scholarly journals Antimicrobial activity of Rhipsalis baccifera and Drymoglossum piloselloides against Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus and Drug Resistant Acinetobacter baumanii.

2021 ◽  
pp. 32-40
Author(s):  
S. D. Kugaperumal ◽  
R. D. De Silva ◽  
T. D. Karunarathne ◽  
C. P. Gunasekara ◽  
D. N. A. W. Samarakoon
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Chronic Wounds ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Antibiotic Activity ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Acinetobacter Baumanii ◽  
Methicillin Resistant

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumanii are known to cause delayed healing of infections in both acute and chronic wounds. Plants are a natural source of novel antimicrobials and many new drugs are derived from plants, as plants contain phytochemicals that have antimicrobial activity. Sri Lanka is a tropical country with a wide variety of plant species, many of which were identified as possessing medicinal qualities and have been used by traditional medicinal practitioners in the treatment of various diseases and ailments. Dressings made of Rhipsalis baccifera and Drymoglossum piloselloides have been used to treat wounds by Sri Lankan traditional medicine practitioners. This study determined the antibacterial activity of aqueous and methanol extracts of R. baccifera and D. piloselloides against MRSA and Multidrug-resistant A. baumanii. Aqueous and methanolic extractions of both plants were done by maceration. Their antibacterial properties were checked against MRSA and A. baumanii by the well diffusion method. The effectiveness of the extract was further tested against factors like temperature and storage time. R. baccifera (aqueous extract) exhibited antimicrobial properties against MRSA but no activity against A. baumanii. The antibiotic activity against MRSA was increased after two months of storage at 4°C. D. piloselloides exhibited no antibiotic activity against both MRSA and A. baumanii. The methanolic extracts did not demonstrate any antibacterial activity.

scholarly journals PREPARATION OF COLD CREAM AGAINST CLINICAL PATHOGEN USING CARALLUMA ADSCENDENS VAR. ATTENUATA

2020 ◽  
pp. 120-123
Author(s):  
SUNDAR MADASAMY ◽  
SURESH SUNDAN ◽  
LINGAKUMAR KRISHNASAMY
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Cold Cream ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Vancomycin Resistant

Objective: A simple formulation of cold cream from methanolic extract Caralluma adscendens var. attenuata (MECA) and their antimicrobial activity was tested against various clinical pathogens, namely, Escherichia coli, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium, and Candida albicans. Methods: Methanol extract of these plant extract was prepared by the Soxhlet method. We analyzed phytochemical nature of theses plant, and subsequently, a cream was formulated cold-cream C. adscendens var. attenuata (FCA) different concentration such as FCA 50 mg, FCA 100 mg, and FCA 200 mg. In the present study, aimed to the antimicrobial activity of cold cream was measured by agar well diffusion method, and standard antibiotic Neosporin (market available) cream was used as positive control and dummy cold cream (without-MECA) were used as the negative control. Results: Phytochemical screening showed that the plant extracts were found a rich source of secondary metabolites. For more, the efficacy of cold cream from MECA extracts to against the clinical pathogen. Positive control Neosporin and 200 mg FCA cream was a highly significant difference in the zone of inhibition when compared to dummy cream. The 200 mg FCA was activity against Escherichia coli, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant E. faecium, and C. albicans highly significantly difference (p<0.05) compared FCA 50 mg and FAC 100 mg creams. Conclusion: The results from this study suggested that the cold cream form base of MECA crude had antimicrobial activity in the different clinical pathogen. They could be used as an alternative source to conventional antimicrobial agents for the treatment of pathological infection.

scholarly journals In vitro Activity of Rambutan Binjai (Nephelium lappaceum) Peel Extract from Indonesia to Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-203
Author(s):  
Tina Rostinawati ◽  
Ami Tjitraresmi ◽  
Myra Vania Wisnuputri
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Nephelium Lappaceum ◽  
New Compounds ◽  
Peel Extract

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is the most common bacteria causing nosocomial infections with high levels of resistance to available antibiotics. So, it is necessary to search for new compounds to solve this problem. Various studies showed antibacterial activity of rambutan peel but for Rambutan Binjai peel extract that are from Indonesia has never been studied against the MRSA. This study aims to determine the antibacterial activity, the value of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) using agar diffusion method. The concentration of rambutan peel ethanol extract at as much as 62.5 mg/ml showed the inhibitory diameter i.e 21.3 ± 2.4 mm. MIC and MBC were in the same range, which was between 0.98 (mg/ml) to 1.95 (mg/ml). The activity strength of tetracycline against the extract was at 1:50. This revealed that Rambutan Binjai peel extract had great potency as antibacterial agent to MRSA. Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 17(2): 197-203, 2018 (December)

scholarly journals Livestock-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Purulent Subcutaneous Lesions of Farm Rabbits

Foods ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa Silva ◽  
Telma de Sousa ◽  
Paula Gómez ◽  
Carolina Sabença ◽  
Madalena Vieira-Pinto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Spa Typing ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Resistance To Penicillin ◽  
Mrsa Strains

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are one of the main pathogens associated with purulent infections. MRSA clonal complex 97 (CC97) has been identified in a wide diversity of livestock animals. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the antibiotic resistance profiles of MRSA strains isolated from purulent lesions of food-producing rabbits. Samples from purulent lesions of 66 rabbits were collected in a slaughterhouse in Portugal. Samples were seeded onto ORSAB plates with 2 mg/L of oxacillin for MRSA isolation. Susceptibility to antibiotics was tested by the disk diffusion method against 14 antimicrobial agents. The presence of resistance genes, virulence factors and the immune evasion cluster (IEC) system was studied by polymerase chain reaction. All isolates were characterized by multilocus sequence typing (MLST), agr and spa typing. From the 66 samples analyzed, 16 (24.2%) MRSA were detected. All strains were classified as multidrug-resistant as they were resistant to at least three classes of antibiotics. All isolates showed resistance to penicillin, erythromycin and clindamycin. Seven isolates were resistant to gentamicin and harbored the aac(6′)-Ie-aph (2″)-Ia gene. Resistance to tetracycline was detected in 10 isolates harboring the tet(K) gene. The IEC genes were detected in three isolates. MRSA strains belonged to CC97, CC1, CC5, CC15 or CC22. The isolates were assigned to six different spa types. In this study we found a moderate prevalence of multidrug-resistant MRSA strains in food-producing rabbits. This may represent concern for food safety and public health, since cross-contamination may occur, leading to the spread of MRSA and, eventually, the possibility of ingestion of contaminated meat.

scholarly journals Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in CMS-teaching hospital: a preliminary report

1970 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
RK Sanjana ◽  
Rajesh Shah ◽  
Navin Chaudhary ◽  
YI Singh
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Nosocomial Infection ◽  
Preliminary Report ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Susceptibility Pattern ◽  
Intrinsic Resistance ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Mrsa Strains

Aims: Nosocomial infection is a major problem in the world today. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains, usually resistant to several antibiotics and also intrinsic resistance to ß-lactam antibiotics, shows a particular ability to spread in hospitals and now present in most of the countries. The present study was carried out to investigate the prevalence of MRSA and their rate of resistance to different antistaphylococcal antibiotics. Materials and methods: Between April 2007 and December 2009, the clinical specimens submitted at the microbiology laboratory were processed and all Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) isolates were included in this study. All isolates were identified morphologically and biochemically by standard laboratory procedures and antibiotic susceptibility pattern including oxacillin was determined by modified Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. Results: Out of a total of 348 Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from various clinical samples, 138 (39.6%) were found to be Methicillin-resistant. Among MRSA isolates, 86(62.3%) were from different inpatient departments, whereas, 52(37.7%) of the isolates were from outpatients. All MRSA were resistant to penicillin. More than 70% of the MRSA strains were resistant to cephalexin, ciprofloxacin and cloxacillin, while less than 10% of them were resistant to azithromycin, amikacin and tetracycline. Many MRSA strains were multidrug resistant. However, no strains were resistant to vancomycin. Conclusion: This preliminary report showed a high prevalence of MRSA in our hospital. To reduce the prevalence of MRSA, regular surveillance of hospital acquired infection and isolation is the need of the hour. Key words: Nosocomial infection; methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA); multidrug resistant. DOI: 10.3126/jcmsn.v6i1.3595 Journal of College of Medical Sciences-Nepal, 2010, Vol. 6, No. 1, 1-6

scholarly journals Fluoroquinolone Metalloantibiotics: A Promising Approach against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (9) ◽  
pp. 3127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariana Ferreira ◽  
Lucinda J. Bessa ◽  
Carla F. Sousa ◽  
Peter Eaton ◽  
Dafne Bongiorno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Mechanism Of Action ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
Synergistic Activity ◽  
Divalent Metal Ions ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Force Microscopy

Fluoroquinolones (FQs) are antibiotics commonly used in clinical practice, although nowadays they are becoming ineffective due to the emergence of several mechanisms of resistance in most bacteria. The complexation of FQs with divalent metal ions and phenanthroline (phen) is a possible approach to circumvent antimicrobial resistance, since it forms very stable complexes known as metalloantibiotics. This work is aimed at determining the antimicrobial activity of metalloantibiotics of Cu(II)FQphen against a panel of multidrug-resistant (MDR) clinical isolates and to clarify their mechanism of action. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined against MDR isolates of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Metalloantibiotics showed improved antimicrobial activity against several clinical isolates, especially MRSA. Synergistic activity was evaluated in combination with ciprofloxacin and ampicillin by the disk diffusion and checkerboard methods. Synergistic and additive effects were shown against MRSA isolates. The mechanism of action was studied though enzymatic assays and atomic force microscopy (AFM) experiments. The results indicate a similar mechanism of action for FQs and metalloantibiotics. In summary, metalloantibiotics seem to be an effective alternative to pure FQs against MRSA. The results obtained in this work open the way to the screening of metalloantibiotics against other Gram-positive bacteria.

scholarly journals Antibacterial Activity of Arbutus pavarii Pamp against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and UHPLC-MS/MS Profile of the Bioactive Fraction

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1539
Author(s):  
Nawal Buzgaia ◽  
Tahani Awin ◽  
Fakhri Elabbar ◽  
Khaled Abdusalam ◽  
Soo Yee Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Kidney Diseases ◽  
Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Esi Ms ◽  
Bioactive Fraction

Arbutus pavarii Pamp is a medicinal plant commonly used by local tribes in East Libya for the treatment of many diseases, such as gastritis, renal infections, cancer and kidney diseases. In this study, the antibacterial activity of the leaf and stem bark extracts of the plant against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), as well as the metabolite profiles of the bioactive fractions, was investigated. The antibacterial activity was determined by disc diffusion method, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), while the microbial reduction by the bioactive fraction was evaluated using time–kill test. The bioactive fraction was further subjected to ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS) analysis to putatively identify the chemical constituents contained therein. All the extracts and fractions showed different levels of antibacterial activity on the tested MRSA strains. The highest total antibacterial activity, i.e., 4007.6 mL/g, was exhibited by the crude leaf methanolic extract. However, the ethyl acetate fraction of the leaf showed moderate to significant antibacterial activity against MRSA at low MIC (0.08–1.25 mg/mL). Metabolite profiling of this fraction using UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS resulted in the putative identification of 28 compounds, which included phenolic acids, flavan-3-ols and flavonols. The results of this study showed that the ethyl acetate fraction of Arbutus pavarii leaf possessed potential antibacterial activity against MRSA and hence can be further explored for pharmaceutical applications as a natural antibacterial agent.

scholarly journals KANDUNGAN TERPENOID DALAM DAUN ARA (Ficus carica L.) SEBAGAI AGEN ANTIBAKTERI TERHADAP BAKTERI Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

PHARMACON ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 219
Author(s):  
Endang Dwi Wulansari ◽  
Dewi Lestari ◽  
Mujahidah Asma Khoirunissa
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Ficus Carica ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
The Public ◽  
Vacuum Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Ethanol Extracts

ABSTRACT Fig leaves (Ficus carica L.) are known to the public with many health benefits. The content of efficacious compounds in fig leaves such as terpenoids has potential as an antibacterial and needs to be known. This study aims to determine the antibacterial activity of terpenoid content in extracts and fractions of fig leaves (Ficus carica L.) on the growth of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteria by contact bioautography. Extraction was carried out by stratified soxhletation with n-hexane and ethyl acetate. Separation was carried out by coloum vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC) method. The wells diffusion method is used as the antibacterial activity test, while the TLC contact bioautography test is carried out to determine the antibacterial activity of the terpenoid content in the extracts and fractions. Extracts of n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol of fig leaf (Ficus carica L.) have antibacterial activity against MRSA with a diameter of inhibitory zone 0.111 ± 0.003; 0.328 ± 0.026, 1.044 ± 0.115 cm, and show significant differences. Extracts of n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol of fig leaf (Ficus carica L.) contain terpenoids. The fraction of ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts of fig leaves (Ficus carica L.) contains terpenoid compounds which can provide antibacterial activity against MRSA by TLC contact bioautography. Keywords:       fig leaves, Ficus carica L., antibacterial, Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus.  ABSTRAK Daun ara (Ficus carica L.) dikenal masyarakat dengan banyak manfaat dalam bidang kesehatan. Kandungan senyawa berkhasiat dalam daun ara seperti terpenoid berpotensi sebagai antibakteri dan perlu diketahui. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas antibakteri kandungan terpenoid dalam ekstrak maupun fraksi daun ara (Ficus carica L.) terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) secara KLT bioautografi kontak. Ekstraksi dilakukan dengan cara soxhletasi bertingkat dengan pelarut n-heksana dan etil asetat. Pemisahan dilakukan dengan metode kromatografi kolom vakum cair (KVC). Uji aktivitas antibakteri menggunakan metode difusi sumuran, sedangkan uji bioautografi kontak dilakukan untuk mengetahui aktivitas antibakteri kandungan terpenoid dalam ekstrak dan fraksi. Ekstrak n-heksana, etil asetat, dan etanol daun ara (Ficus carica L.) mempunyai aktivitas antibakteri terhadap MRSA dengan diameter zona hambat berturut-turut 0,111±0,003; 0,328±0,026, 1,044±0,115 cm, dan menunjukkan perbedaan signifikan. Ekstrak n-heksana, etil asetat, dan etanol daun ara (Ficus carica L.) mengandung terpenoid. Fraksi dari ekstrak etil asetat dan etanol daun ara (Ficus carica L.) mengandung senyawa terpenoid yang dapat memberikan aktivitas antibakteri terhadap MRSA secara KLT bioautografi kontak. Kata kunci : daun ara, Ficus carica L., antibakteri, Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus

scholarly journals Antibacterial Activity of Saponin Extracted from Phyllanthus niruri on Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
V. A. Ajibade ◽  
V. O. Oluwasusi ◽  
M. F. Ibiyemi ◽  
O. A. Ajenifuja ◽  
O. Famurewa
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Phyllanthus Niruri ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Agar Diffusion Method ◽  
Conventional Antibiotics

The antimicrobial activity of saponin extracted from Phyllanthus niruri was investigated on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) was used to determine the structure spectra of the extracted purified saponin. The 13carbon NMR predicted on the basis of chemical shift that appeared in the resonances of 20 – 60 ppm gave a structure named Phylagenin-13-O-α-D-glucopyranoside and Phylagenin-25-O-β-D-glucopyra-noside. The susceptibility profile of MRSA determined by the agar-diffusion method showed that 97.0% and 90.0% of the test bacterium were resistant to Tetracycline and Cotrimoxazole respectively and 60% of the bacterium was susceptible to saponin extract. The ability of saponin extracted from P. niruri to treat clinical manifestation like chest congestion and skin desquamation from which S. aureus resistant to conventional antibiotics have been isolated has been confirmed in this study. The fact that this extract exerted an inhibitory effect on MRSA indicates that they can potentially be further developed into antimicrobial clinically used agents.

scholarly journals Outbreak of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus with Reduced Susceptibility to Glycopeptides in a Parisian Hospital

2000 ◽  
Vol 38 (8) ◽  
pp. 2985-2988 ◽  
Author(s):  
François Guerin ◽  
Annie Buu-Hoï ◽  
Jean-Luc Mainardi ◽  
Guillaume Kac ◽  
Nathalie Colardelle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Brain Heart Infusion ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Mrsa Strains ◽  
Standard Disk

Epidemiological relationships were investigated between 40 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains with decreased glycopeptide susceptibility isolated from November 1998 to March 1999 from 39 patients (17 infected and 22 colonized patients) in nine wards of the Broussais Hospital, Paris, France. Reduced glycopeptide susceptibility was readily detected on brain heart infusion (BHI) agar containing 6 μg of teicoplanin per ml and on gradient plates, but not by the standard disk diffusion method. The MICs of vancomycin and teicoplanin, determined on BHI agar, were 4 and 8 to 32 μg/ml, respectively (standard antibiotic dilution), and 4 to 8 and 8 to 32 μg/ml, respectively (E-test). All strains were resistant to macrolides, aminoglycosides, tetracycline, rifampin, sulfonamides, and pefloxacin, showed reduced susceptibility to fusidic acid and fosfomycin, and were susceptible to trimethoprim and chloramphenicol. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and lysotyping revealed that a multidrug-resistant MRSA clone with decreased susceptibility to glycopeptides has been discretely endemic since at least 1996 in our institution, where it was responsible for an outbreak in November and December 1998.

scholarly journals A New Nano-Platform of Erythromycin Combined with Ag Nano-Particle ZnO Nano-Structure against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 841 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atanu Naskar ◽  
Sohee Lee ◽  
Yunhee Lee ◽  
Semi Kim ◽  
Kwang-sun Kim
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Nano Particles ◽  
Nano Composite ◽  
Nano Structure ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria

Nano-particles have been combined with antibiotics in recent studies to overcome multidrug-resistant bacteria. Here, we synthesized a nano-material in which Ag nano-particles were assembled with a ZnO nano-structure to form an Ag-ZnO (AZO) nano-composite at low temperature. This material was combined with erythromycin (Ery), an antibiotic effective towards gram-positive bacteria, using three different approaches (AZO + Ery (AZE) [centrifuged (AZE1), used separately after 1-h gap (AZE2), without centrifugation (AZE3)]) to prepare a nano-antibiotic against clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). X-ray diffraction analysis and transmission electron microscopy confirmed the presence of Ag nano-particles and ZnO nano-structure. The elemental and chemical state of the elements present in the AZO nano-composite were assessed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The antibacterial activity of AZE samples against both Escherichia coli and S. aureus strains including MRSA was evaluated in antibacterial and morphological analyses. The AZE3 sample showed greater antibacterial activity than the other samples and was comparable to erythromycin. AZE3 was ~20-fold less prone to developing bacterial resistance following multiple exposures to bacteria compared to erythromycin alone. The AZE3 nano-composite showed good biocompatibility with 293 human embryonic kidney cells. Our newly synthesized nano-platform antibiotics may be useful against multidrug-resistant gram-positive bacteria.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document