An Overview of Postpartum Psychosis

The Postpartum period is characterized by overwhelming emotional, biological, physical, and social changes. It needs significant personal and interpersonal adaptation, especially in primigravida. Pregnant women and their families are colored by the joyful arrival of a new baby in the postpartum period. But also, the mother in the postpartum period can be vulnerable to a range of postpartum psychosis. Postpartum psychosis is one of serious mental disorder that can result in adverse consequences such as suicide. Suicide is rare during the acute episode, but the rate is high later in the mother’s life and first-degree relatives. Psychosis postpartum is frequently under‑diagnosed, it needs early screening and diagnosis to determine the appropriate treatment as a mandatory part of postpartum care.

The Role of Pharmacological Therapy and Psychotherapy in Post Stroke Depression

The most prevalent emotional illness following a stroke is post-stroke depression. Some of the symptoms of post-stroke depression include loss of interest, decreased energy, decreased appetite, problems sleeping, self-blame, and even suicide thoughts. To overcome the symptoms of post-stroke depression requires comprehensive management. In the PSD population, antidepressant medication has demonstrated to be effective. In order to obtain comprehensive health services, rehabilitation activities are also required as one of the therapies in the psychological sector of patients with post-stroke depression.

Hypochondriasis: A Literature Review

Hypochondriasis is one of six somatoform disorders categorized in the DSM-IV. Hypochondriasis is distinguished from other somatic delusional disorders because this disorder is associated with the experience of physical symptoms experienced by the sufferer, whereas other somatoform disorders do not show physical symptoms in themselves. Symptoms that arise may be an exaggerated statement of physical symptoms, which will actually exacerbate physical symptoms caused by the belief that the patient is sick and in a worse condition than the actual situation. Treatment of hypochondriasis includes recording symptoms, psychosocial review, and psychotherapy. Good prognosis is associated with high socioeconomic status, sudden onset, absence of personality disorders and absence of concomitant non-psychiatric medical conditions.

Depression and Conversion to Dementia in Mild Cognitive Impairment

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a stage of aging that occurs between normal aging and dementia (precedes dementia). Patients with MCI have memory loss who is otherwise functioning normally and does not match the clinical diagnosis criteria for dementia. MCI is frequently accompanied by cognitive deficits and non-cognitive. One of the most frequent non-cognitive deficiencies is depression. Depression and mild cognitive impairment are closely associate particularly in the elderly and can progress into neurodegenerative disorders like dementia. This indicates that there is a connection that needs to be explored further. Through this review article, a theoretical review of the relationship between MCI with depression and its conversion to dementia.

Association between Physical Activity and Postnatal Depression

Many changes could occur in a woman’s body, both mental and physical, during pregnancy and the postnatal period. The process of childbirth and a changing role as a new mom can be associated with many disturbances of emotions. Besides that, the development of baby blues or postpartum depression may occur in the puerperium period. Depression in post partum occurs in one month after childbirth and may be prolonged to one year. Depressive disorders in a young mother affect the mother and the newborn’s health status. That is why it is crucial to identify for factors that could significantly reduce the likelihood of developing depression in this period. The literature review was aimed at describing the relationship of physical activity during pregnancy and postpartum and the development of postnatal depression. It was shown that physical activity during pregnancy and puerperium, or in the postnatal period itself reduces the risk of developing depression in pregnancy and after delivery. Physical activity can be an essential factor in preventing depressive disorders in women in the postnatal period.

Insomnia and Depression - Bidirectional Cause and Effect: A Literature Review

Insomnia is a health problem that is very often experienced by patients and can have an impact on the emergence of psychiatric problems, such as depression. On the other hand, patients with depression may develop insomnia during this phase of the illness. This shows that there is a bi-directional relationship that must be described in order to understand the diagnosis and management of the two cases. Through the review of this article, a theoretical review of the relationship between the two in general and theoretical in order to understand each aspect is presented because the management of the two is closely related to each other.

Postpartum Depression: A Literature Review of Screening and Prevention

Pregnancy is a complex and vulnerable period that presents a number of challenges to women, including the development of postpartum psychiatric disorders. These disorders can include postpartum depression and anxiety, which are relatively common, and the rare but more severe postpartum psychosis. In addition, other postpartum psychiatric disorders can include obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder and eating disorders. The etiology of postpartum psychiatric disorders is a complex interaction of psychological, social and biological factors, in addition to genetic and environmental factors. The goals of treating postpartum mental illness are reducing maternal symptoms and supporting maternal-child and family functioning. Women and their families should receive psychoeducation about the illness, including evidence-based discussions about the risks and benefits of each treatment option. In this article, we would like to focus on postpartum depression (PPD). Identifying and treating this problem can reduce the alarming number of suicides among depressed perinatal women and the possible adverse effects of untreated maternal depression on their child’s cognitive and behavioral development. Developing effective strategies in global settings that allow the delivery of targeted therapies to women with different clinical phenotypes and severities of PPDs is essential. In this review, we discuss the latest developments in screening, treatment, and prevention methods.

A Maternal Postpartum Depression Consequences towards Mother-child interaction Outcomes: A systematic review

Postpartum depression is a psychiatric disorder that starts from the second to the sixth week after birth. Postpartum depression has been shown to have an association with infant growth, nutrition, bonding, temperament and ultimately childhood mental wellbeing. This paper reviews overall outcomes of untreated maternal postpartum depression towards the mother-child interactions consequences. Systematic review was conducted in the online databases Google Scholar and PubMed using the index terms “postpartum depression” and “maternal outcomes” or “children outcomes”. Total of 10 studies (out of 112 references retrieved from bibliographic databases) were included in this systematic review. The results of the studies were synthetized into mother–child interactions, including bonding, breastfeeding, and the maternal role. The results suggest that postpartum depression creates an environment that is not conducive to the mother-child interaction thus regressing personal development of mothers or the optimal development of a child. It therefore seems important to detect and treat depression during the postnatal period as early as possible to avoid harmful consequences.

Risk Factors of Domestic Violence in Pregnancy and its Correlation with Mental Health Disorders

ABSTRACT Domestic violence during pregnancy is a neglected & underreported problem having grave consequences. The world health organization (WHO) defines domestic violence as “the range of sexually, psychologically and physically coercive acts used against adult and adolescent women by current or former male intimate partners”. Physical & verbal abuse during pregnancy is a frequent phenomenon encountered by women of both developed and underdeveloped country, belonging to all cultural communities. There is a strong evidence that domestic violence is related to maternal mental health disorders. The aim of this literature study is to find the best available research evidence on risk factors of domestic violence in pregnancy and its correlation to mental health disorders. To achieve the goal of this study, researcher searched for all studies published between January 2010 until August 2021 using the databases such as google scholar and PubMed. The inclusion criteria were studies that describe risk factors of domestic violence in pregnancy and its correlation with maternal mental health and written in English languange. Condition such as mental retardation, substance abuse and pre-existing mental health problems before were excluded from this study. After a long review of the titles and abstracts of 358 studies, 20 studies were identified for potential inclusion in the review. In the end, a total of 10 trials that fulfil researcher criteria were used in this literature review. The number of participants in each study varied, ranged from 300 to 1000 and the characteristics of the sample are similar. Domestic violence against women and mental disorders amongst pregnant women are extremely prevalent in under-resourced, urban areas and ultimately, have detrimental effects on birth outcomes. Mental health disorders are significantly associated with having experienced domestic violence in pregnancy. High risk population needs to be identified so that preventive strategies can be planned & implemented to stop the violence and improve mental health during pregnancy.

Case Report: Organic Hallucinosis in Viral Encephalitis

Introduction : Organic mental disorders are diseases we need to put more attentionon because they are related to systemic disorders or disorders of the brain and cancause high mortality. Organic mental disorders often manifest in the form ofpsychiatric symptoms so that they can be treated too late because the physician isnot able to recognize the symptoms which can be fatal. Sequelae can be found inorganic mental disorders and may affect the patient’s quality of life, so a fast andproper management is needed to get a better outcome. Case presentation: A caseof organic hallucinosis in viral encephalitis had been reported in a 18 year-old malewith a history of sudden changes in behaviour. The symptoms appeared after thepatient had problems during OSPEK and was threatened by someone. The patientwas the only child in the family and often spoiled by his parents. Laboratory andimaging studies showed that there was a cerebritis in the CT scan result, a decreasein CD4 count, and an increase in anti-Rubella IgG titers in which the patient wasfinally diagnosed with viral encephalitis. Conclusion: The diagnosis of organicmental disorders can easily be overlooked in daily clinical practice so that patientsdo not receive proper management