Investment Expenditures of Local municipalities in Japan in the 2000s

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Masato Miyazaki
Keyword(s):  
Public Works ◽  
Financial Capability ◽  
Block Grants ◽  
Cumulative Causation ◽  
The Past ◽  
Gunnar Myrdal ◽  
Local Municipalities ◽  
Capability Indices ◽  
School Bonds ◽  
Decentralization Reform

In this paper, I analyzed the investment expenditures of local municipalities in Japan in the 2000s by examining the cases of different municipalities and obtained the following results. First, merged municipalities issued Special Merger Bonds and nonmerged/depopulated municipalities issued Depopulation Bonds most. Second, in nonmerged/nondepopulated municipalities began to focus more on works funded by grants and local bonds rather than on unsubsidized works funded by Road Bonds and other types of local bonds. That is, in the past, the total value of Road Bonds was the largest of all bond totals. However, Road Bonds were replaced by School Bonds issued to supplement School Block Grants established during the decentralization reform in the 2000s. Therefore, this phenomenon is one of the outcomes of the decentralization reform. In Japan, the decentralization can increase public works for schools in cities and some select towns and villages with high financial capability indices. This could widen the gap between rich and poor municipalities. The theory of cumulative causation by Gunnar Myrdal can be attributed to this phenomenon

scholarly journals Reimagining unfinished architectures: ruin perspectives between art and heritage

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-244
Author(s):  
Pablo Arboleda
Keyword(s):  
Financial Crisis ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Organised Crime ◽  
Public Works ◽  
Architectural Style ◽  
2008 Financial Crisis ◽  
Complex Issue ◽  
The Past ◽  
Single Solution ◽  
The 2008 Financial Crisis

For the past five decades, hundreds of unfinished public works have been erected in Italy as the result of inconsistent planning and the presence of corruption and organised crime. A third of these constructions are located in Sicily alone, and so, in 2007, a group of artists labelled this phenomenon an architectural style: ‘ Incompiuto Siciliano’. Through this creative approach, the artists’ objective is to put incompletion back on the agenda by viewing it from a heritage perspective. This article reviews the different approaches that the artists have envisaged to handle unfinished public works; whether to finish them, demolish them, leave them as they are or opt for an ‘active’ arrested decay. The critical implications of these strategies are analysed in order to, ultimately, conclude that incompletion is such a vast and complex issue that it will surely have more than one single solution; but rather a combination of these four. This is important because it opens up a debate on the broad spectrum of possibilities to tackle incompletion – establishing this as one of the key contemporary urban themes not only in Italy but also in those countries affected by unfinished geographies after the 2008 financial crisis.

I. The Earlier Growth of Papal Jurisdiction and Leo the Great

1932 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
J. P. Whitney
Keyword(s):  
Eleventh Century ◽  
Western World ◽  
Local Churches ◽  
Imperial Rome ◽  
The Past ◽  
Local Municipalities ◽  
Mere Existence

THE PAPACY of Leo the Great gives us a good halting place in papal history; it closes one period and leaves another to begin. The Bishop of Imperial Rome could never be a mere ecclesiastical official of the greatest city; while it had been the home of Emperors he had been often enough a trusted adviser to them; when it ceased to be their dwelling-place fresh responsibilities and new opportunities came to him. There is hardly need even to mention the change due to the foundation of a new Rome in the East, with its fresh magnificence, so largely brought from the Western capital, and with its political outlook on the richest and most important provinces. Moreover the wealth of the Roman Church had long been great and it was matched by its Christian generosity; its influence in this way had passed into a tradition, which grew steadily from the time of St Ignatius onward. In all the cities where a church had been founded there was Christian organisation, and the Roman episcopate could not but profit by the business-like methods of the imperial and civic governments. Roman ecclesiastics were naturally distinguished for the same characteristics as were the civilians. The gravitas Romana could be noted even in the eleventh century, and its mere existence would have given peculiar weight to the decisions of Roman bishops and the decrees of Roman councils. Everywhere throughout the provinces local churches and local municipalities had almost alone stood the shock of the barbarian hordes; these inheritances from the past were naturally much greater in Rome itself than elsewhere, and owing to the turns of history advantage from them fell mainly to the papacy. And for the most part the papacy did not fail the Western world; it faced its dangers and its duties boldly.

Antiquities

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maxwell L. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Public Works ◽  
Islamic State ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of Collecting ◽  
History Of ◽  
Nuanced Understanding ◽  
Moral Choices ◽  
Amarna Period ◽  
Ancient Monuments ◽  
Answer Format

The destruction of ancient monuments and artworks by the Taliban in Afghanistan and the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria has shocked observers worldwide. Yet iconoclastic erasures of the past date back at least to the mid-1300s BCE, during the Amarna Period of ancient Egypt’s 18th dynasty. Far more damage to the past has been inflicted by natural disasters, looters, and public works. Art historian Maxwell Anderson’s Antiquities: What Everyone Needs to Know® analyzes continuing threats to our heritage, and offers a balanced account of treaties and laws governing the circulation of objects; the history of collecting antiquities; how forgeries are made and detected; how authentic works are documented, stored, dispersed, and displayed; the politics of sending antiquities back to their countries of origin; and the outlook for an expanded legal market. Anderson provides a summary of challenges ahead, including the future of underwater archaeology, the use of drones, remote sensing, and how invisible markings on antiquities will allow them to be traced. Written in question-and-answer format, the book equips readers with a nuanced understanding of the legal, practical, and moral choices that face us all when confronting antiquities in a museum gallery, shop window, or for sale on the Internet.

Étude de la pénétrabilité du coulis de ciment microfin sous pression dans les structures de maçonnerie dégradées à caractère historique : effet d'un agent colloïdal

2000 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 642-654 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danielle Palardy ◽  
Stéphanie Perret ◽  
Gérard Ballivy ◽  
Robert Laporte
Keyword(s):  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Cement Grout ◽  
Public Works ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Masonry Structures ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
The Past ◽  
Microfine Cement ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Rideau Canal

Several masonry structures, built over the past centuries, have to be restored to ensure their structural integrity and their conservation. Important research and development projects have been initiated by Public Works and Government Services Canada to rehabilitate some of these structures, such as the Rideau canal locks, by using a cement-based grouting technique. By following grouting pressures and flow rates, the stability of the structure is protected and the efficiency to fill openings is assured by using microfine cement-based grouts with admixtures. However, cement grout penetration cannot be observed with precision during the injection. The project described in this paper presents the grouting treatment of a Rideau canal lock sill wall that had to be demolished and reconstructed. The penetration of two different grout mixes was observed by removing the front row of blocks, piece by piece. A second phase of this study was conducted in the laboratory to compare the penetration of different grouts in a reconstructed granular material which simulated the lock's interior walls.Key words: restoration, masonry, grouting, groutability, cement grout, colloidal agent.

scholarly journals Udlicitering eller egenproduktion – Hvordan forklarer den politologiske litteratur de store forskelle i kommunernes brug af private leverandører i opgaveløsningen?

Politik ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lasse Ring Christensen ◽  
Kurt Houlberg ◽  
Ole Helby Petersen
Keyword(s):  
Careful Examination ◽  
Future Research ◽  
International Studies ◽  
Contracting Out ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Academic Literature ◽  
The Past ◽  
Local Municipalities ◽  
Comparative Review ◽  
Service Sectors

During the past ten years, the use of contracting out by Danish municipalities has been increasing. Today, private suppliers undertake approximately one fourth of all those municipal tasks which current legislation al- lows to be contracted out. ere are signi cant variations in the usage of contracting out among local munici- palities, though, and these variations are also found internationally. In this article, we conduct a systematic and comparative review of a range of Danish and international studies of the reasons local municipalities con- tract out. We conclude that previous studies provide largely heterogeneous conclusions concerning the causes of contracting out, and, as a result of this, the academic literature have di culties explaining the signi cant di erences in the use of contracting out by municipalities. For future research we suggest a greater focus on methodological issues, establishing and testing new explanatory variables, and a more careful examination of the mechanisms explaining variation in contracting out across the technical and social service sectors. 

Cilento's Centenary: The Triumph of His Topics

2009 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 57-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey A.C. Ginn
Keyword(s):  
Public Interest ◽  
The State ◽  
Public Works ◽  
Historical Experience ◽  
The Past ◽  
New Facilities

The 1959 celebration of the Centenary of self-government in Queensland presented organisers with an opportunity to showcase the state at large, together with its character and potential. Public works – a supremely tangible stamp of governmental achievement – were foremost in two new facilities for approved culture and recreation: the new library on William Street and the Brisbane City Council's Centenary Pool on Gregory Terrace. Abiding links with Britain were evoked by the royal visit of Princess Alexandra, a service in Westminster Abbey and the ‘Centenary voyage’ of a British immigrant ship. Other aspects of the program celebrated Queenslanders simply being Queenslanders. Day-to-day events from local carnivals and festivals to sporting competitions were embraced by the Centennial organisers. The resulting celebrations revealed a state in transition, its abiding affection for royalty and the ties of Empire happily coexisting with a new relish for American leisure culture. They reveal more than that when we consider the execution of Centenary activities in more detail, and particularly those that sought to present an account of how and why the state had come to be as it was. The 1959 celebrations provided a moment when, in the full light of public interest and attention, a ‘sense of the past’ was mobilised in both formal and informal terms in an attempt to account definitively for the Queensland historical experience.

scholarly journals An Assessment of Pakistan’s Urban Policies, 1947–1997

1996 ◽  
Vol 35 (4II) ◽  
pp. 443-465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad A. Qadeer
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Public Policies ◽  
Public Works ◽  
Public Welfare ◽  
Urban Crisis ◽  
Urban Policies ◽  
The Past ◽  
Private Interests ◽  
The Cost

What public policies and programmes have been followed in dealing with mounting urban crisis in Pakistan over the past 50 years? This question has been addressed in the present article. Pakistan’s urban policies fall in three distinct phases, corresponding to evolving political and economic regimes. Yet, they show a fundamental continuity in that they have been driven by ‘plots and public works’ strategy. Pakistan has not been lacking in ‘up-to-date’ policies and programmes. Its urban policies have resulted in notable achievements and pervasive failures. The paper assesses both the achievements and shortfalls and identifies private interests that have benefited at the cost of public welfare.

Austerity and Aging in the United States: 1980 and beyond

1982 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 573-584 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carroll L. Estes
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Old Age ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
The United States ◽  
Critical Examination ◽  
Block Grants ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Social ◽  
Future Direction ◽  
Policy Solutions

This paper presents a critical examination of the past and future direction of social policies for the aged in the United States. The definitions of the social problem of old age and of the appropriate policy solutions for this problem have reflected the ups and downs of the U.S. economy and the shifting bases of political power during the past thirty years. In the 1980s, three dominant definitions of reality are shaping public policy for the elderly: (a) the perception of fiscal crisis and the necessity for reduced federal expenditures; (b) the perception that national policies should give way to decentralization and block grants; and (c) the perception of old age as an individual problem. It is argued that old age policy in the United States reflects a two-class system of welfare in which benefits are distributed on the basis of legitimacy rather than on the basis of need.

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