scholarly journals Characterization of Multidrug Resistant Bacteria Isolated from Hospital Environment

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 94-101
Author(s):  
Saba Irshad ◽  
Humaira Yasmeen
Keyword(s):  
Multidrug Resistance ◽  
Financial Burden ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Hospital Environment ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Multidrug Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Hospital Waste ◽  
Bacillus Spp

Background: Unveiling of multidrug resistance in bacteria is becoming a global concern. It contributes as a main financial burden to treat infectious diseases especially in developing countries. Objectives: This study was designed to determine the prevalence and resistance pattern of multidrug resistant bacteria from hospital soil. Methodology: Using random soil sampling technique, bacterial isolates were obtained through dilution plate method. Antimicrobial screening of isolates was performed by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method against a panel of 14 known antibiotics. Furthermore, strains were biochemically identified following Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology. Results: A total of 44 isolates were successfully identified from 4 soil samples of different waste areas of hospital from Multan region. Bacillus spp. and Staphylococcus ssp. were prominent isolates in all the sites. Resistance among Bacillus spp. was high against ampicillin (91%) and in Staphylococcus spp. against tetracycline (78%). Out of total strains, 35 were found to be multidrug resistant. Conclusion: Presence of drug residue in the hospital waste contributes to its resistance in bacteria. A substantial increase of multidrug resistance in hospital waste demands an effective management against drugs.

scholarly journals Occurrence of NDM-1 and VIM-2 Co-Producing Escherichia coli and OprD Alteration in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolated from Hospital Environment Samples in Northwestern Tunisia

Diagnostics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1617
Author(s):  
Raouaa Maaroufi ◽  
Olfa Dziri ◽  
Linda Hadjadj ◽  
Seydina M. Diene ◽  
Jean-Marc Rolain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Carbapenem Resistance ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Hospital Environment ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Multidrug Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method

Hospital environments constitute the main reservoir of multidrug-resistant bacteria. In this study we aimed to investigate the presence of Gram-negative bacteria in one Northwestern Tunisian hospital environment, and characterize the genes involved in bacterial resistance. A total of 152 environmental isolates were collected from various surfaces and isolated using MacConkey medium supplemented with cefotaxime or imipenem, with 81 fermenter bacteria (27 Escherichia coli, and 54 Enterobacter spp., including 46 Enterobacter cloacae), and 71 non-fermenting bacteria (69 Pseudomonas spp., including 54 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and 2 Stenotrophomonas maltophilia) being identified by the MALDI-TOF-MS method. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by disk diffusion method and E-Test was used to determine MICs for imipenem. Several genes implicated in beta-lactams resistance were characterized by PCR and sequencing. Carbapenem resistance was detected among 12 isolates; nine E. coli (blaNDM-1 (n = 8); blaNDM-1 + blaVIM-2 (n = 1)) and three P. aeruginosa were carbapenem-resistant by loss of OprD porin. The whole-genome sequencing of P. aeruginosa 97H was determined using Illumina MiSeq sequencer, typed ST285, and harbored blaOXA-494. Other genes were also detected, notably blaTEM (n = 23), blaCTX-M-1 (n = 10) and blaCTX-M-9 (n = 6). These new epidemiological data imposed new surveillance strategies and strict hygiene rules to decrease the spread of multidrug-resistant bacteria in this area.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Phytochemical Constituents and Antibacterial Activity of Chromolaena Odorata L. Leaf Extract against Selected Multidrug Resistant Bacteria Isolated from Wounds

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Mercy Adewumi Alabi ◽  
Olubukola Olusola-Makinde ◽  
Muftau Kolawole Oladunmoye
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Multidrug Resistance ◽  
Teaching Hospital ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Chromolaena Odorata ◽  
Medical Sciences ◽  
Multidrug Resistant Bacteria

Aim: To study the antibacterial effect of Chromolaena odorata extracts on multidrug resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae from wounds. Place of Study: University of Medical Sciences Teaching Hospital, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria, between January and June 2019. Methodology: A total of 87 wound swabs were collected from patients of University of Medical Sciences Teaching Hospital, Akure. Air-dried and powdered C. odorata leaves were extracted using hot water, ethanol and methanol as extraction solvents and concentrated using a rotary evaporator. The concentrated C. odorata extracts were purified using chromatographic techniques. Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening of C. odorata extracts were done by standard methods. Antibiotics susceptibility pattern of bacterial isolates to a panel of ten (10) conventional antibiotics was determined by disc diffusion method. Results: C. odorata methanolic extract had the highest extract yield (26.2%). From the multidrug resistance analysis, 66.7% of bacterial isolates tested had multidrug resistance index (MDRI) of 100%. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was susceptible to 100 mg/ml of C. odorata ethanolic extract but resistant (0.00±0.00) to 100 mg/ml of hot aqueous C. odorata extract. Conclusion: This study reveals the inhibitory activities of C. odorata extracts on multidrug resistant bacteria isolated from wounds and an indication of their potential in the treatment of wound infection.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria Isolates in Waste Water from Different Hospital Environment in Umuahia, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Uzoije U.N ◽  
Iroha I.R ◽  
Moses I.B ◽  
Ukwa B.N ◽  
Onuorah A.L ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Waste Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Hospital Environment ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Hospital Waste

The discharge of untreated hospital waste water into the environment is a major public health concern as this could result in the environmental spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. The dissemination of such MDR bacteria in waste water remains unexamined in most geographical area. This study assessed the prevalence of multidrug-resistant bacterial isolates in waste water from hospital environment in Umuahia, Nigeria. Exactly 200 waste water samples were collected from various diagnostic laboratory units of Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike (MOUAU) Health Centers and Federal Medical Center (FMC), Umuahia in 250 ml screw-capped, heat-sterilized bottles. Water samples were analyzed using standard microbiological techniques. Bacterial isolates from water samples were identified with API-20E test kit. Antibiotic susceptibility test was done using Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method. Multiple antibiotic resistance index (MARI) of isolated bacteria was determined using standard formulae. A total of 147(73.5 %) bacterial species such as S. aureus, Shigella spp, E. coli, Enterobacter spp, Proteus mirabilis, and Arizona spp were identified from the waste water samples. Bacterial isolates exhibited resistance to tetracycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, clindamycin, nalixidic acid, vancomycin, and chloramphenicol but very susceptible to imipenem. All isolates were multidrug-resistant with MARI values ranging from 0.5 - 0.8. This study revealed the presence of MDR bacteria in hospital waste water samples in Umuahia, Abia state, Nigeria. The threat and risk of exposure to such MDR bacteria is of public health significance and raises concern over poor management and disposal of hospital waste water or effluents.

scholarly journals Multidrug resistance in Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) isolated from broiler chickens at slaughter

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (6supl2) ◽  
pp. 3813-3824
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Pacheco Ornellas ◽  
◽  
Hugo Peralva Lopes ◽  
Daniela de Queiroz Baptista ◽  
Thomas Salles Dias ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Multidrug Resistance ◽  
Shiga Toxin ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Treatment Success ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Systemic Complications

Broiler chickens and derived products are a key source of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in humans. This pathotype is responsible for causing severe episodes of diarrhea, which can progress to systemic complications. A rapid and accurate diagnosis of the disease, and early treatment of the infection with antimicrobials, can prevent it worsening. However, multidrug-resistant strains have potentially negative implications for treatment success. In this context, the aim of the present study was to isolate and identify multidrug-resistant STEC strains from broiler chickens and carcasses. Of 171 E. coli strains, isolated by conventional microbiological techniques and submitted to Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), for detection of stx1 and stx2 genes, 21.05% (36/171) were STEC pathotype, and most of them (66.67% - 24/36) carried both stx1 and eae genes. The multidrug resistance pattern was observed in 75% (27/36) of STEC strains. The presence of STEC in broiler chickens and carcasses reinforces that these sources may act as reservoirs for this pathotype. Multidrug-resistant bacteria contaminating animal products represent a public health issue because of the possibility of spread of multidrug-resistant determinants in the food chain and a higher risk of failure in human treatment when antimicrobials are needed.

scholarly journals Species Diversity of Environmental GIM-1-Producing Bacteria Collected during a Long-Term Outbreak

2016 ◽  
Vol 82 (12) ◽  
pp. 3605-3610 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas F. Wendel ◽  
Sofija Ressina ◽  
Susanne Kolbe-Busch ◽  
Klaus Pfeffer ◽  
Colin R. MacKenzie
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Hospital Environment ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Environmental Sampling ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Multidrug Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Content Type

ABSTRACTReports of outbreaks concerning carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative bacteria in which the main source of transmission is the hospital environment are increasing. This study describes the results of environmental sampling in a protracted polyspecies metallo-beta-lactamase GIM-1 outbreak driven by plasmids and bacterial clones ofEnterobacter cloacaeandPseudomonas aeruginosain a tertiary care center. Environmental sampling targeting wet locations (especially sinks) was carried out on a surgical intensive care unit and on a medical ward on several occasions in 2012 and 2013. We were able to demonstrate 43blaGIM-1-carrying bacteria (mainly nonfermenters but alsoEnterobacteriaceae) that were either related or unrelated to clinical strains in 30 sinks and one hair washbasin. GIM-1 was found in 12 different species, some of which are described here as carriers of GIM-1. Forty out of 43 bacteria displayed resistance to carbapenems and, in addition, to various non-beta-lactam antibiotics. Colistin resistance was observed in twoE. cloacaeisolates with MICs above 256 mg/liter. TheblaGIM-1gene was harbored in 12 different class 1 integrons, some without the typical 3′ end. TheblaGIM-1gene was localized on plasmids in five isolates.In vitroplasmid transfer by conjugation was successful in one isolate. The environment, with putatively multispecies biofilms, seems to be an important biological niche for multidrug-resistant bacteria and resistance genes. Biofilms may serve as a “melting pot” for horizontal gene transfer, for dissemination into new species, and as a reservoir to propagate future hospital outbreaks.IMPORTANCEIn Gram-negative bacteria, resistance to the clinically relevant broad-spectrum carbapenem antibiotics is a major public health concern. Major reservoirs for these resistant organisms are not only the gastrointestinal tracts of animals and humans but also the (hospital) environment. Due to the difficulty in eradicating biofilm formation in the latter, a sustained dissemination of multidrug-resistant bacteria from the environment can occur. In addition, horizontal transfer of resistance genes on mobile genetic elements within biofilms adds to the total “resistance gene pool” in the environment. To gain insight into the transmission pathways of a rare and locally restricted carbapenemases resistance gene (blaGIM-1), we analyzed the genetic background of theblaGIM-1gene in environmental bacteria during a long-term polyspecies outbreak in a German hospital.

scholarly journals Trends of Bloodstream Infections in a University Greek Hospital during a Three-Year Period: Incidence of Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria and Seasonality in Gram-negative Predominance

2017 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fevronia Kolonitsiou ◽  
Matthaios Papadimitriou-Olivgeris ◽  
Anastasia Spiliopoulou ◽  
Vasiliki Stamouli ◽  
Vasileios Papakostas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bloodstream Infections ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Blood Cultures ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Multidrug Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Carbapenem Resistant

The aim of the study was to assess the epidemiology, the incidence of multidrug-resistant bacteria and bloodstream infections’ (BSIs) seasonality in a university hospital. This retrospective study was carried out in the University General Hospital of Patras, Greece, during 2011–13 y. Blood cultures from patients with clinical presentation suggestive of bloodstream infection were performed by the BacT/ALERT System. Isolates were identified by Vitek 2 Advanced Expert System. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by the disk diffusion method and E-test. Resistance genes (mecA in staphylococci; vanA/vanB/vanC in enterococci; blaKPC/blaVIM/blaNDM in Klebsiella spp.) were detected by PCR. In total, 4607 (9.7%) blood cultures were positive from 47451 sets sent to Department of Microbiology, representing 1732 BSIs. Gram-negative bacteria (52.3%) were the most commonly isolated, followed by Gram-positive (39.5%), fungi (6.6%) and anaerobes bacteria (1.8%). The highest contamination rate was observed among Gram-positive bacteria (42.3%). Among 330 CNS and 150 Staphylococcus aureus, 281 (85.2%) and 60 (40.0%) were mecA-positive, respectively. From 113 enterococci, eight were vanA, two vanB and two vanC-positives. Of the total 207 carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (73.4%), 202 carried blaKPC, four blaKPC and blaVIM and one blaVIM. A significant increase in monthly BSIs’ incidence was shown (R2: 0.449), which may be attributed to a rise of Gram-positive BSIs (R2: 0.337). Gram-positive BSIs were less frequent in spring (P < 0.001), summer (P < 0.001), and autumn (P < 0.001), as compared to winter months, while Gram-negative bacteria (P < 0.001) and fungi (P < 0.001) were more frequent in summer months. BSIs due to methicillin resistant S. aureus and carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria increased during the study period. The increasing incidence of BSIs can be attributed to an increase of Gram-positive BSI incidence, even though Gram-negative bacteria remained the predominant ones. Seasonality may play a role in the predominance of Gram-negative’s BSI.

scholarly journals Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria with ESBL Genes: A Growing Threat Among HIV Patients in Nepal

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Riju Maharjan ◽  
Anup Bastola ◽  
Nabaraj Adhikari ◽  
Komal Raj Rijal ◽  
Megha Raj Banjara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Multidrug Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Hiv Patients ◽  
Microbiological Methods ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Esbl Producers

Abstract Background Bacterial opportunistic infections are quite common in HIV patients. Besides HIV-TB coinfection, lower respiratory tract infections by multidrug-resistant bacteria cause significant morbidity and mortality among HIV patients. This study was done to evaluate the bacterial coinfection of LRT and detect plasmid-mediated blaTEM and blaCTX−M genes among Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase (ESBL) producing isolates from sputum samples in HIV patients. Methods A total of 263 sputum samples from HIV-positive cases were processed with standard microbiological methods to isolate and identify the possible pathogens. The identified bacterial isolates were assessed for antibiotic susceptibility pattern by using modified Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method following Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Plasmid DNA was extracted from multidrug-resistant and ESBL producers for screening of ESBL genes; blaCTX−M and blaTEM by conventional PCR method using specific primers. Results Of 263 sputum samples, 67 (25.48%) were culture positive showing Klebsiella pneumoniae; 17(25.37%) as the most predominant one. A higher rate of infection (4/8, 50%) was observed among old-aged people of 61 -70 years, whereas no infection was observed below 20 years. About 30.0% (15/50) of smokers, 32.86% (23/70) cases with previous pulmonary tuberculosis and 52.38% (11/21) with CD4 count <200 cells/µl were found to be susceptible to LRTIs. Among 53 bacterial isolates, 52.83% (n=28) were multidrug-resistant and 43.4% (n=23) were ESBL producers. All ESBL producers were sensitive to Colistin and Polymyxin B. Of 23 ESBL producers, 47.83% (11/23) and 8.6% (2/23) possessed only blaCTX−M and blaTEM genes respectively and 43.48% (10/23) possessed both ESBL genes. Conclusion The increasing rate of MDR bacterial infections mainly ESBL producers of LRTIs causes difficulty in the management of diseases leading to high morbidity and mortality of HIV patients.

scholarly journals Screening of multidrug-resistant bacteria of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and their inhibition by leaf extracts of Moringa oleifera Lamk

2014 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 41-48
Author(s):  
MM Akhtar ◽  
MS Islam ◽  
MF Begum ◽  
M Anisuzzaman ◽  
MF Alam
Keyword(s):  
Petroleum Ether ◽  
Moringa Oleifera ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Multidrug Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Fresh Leaf

Context: Emergence of multi drug resistance bacteria (MDRB) to human pathogenic infection is increasing day by day but the number of new drugs to overwhelm the problem is not sufficient. Evidences revealed that Moringa oleifera Lamk. has various pharmaceutical activities like antibacterial, antifungal, antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and diuretic. Herbal treatment may be one of the possible ways to treat diseases caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria. Objectives: The present research was undertaken to screen of multidrug resistant bacteria (MDRB) from antibiotic-associated diarrheal samples and to evaluate the potentiality of M. oleifera leaf extracts on these bacteria with the view to provide scientific evidence for its application in health remedy. Materials & Methods: Antibiotic-associated diarrheal fecal specimens were collected from pediatric ward of Rajshahi Medical College and cultured onto MacConkey agar. MDRB were determined by antibiotic susceptibility test, using disc-agar diffusion method. Biochemical tests of the MDRB were done according to Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology for identification of the species. Dried and fresh leaf of M. oleifera was used to prepare exaction with or without solvents such as hot water, cold water, chloroform, petroleum ether, acetone and ethanol, separately. Antibacterial assay was done by disc diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration of the extracts was also measured. Results: In the present study seven isolates were screened as MDRB and the highest prevalence (42.86%) was occurred in the age group of 25-36 months and the lowest (14.28) was in the group of <1 and 1-6 months. Ethanol extract of dried leaf of M. oleifera Lamk. showed moderate inhibitory activity against all of the isolates while petroleum ether, chloroform and acetone extracts of dried leaf have no inhibitory effect. Fresh leaf sap powder in DMSO exhibited strong inhibitory effect against all of the test bacteria where as hot aqueous extract could not show any inhibition. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the potent extracts ranged 937.5 to 3750 ?g/ml and 7.9 to 234.4 ?g/ml in dried and fresh leaf extracts, respectively. Conclusion: The present data indicates that M. oleifera leaf extract possess antimicrobial potential to control of MDRB causes infection thus it can be used as a novel drugs in future. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbs.v20i0.17652 J. bio-sci. 20: 41-48, 2012

scholarly journals Spread of Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria by Moth Flies from Hospital Waste Water System

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (8) ◽  
pp. 1893-1898
Author(s):  
Thomas Rupprecht ◽  
Annette Moter ◽  
Alexandra Wiessener ◽  
Joerg Reutershan ◽  
Klaus Lang-Schwarz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
Water System ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Multidrug Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Hospital Waste

scholarly journals High Prevalence of Antimicrobial Resistance among Gram Negative Bacteria Isolated from Poultry

10.3823/824 ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdelraouf A Elmanama ◽  
Mariam Raed Al-Reefi ◽  
Mohammed A. Albayoumi ◽  
Alaa M. Marouf ◽  
Islam F. Hassona
Keyword(s):  
Carbapenem Resistance ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Hospital Environment ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Gram Negative

Background: Multidrug resistant bacteria (MDR), such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. are threat to the human health care system. In recent years, these MDR bacteria have been found increasingly inside and outside the hospital environment. Food animals (meat and poultry) are increasingly colonized with MDR bacteria, thus posing an additional concern. This study is intended to determine susceptibility and resistance pattern of pathogenic Gram negative bacteria isolated from rectal swabs of chicken against 16 antibiotics. Methods: A total of 216 cloacal swab samples (Gaza strip poultry farms) and 87 frozen and fresh meat samples (from slaughter houses and retails) from June 2017 to June 2018 were collected. Isolation and identification of organisms were achieved using standard bacteriological techniques. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed according to standard protocols. Results: 360 Enterobacteriaceae isolates, and 56 Gram-negative non fermenter were recovered. The predominant Enterobacteriaceae isolate was Citrobacter spp. (22.6%), followed by Enterobacter spp. (17.6%) and E. coli (16.5%). High rates of resistance against Ampicillin (85.4%) and Trimethoprim/ Sulfamethoxazole (80.1%) followed by Chloramphenicol (74%) were recorded. Six samples were positive for Salmonella spp. and Shigella spp. Of the tested Enterobacteriacae isolates, 94.7% were multidrug resistant (MDR), and 31.4% of  None fermenting bacilli (NFB) were MDR. Carbapenem resistance was found to be high among isolates; 51.9% for imipenem and 1.8% for meropenem. Conclusion: Isolated bacteria in the study area were MDR and this suggests that chickens may be important reservoir of antimicrobial resistant organisms which is a major public health concern.    

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