = 56). Overall, the percentage of ESBL producers was higher in raw food samples, although higher occurrences of ESBL-producing E. coli (p = 0.01) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (p = 0.02) were observed in processed food samples. However, the prevalence of ESBL-producing Citrobacter freundii in raw food samples was high (p = 0.03). Among the isolates, 55% were blaCTX-M, 26% were blaSHV, and 19% were blaTEM. Notably, heavy metal resistance was highly prevalent in ESBL producers. These findings demonstrate that retail food samples are exposed to contaminants including antibiotics and heavy metals, endangering consumers.

scholarly journals Genetic Diversity of Campylobacter jejuni Isolates from Farm Animals and the Farm Environment

2003 ◽  
Vol 69 (12) ◽  
pp. 7409-7413 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. M. Colles ◽  
K. Jones ◽  
R. M. Harding ◽  
M. C. J. Maiden
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Campylobacter Jejuni ◽  
Human Disease ◽  
Clonal Complex ◽  
Food Samples ◽  
Complex Model ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Significant Genetic Differentiation ◽  
Sequence Types ◽  
Retail Food

ABSTRACT The genetic diversity of Campylobacter jejuni isolates from farm animals and their environment was investigated by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). A total of 30 genotypes, defined by allelic profiles (assigned to sequence types [STs]), were found in 112 C. jejuni isolates originating in poultry, cattle, sheep, starlings, and slurry. All but two of these genotypes belonged to one of nine C. jejuni clonal complexes previously identified in isolates from human disease and retail food samples and one clonal complex previously associated with an environmental source. There was some evidence for the association of certain clonal complexes with particular farm animals: isolates belonging to the ST-45 complex predominated among poultry isolates but were absent among sheep isolates, while isolates belonging to the ST-61 and ST-42 complexes were predominant among sheep isolates but were absent from the poultry isolates. In contrast, ST-21 complex isolates were distributed among the different isolation sources. Comparison with MLST data from 91 human disease isolates showed small but significant genetic differentiation between the farm and human isolates; however, representatives of six clonal complexes were found in both samples. These data demonstrate that MLST and the clonal complex model can be used to identify and compare the genotypes of C. jejuni isolates from farm animals and the environment with those from retail food and human disease.

Differentiation of Clostridium perfringens from Related Clostridia in Iron Milk Medium

1985 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 130-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
CARLOS ABEYTA ◽  
ANITA MICHALOVSKIS ◽  
MARLEEN M. WEKELL
Keyword(s):  
Clostridium Perfringens ◽  
High Selectivity ◽  
Positive Response ◽  
Food Samples ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
The Other ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Positive Results

The stormy fermentation reaction of Clostridium perfringens in iron milk medium was compared to that of several C. perfringens-like strains. These clostridia, C. barati, C. perenne, C. absonum, and C. paraperfringens are very similar to C. perfringens on the basis of certain biochemical reactions and, consequently, are often difficult to distinguish from C. perfringens. Furthermore, these related clostridia may also be present in foods. Results of this study demonstrate that after 18 h of incubation at 45°C, only C. perfringens gave a positive reaction in iron milk with inocula as low as 22 cells/g. Some of the other strains began to show only gas production at 18 h. After 24 to 42 h some strains gave positive results and after 72 h all were positive. Enumeration of C. perfringens from food samples in iron milk medium by a 3-tube most probable number (MPN) technique gave similar results to enumeration by plate count using Shahidi-Ferguson Perfringens (SFP) agar. Furthermore, a rapid positive response occurred after only 2 and 3 h incubation of iron milk inoculated with 108 and 107 cells/ml, respectively. The high selectivity, ease of identification and rapid growth of C. perfringens in iron milk make the iron milk MPN procedure a valuable assay for accurate enumeration and differentiation of C. perfringens from related Clostridia in food products.

scholarly journals Identification of epsilon toxin-producing Clostridium perfringens strains in American retail food

Anaerobe ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 124-127
Author(s):  
Samantha B. Regan ◽  
Zuha Anwar ◽  
Patricia Miraflor ◽  
Libra B. Williams ◽  
Sarah Shetty ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clostridium Perfringens ◽  
Epsilon Toxin ◽  
Retail Food

Direct Testing of Gelatin Hydrolysis in Rapid Perfringens Medium

1983 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 1045a-1047
Author(s):  
Marilyn Smith ◽  
Thomas J Mood
Keyword(s):  
Clostridium Perfringens ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Detection System ◽  
Food Samples ◽  
Direct Testing ◽  
Litmus Milk ◽  
Gelatin Hydrolysis

Abstract Rapid perfringens medium (RPM) was previously shown to be effective for detection of low numbers of Clostridium perfringens in foods. The detection system of RPM is based on a stormy fermentation of litmus milk. RPM also contains 6% gelatin, and the present work was performed to determine if gelatin hydrolysis can be tested directly in this medium. Twenty-three strains of C. perfringens and related species were inoculated into tubes of RPM and lactose gelatin. All strains were positive for stormy fermentation on RPM after 24 h incubation at 46°C. Seventeen exhibited gelatin hydrolysis on both RPM and lactose gelatin. Tubes of RPM inoculated with slurries of food samples spiked with each of 11 strains of C perfringens were positive for stormy fermentation and gelatin liquefaction. Most C. perfringens hydrolyze gelatin, so this test augments stormy fermentation in RPM as an additional indicator for the presence of this pathogen.

Multistate Outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Infections Associated with In-Store Sampling of an Aged Raw-Milk Gouda Cheese, 2010†

2012 ◽  
Vol 75 (10) ◽  
pp. 1759-1765 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. T. McCOLLUM ◽  
N. J. WILLIAMS ◽  
S. W. BEAM ◽  
S. COSGROVE ◽  
P. J. ETTESTAD ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Free Food ◽  
Food Samples ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
Chain Store ◽  
Safety Hazards ◽  
Outbreak Strain ◽  
Gouda Cheese ◽  
Retail Food

In 2010, 41 patients ill with Escherichia coli O157:H7 isolates determined to be indistinguishable by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis were identified among residents of five Southwestern U.S. states. A majority of patients reported consuming complimentary samples of aged raw-milk Gouda cheese at national warehouse chain store locations; sampling Gouda cheese was significantly associated with illness (odds ratio, 9.0; 95% confidence interval, 1.7 to 47). Several Gouda samples yielded the O157:H7 outbreak strain, confirming the food vehicle and source of infections. Implicated retail food-sampling operations were inconsistently regulated among affected states, and sanitation deficiencies were common among sampling venues. Inspection of the cheese manufacturer indicated deficient sanitation practices and insufficient cheese curing times. Policymakers should continue to reexamine the adequacy and enforcement of existing rules intended to ensure the safety of raw-milk cheeses and retail food sampling. Additional research is necessary to clarify the food safety hazards posed to patrons who consume free food samples while shopping.

scholarly journals Rapid detection of Clostridium perfringens in food by loop-mediated isothermal amplification combined with a lateral flow biosensor

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. e0245144
Author(s):  
Thanawat Sridapan ◽  
Wanida Tangkawsakul ◽  
Tavan Janvilisri ◽  
Wansika Kiatpathomchai ◽  
Sirintip Dangtip ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clostridium Perfringens ◽  
Culture Method ◽  
Food Samples ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Lateral Flow ◽  
Isothermal Amplification ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Commercial Test ◽  
Loop Mediated Isothermal Amplification ◽  
Test Kit

Clostridium perfringens is a key anaerobic pathogen causing food poisoning. Definitive detection by standard culture method is time-consuming and labor intensive. Current rapid commercial test kits are prohibitively expensive. It is thus necessary to develop rapid and cost-effective detection tool. Here, loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) in combination with a lateral-flow biosensor (LFB) was developed for visual inspection of C. perfringens-specific cpa gene. The specificity of the developed test was evaluated against 40 C. perfringens and 35 other bacterial strains, which showed no cross-reactivity, indicating 100% inclusivity and exclusivity. LAMP-LFB detection limit for artificially contaminated samples after enrichment for 16 h was 1–10 CFU/g sample, which was comparable to the commercial real-time PCR kit. The detection performance of LAMP-LFB was also compared to culture-based method using 95 food samples, which revealed the sensitivity (SE), specificity (SP) and Cohen's kappa coefficient (κ) of 88.0% (95% CI, 75.6%-95.4%), 95.5% (95% CI, 84.8%-99.4%) and 0.832 (95% CI, 0.721–0.943), respectively. Area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was 0.918 (95% CI, 0.854–0.981), indicating LAMP-LFB as high relative accuracy test. In conclusion, LAMP-LFB assay is a low-cost qualitative method and easily available for routine detection of C. perfringens in food samples, which could serve as an alternative to commercial test kit.

scholarly journals Molecular Characterization of Rifampicin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Retail Foods in China

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1487
Author(s):  
Jiahui Huang ◽  
Feng Zhang ◽  
Jumei Zhang ◽  
Jingsha Dai ◽  
Dongli Rong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Sccmec Type ◽  
Rpob Gene ◽  
Food Samples ◽  
Molecular Characteristics ◽  
Public Attention ◽  
Mutational Change ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Predominant Type ◽  
Retail Food

This study investigated the molecular characteristics of rifampin-resistant (RIF-R) Staphylococcus aureus isolates recovered from 4300 retail food samples covering most provincial capitals in China, from 2011 to 2016. Of the 1463 S. aureus enrolled, 149 isolates (142 MSSA and 7 MRSA) were identified as rifampicin-resistant, including 20 high-level (MICs ≥ 8 μg/mL) and 129 low-level (MICs between 2 and 4 μg/mL) rifampicin-resistant strains. Most of the RIF-R S. aureus isolates were resistant to more than three antibiotics. The mutations in the rifampicin resistance-determining region of the rpoB gene were studied in all RIF-R strains. All of the strains presented the mutational change 481 His/Asn and five isolates presented an additional mutation, including 477 Asp/Tyr, 527 Ile/Met, and 466 Leu/Ser, respectively. Thirteen STs and twenty-one spa types were represented, in which five MRSA showed non-type SCCmec and the remaining MRSA belonged to SCCmec type IV—where, ST1-t127 was the predominant type from all of the isolates, while ST398-t034 was the predominant type for the MRSA isolates. In this study, we found that the food-related RIF-R S. aureus may have a unique genetic background selection. However, the scenario regarding the presence of RIF-R S. aureus, especially MRSA, in retail food in China is not favorable and warrants public attention.

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