scholarly journals Esclerose múltipla: uma abordagem imunológica

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 122-137
Author(s):  
Andre Antunes Coutinho
Keyword(s):  
Food And Drugs Administration

Objetivo: Abordar os principais mecanismos imunológicos envolvidos na patogenia da Esclerose Múltipla dando ênfase à neuroinflamação e às intervenções terapêuticas atuais. Métodos: Trata se de uma revisão bibliográfica narrativa, utilizando se as bases de dados: Periódicos da Capes, Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde e Pubmed. Foram incluídos 55 artigos publicados no período de 2004 a 2019. Resultados: A etiopatogenia da Esclerose Múltipla envolve fatores genéticos, imunológicos e ambientais, que em conjunto, induzem processos de quebra da autotolerância imunológica, lesão neuronal, neuroinflamação e neurodegeneração. A neuroinflamação pode ser iniciada por antígenos próprios ou estranhos que são expostos aos leucócitos do sistema nervoso central. Leucócitos periféricos, especialmente, monócitos e linfócitos T e B, podem se infiltrar no sistema nervoso devido a alteração da permeabilidade da barreira hematoencefálica e, juntamente com a micróglia, possuem importante papel na indução de lesões desmielinizantes. A neurodegeneração pode gerar mais estímulos antigênicos. Atualmente existem 17 drogas imunomoduladoras aprovadas pela Food and Drugs Administration para o tratamento da doença, mas diversos estudos estão sendo realizados, visando novas abordagens terapêuticas. Conclusão: A etiologia da Esclerose Múltipla mantem-se uma incógnita, apesar de estudos atuais apontarem teorias sobre possíveis desencadeadores, extrínsecos e intrínsecos da autoimunidade na doença e da própria neuroinflamação, sendo a última um importante fator indutor da lesão tecidual e perpetuador da doença. A identificação de antígenos alvo reconhecidos por linfócitos T e B residentes e pelas micróglias, juntamente com a caracterização de mediadores inflamatórios solúveis é fundamental para elucidar a etiopatogenia da doença e sugerir novas propostas terapêuticas.

Repurposing cilostazol for Raynaud's phenomenon

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nehme El-Hachem ◽  
Manal M. Fardoun ◽  
Hasan Slika ◽  
Elias Baydoun ◽  
Ali H. Eid
Keyword(s):  
Color Change ◽  
Angiotensin Receptor Blockers ◽  
Raynaud’S Phenomenon ◽  
Blood Perfusion ◽  
Raynaud's Phenomenon ◽  
Channel Blockers ◽  
Phosphodiesterase Type 5 Inhibitors ◽  
Receptor Blockers ◽  
Phosphodiesterase Type ◽  
Food And Drugs Administration

: Raynaud's Phenomenon (RP) results from exaggerated cold-induced vasoconstriction. RP patients suffer from vasospastic attacks and compromised digital blood perfusion leading to triple color change at the level the fingers. Severe RP may cause ulcers and threaten tissue viability. Many drugs have been used to alleviate the symptoms of RP. These include calcium-channel blockers, cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors, prostacyclin analogs, and angiotensin receptor blockers. Despite their variety, these drugs do not treat RP but rather alleviate its symptoms. To date, no drug for RP has been yet approved by U.S Food and Drugs Administration. Cilostazol is a selective inhibitor of phosphodiesteraseIII, originally prescribed to treat intermittent claudication. Owing to its antiplatelet and vasodilating properties, cilostazol is being repurposed as a potential drug for RP. This review focuses on the different lines of action of action of cilostazol serving to enhance blood perfusion in RP patients.

scholarly journals D-Penicillamine: The State of the Art in Humans and in Dogs from a Pharmacological and Regulatory Perspective

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 648
Author(s):  
Michela Pugliese ◽  
Vito Biondi ◽  
Enrico Gugliandolo ◽  
Patrizia Licata ◽  
Alessio Filippo Peritore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Veterinary Medicine ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
European Medicines Agency ◽  
Therapeutic Goals ◽  
First Choice ◽  
Regulatory Perspective ◽  
The World ◽  
United States Food ◽  
States Food ◽  
Food And Drugs Administration

Chelant agents are the mainstay of treatment in copper-associated hepatitis in humans, where D-penicillamine is the chelant agent of first choice. In veterinary medicine, the use of D-penicillamine has increased with the recent recognition of copper-associated hepatopathies that occur in several breeds of dogs. Although the different regulatory authorities in the world (United States Food and Drugs Administration—U.S. FDA, European Medicines Agency—EMEA, etc.) do not approve D-penicillamine for use in dogs, it has been used to treat copper-associated hepatitis in dogs since the 1970s, and is prescribed legally by veterinarians as an extra-label drug to treat this disease and alleviate suffering. The present study aims to: (a) address the pharmacological features; (b) outline the clinical scenario underlying the increased interest in D-penicillamine by overviewing the evolution of its main therapeutic goals in humans and dogs; and finally, (c) provide a discussion on its use and prescription in veterinary medicine from a regulatory perspective.

What Drug Are You Prescribing?

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1963 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 636-637
Author(s):  
Harold Jacobziner
Keyword(s):  
Trade Name ◽  
Food And Drugs Administration ◽  
The U.S

There is at present much interest over the new regulations of the U.S. Food and Drugs Administration, requiring that the generic names shall accompany the trade name of drugs in advertisements and trade literature. This raises the question as to whether the same parallel requirement might not be imposed by editors in papers concerned with drugs. Often only the generic name appears in the title, especially if the article deals with some unfavorable aspect of the drug.

scholarly journals A literature review of drugs for the treatment of COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuri Clement ◽  
Satish Jankie ◽  
Shalini Pooransingh ◽  
Diane Ignacio ◽  
Avril Reid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Clinical Evidence ◽  
Search Terms ◽  
Published Evidence ◽  
Overwhelming Evidence ◽  
The Us ◽  
Repurposed Drugs ◽  
Robust Evidence ◽  
Food And Drugs Administration ◽  
Better Than

Objectives: To review the published evidence of repurposed drugs, antivirals and biologics for the treatment of COVID-19. Materials and Methods: A literature review was conducted in several databases and research portals. Search terms included COVID-19, SARS-Cov-2, MERS, MERS-CoV, SARS, SARS-CoV, coronavirus, beta-coronavirus, influenza, pneumonia and several drugs considered for use in COVID-19. Results: There is a paucity of clinical evidence regarding the safety and efficacy of most agents being considered for the treatment of COVID-19. However, based on promising preliminary research the US Food and Drugs Administration has authorized the emergency use of hydroxychloroquine and remdesivir for hospitalized COVID-19 patients. To date, the most robust evidence for lopinavir-ritonavir (LPV/r) found that it was no better than standard care. Overwhelming evidence suggests that corticosteroids increase mortality, nosocomial infections and lengthen hospitalization in SARS and MERS patients, and should be used cautiously in patients with severe respiratory symptoms. Additionally, low level evidence suggests that tocilizumab may be useful to reduce the cytokine storm precipitated by SARS-CoV-2 infection. Conclusions: Hydroxychloroquine and remdesivir have surged to the front of the race to repurpose drugs in the fight against COVID-19. With hundreds of ongoing trials it is envisaged that indisputable evidence would be provided for prophylactic and therapeutic use of drugs and biologics within the next few months. However, in our setting it would be worthwhile to consider the availability and accessibility of some of these agents.

scholarly journals SUNSCREENS: DEVELOPMENTS AND CHALLENGES

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 54 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Swathi Reddy ◽  
Aishwarya Suresh Kumar ◽  
Vikas Jain
Keyword(s):  
Ultra Violet ◽  
The United States ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
European Guidelines ◽  
Skin Cancers ◽  
United States Food ◽  
Subsequent Choice ◽  
Photo Damage ◽  
States Food ◽  
Food And Drugs Administration

One of the major concerns affecting the human skin is the exposure to ultra-violet radiations (UVR) causing photo-damage and skin cancers. In order to provide preventive measures against such incidences, there is an increased demand for sun-protectants. Sun screening agents have shown beneficiary effects on the skin by reducing the exposure of UVR and its associated symptoms. Although various constituents have been recognized to have sun protecting activity, their safety and efficacy is still a concern. The United States Food and Drugs Administration (USFDA) and European Guidelines (EU) guidelines have made the sun protecting factor (SPF) and other such indices compulsory on the labels of such formulas to guide the consumers for better selection. The various ranges of radiations and skin types influence the mechanism of photoreaction and subsequent choice of the formulation. Apart from existing agents, certain novel sun-screening agents and technologies are now available to provide better protection to human populations.

scholarly journals GALECTIN-3: A NOVEL BIOMARKER FOR THE PROGNOSIS OF HEART FAILURE

2017 ◽  
Vol 90 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hilman Zulkifli Amin ◽  
Lukman Zulkifli Amin ◽  
Ika Prasetya Wijaya
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Cardiac Fibrosis ◽  
Ventricular Remodeling ◽  
Prognostic Biomarker ◽  
Global Burden ◽  
Prediction Tool ◽  
Galectin 3 ◽  
Substantial Risk ◽  
Loading And Unloading ◽  
Food And Drugs Administration

Heart failure (HF) is still a global burden which carries substantial risk of morbidity and mortality. Thus, appropriate approach of diagnosis and layering the prognosis of HF are of great importance. In this paper we discuss and review a novel biomarker, which is called galectin-3 and already approved by Food and Drugs Administration (FDA) as a prediction tool for HF.Galectin-3, which is secreted by macrophages under the influence of mediators like osteopontin, has been known for its significant role in mediating cardiac fibrosis and inflammation. Numerous studies have shown galectin-3 as a novel prognostic biomarker with high predictive value for cardiovascular mortality and re-hospitalization in HF patients. However, there are also other contradictive studies displayed galectin-3 inferiority against other existed HF prognostic biomarkers like NT-proBNP and ST2. Nevertheless, galectin-3 has some advantages such as more stability and resistance against hemodynamic loading and unloading state, and also it could act as an early indicator of cardiac fibrosis, ventricular remodeling, and renal impairment in HF patients.

scholarly journals A simplified SARS-CoV-2 detection protocol for research laboratories

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. e0244271
Author(s):  
Sean Paz ◽  
Christopher Mauer ◽  
Anastasia Ritchie ◽  
Janet D. Robishaw ◽  
Massimo Caputi
Keyword(s):  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Clinical Diagnostics ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Public Health Crisis ◽  
The Us ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Human Labor ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
The Face ◽  
Food And Drugs Administration

Widespread testing is required to limit the current public health crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Multiple tests protocols have been authorized by the food and drugs administration (FDA) under an emergency use authorization (EUA). The majority of these protocols are based on the gold-standard RT-qPCR test pioneered by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). However, there is still a widespread lack of testing in the US and many of the clinical diagnostics protocols require extensive human labor and materials that could face supply shortages and present biosafety concerns. Given the need to develop alternative reagents and approaches to provide nucleic-acid testing in the face of heightened demand and potential shortages, we have developed a simplified SARS-CoV-2 testing protocol adapted for its use in research laboratories with minimal molecular biology equipment and expertise. The protocol utilizes TRIzol to purify the viral RNA from different types of clinical specimens, requires minimal BSL-1 precautions and, given its high sensitivity, can be easily adapted to pooling samples strategies.

scholarly journals Evidence-Based Electroconvulsive Therapy for Major Depression Disorder

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zahra D Khan ◽  
Carla R Marchira ◽  
Patricia Wulandari
Keyword(s):  
Electroconvulsive Therapy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Medical Attention ◽  
Class Iii ◽  
Major Depression Disorder ◽  
Normal Functioning ◽  
The Public ◽  
Memory Disturbance ◽  
Depression Disorder ◽  
Food And Drugs Administration

Abstract Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) is a treatment that steals medical attention and the public. Memory disturbance after ECT is a special consideration for the Food and Drugs Administration (FDA) of the United States to classify ECT, whether it belongs to class III (high risk). Psychiatrists or anesthesiologists (who are experienced with ECT) tend to change this classification, while neurologists, psychologists, biostatistics experts, and public representatives agree to maintain ECT status in class III. Contrary to unexpected effects, ECT can induce a transition in severe melancholic patients and suicide to normal functioning humans, after other treatments have failed. With the aim of balancing effectiveness and safety, this paper provides modern evidence of the benefits and risks of ECT.

scholarly journals Actualidad en el papel de la Cladribina en el tratamiento de la Esclerosis Múltiple tipo brote-remisión

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Mario Sequeira Quesada ◽  
José David Villegas Reyes
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Esclerosis Múltiple ◽  
Food And Drugs Administration

La esclerosis múltiple es una enfermedad crónicainflamatoria de naturaleza autoinmune caracterizadapor compromiso del sistema nervioso centralmostrando afectación de la sustancia blancay neurodegeneración, la cual se puede clasificaren primariamente progresiva, secundariamenteprogresiva y forma brote-remisión. En la actualidadla Food and Drugs Administration (FDA) ha aprobado un total de 11 drogas para el tratamientode la esclerosis múltiple en su variante broteremisión. La terapéutica de esta entidad en Costa Rica está dictada principalmente por la Guía Nacionalpara el Tratamiento de la Esclerosis Múltiple, la cual incluye opciones de primera y segunda línea tanto orales como parenterales. A nivel mundial, las principales investigaciones y avances farmacológicos referentes a la esclerosis múltiple se han dirigido al desarrollo de opciones terapéuticas orales. Dentro de la gama de opciones estudiada está la cladribina, análogo sintético de las purinas, el cual a pesar de resultados positivos en los estudios llevados a cabo fue aislada de intentos de aprobación debido a preocupaciones sobre posible causalidad con infecciones y neoplasias inherentes a su mecanismo de acción. Investigaciones recientes sin embargo han cuestionado estas preocupaciones y el fármaco se mueve hacia una eventual aprobación a nivel europeo e incorporación en las guías terapéuticas de la esclerosis múltiple forma brote-remisión.

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