Assessment of Lead Content in Soil Samples Obtained from Four Different Sites of Kabwe, Central Province of Zambia

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-46
Author(s):  
Ellah Zingani ◽  
Gabriel Ndhlovu ◽  
Brian Chanda Chiluba
Keyword(s):  
Soil Samples ◽  
Lead Contamination ◽  
Lead Content ◽  
Central Province ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Soil Lead ◽  
The North ◽  
Lead Metal ◽  
Lead Levels ◽  
The University

Pollution has increased soil lead levels to several thousand parts per million; the major cause of soil lead contamination in Kabwe district is the weathering from the former Zinc-lead mine. Soil lead is a health risk when directly ingested or inhaled as and it is of particular concern for children less than 6 years because of its implication on their growth. Hence this study set out to assess the lead soil content in four different sites of Kabwe district, Central province of Zambia. Literature was reviewed from studies that covered soil lead contamination. a quantitative analytical study was carried out and it involved geographical mapping of four different sites the north, South, East, and West of Kabwe district which were conveniently selected to collect soil Samples which were taken to The University of Zambia School of Mines, Geology Engineering Laboratory to determine the Levels of soil Lead content using a technique called Geo-Chemical Analysis. The results suggest that Chowa area is highly polluted with lead metal according to the globally recommended WHO guidelines and Zambia Environmental Management agency which all states that Residential areas should not exceed 400Kg/mg or parts per million.

scholarly journals Effect of Exterior Home Renovation on Community Lead Hazards: A Pilot Study in South Bend, Indiana

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyle Moon ◽  
Meghanne Tighe ◽  
Joshua Brooks ◽  
J. Mike Coman ◽  
Heidi Beidinger-Burnett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lead Level ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Lead Contamination ◽  
Soil Lead ◽  
Lead Paint ◽  
The Us ◽  
Lead Levels ◽  
South Bend ◽  
Lead Hazards

Communities across the US face challenges from legacy lead contamination. In South Bend, Indiana, over 68,000 homes were built before 1978, and most contain leaded paint. When these homes are repainted, repaired, or renovated, failure to use lead-safe practices can contaminate the surrounding soil with lead paint flakes and dust. In this study, we used X-ray fluorescence (XRF) to measure soil lead levels surrounding a home with exterior leaded paint (about 10% Pb w/w) after it was repainted in fall of 2019. The painted wooden exterior was prepared for painting by dry scraping without the use of tarps or plastic barriers. A total of 220 soil samples were collected from the home and its immediate neighbors, and an additional 102 samples were collected from 34 homes in the same neighborhood. The median lead level in dripline soil samples across the neighborhood was 434 ppm, but in the recently repainted house, the median soil lead was 1808.9 ppm, and it was 1,346.4 ppm in the four neighboring homes. The repainted house and its four neighbors were mulched by covering all bare soil to a 4-6 inch depth with chipped wood mulch. Two months later, another 100 soil samples were collected and analyzed. The surface lead level around the target house dropped to 13.8 ppm, showing that mulching is an effective strategy for interim control of high soil lead levels.

Long-term lead contamination and isotopic source identification in Northern Hungary

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gorkhmaz Abbaszade ◽  
Davaakhuu Tserendorj ◽  
Nelson Salazar ◽  
Dóra Zacháry ◽  
Péter Völgyesi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Plant ◽  
Source Identification ◽  
Isotopic Ratio ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Lead Contamination ◽  
Lead Content ◽  
Isotopic Ratios ◽  
Binary Mixing ◽  
High Lead ◽  
Pb Concentration

<p>Lead is one of the extensively distributed PTEs (potentially toxic elements) in the environment due to wide-scale anthropogenic activities (e.g., mining, vehicular emissions, industries, etc.), its geochemical feature, and natural abundance. The World Health Organization (WHO) defined Pb as 2<sup>nd</sup> most dangerous element for health, with particular concern for mental and physical disorders in adults and children. Salgótarján and Ózd cities (Northern Hungary) are two main former heavy industrial cities, with the smelter, steel industry, coal-fired power plant, coal mines, etc., supplied the country with coal and iron and steel products for centuries. The main aim of the research is to obtain a lead distribution map of the region and identify the potential sources by use of stable lead isotopes.</p><p>Urban soil samples were collected from each km<sup>2 </sup>of both cities. Additionally, a soil as geochemical background, as well as local slag and coal as suspected major pollution sources were collected. Lead content and stable Pb isotopes of all samples were analyzed by ICP-MS spectrometry.</p><p>Obtained results indicate heterogeneous distribution and high lead enrichment in both cities, where the Pb concentration ranged from 8.5 to 1692 ppm in Salgótarján and from 6.6 to 1674 ppm in Ózd. The average lead isotopic ratio in soil samples ranged from 1.146 to 1.240 (<sup>206</sup>Pb/<sup>207</sup>Pb) for Salgótarján and from 1.084 to 1.240 for Ózd. Total Pb concentration and isotopic ratios of slag and coal samples depicted notable differences as isotopic ratios for Salgótarján and Ózd coals are <sup>206</sup>Pb/<sup>207</sup>Pb:1.175 and <sup>206</sup>Pb/<sup>207</sup>Pb:1.256, respectively. Meanwhile, the lead content in the Salgótarján fly-ash slag (from the coal-fired power plant) was identified as 14 ppm (<sup>206</sup>Pb/<sup>207</sup>Pb:1.175, similar to coal). However, the Ózd smelter slag was characterized by high lead concentration (202 ppm) and lowest isotopic composition (<sup>206</sup>Pb/<sup>207</sup>Pb=1.118).</p><p>To calculate the relative contribution of anthropogenic sources, suggested binary mixing models were used. It is revealed that in Salgótarján soils average 34 % of Pb enters from industrial sources, 43 % from coal, and 23 % from the natural environment. In contrast, in Ózd, the proportion of anthropogenic lead is estimated on average by 53 % from industries (slag), 38 % from coal, and only 9% from natural input. The proportion of coal and slag in the soil samples was proved by thorough microscopy observations and SEM analysis as well.</p><p>In conclusion, based on the comprehensive analysis, local smelter and steel-iron industries were the dominant Pb contamination sources in both cities.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Keywords: </strong>Lead pollution, isotopic ratio, source identification, binary mixing model</p>

Lead Contamination in Milks Fed to Infants: 1972-1973

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-141
Author(s):  
Steven H. Lamm ◽  
John F. Rosen
Keyword(s):  
Marked Reduction ◽  
Bovine Milk ◽  
Lead Contamination ◽  
Lead Content ◽  
Significant Source ◽  
Lead Levels ◽  
One Year ◽  
Processing Steps

Previous studies have shown that lead content in commercial milks fed to infants may be sufficient to exceed the daily permissible intake of lead (300µg) for toddlers. Similar studies undertaken one year later have indicated a marked reduction in lead levels of such milks. Nevertheless, processed milks may still deliver up to 100µg of lead daily, whereas, in comparion, fresh human or homogenized bovine milk contains no detectable lead (<0.5µg/100 ml). The presented data suggest that lead contamination is introduced at any one of several processing steps and that milk containers are not a significant source of lead contamination. We propose that currently applied standards of lead in infant milks (six to ten times above the level of contamination) be reviewed.

Assessing Spatial Characteristics of Soil Lead Contamination in the Residential Neighborhoods Near the Exide Battery Smelter

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
An-Min Wu ◽  
Jill Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Spatial Data ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Lead Contamination ◽  
Spatial Data Analysis ◽  
Soil Lead ◽  
Industrial Activities ◽  
Lead Levels

The presence of hazardous chemicals such as lead (Pb) or other heavy metals in the environment poses significant threats to human health. Industrial activities can increase the concentrations of these toxic metals in the soil, water and air where people live, work and play. When exposed to lead, residents face a higher risk of neurological damage, anemia or developmental delays. Urban soil lead levels, for example, are usually higher than the natural background lead levels due to the historical usage of lead paint, leaded gasoline and proximity to industrial activities. We explored a case in southeastern Los Angeles County, where lead contamination in the soil has been a particular concern near a lead-acid battery smelter. In this case study, we investigated soil lead levels across the neighborhoods surrounding the smelter as a mean to support this clean-up decision making. We used a hot spot analysis to identify clusters of high soil lead levels at a neighborhood scale. This case study can be used to teach higher-division undergraduate and graduate students to incorporate spatial thinking and exploratory spatial analysis approaches into the decision-making process for remediation of environmental contamination. Through this case study, the students will develop the knowledge about soil lead contamination and associated health risks, learn how exploratory spatial data analysis can assist examining the distribution of soil lead contamination and discuss potential strategies to improve the environmental remediation process in the urban environment.

scholarly journals Assessing the Presence of Soil Lead Contamination on the Premises of Air Liquide Ghana Limited in Tema, Ghana

2020 ◽  
pp. 60-65
Author(s):  
Prince M. Gyekye ◽  
Adams Sadick ◽  
Felix O. Ababio ◽  
Mohammed Musah ◽  
Calys Tagoe Edward
Keyword(s):  
Atomic Absorption ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Lead Contamination ◽  
Protection Agency ◽  
Soil Lead ◽  
Lead Compounds ◽  
Concentration Levels ◽  
Over Time

A study was conducted to determine the extent of site contamination by Lead (Pb) present in the soil on the premises of Air Liquide Ghana Limited, and give the appropriate recommendation for decontamination, where necessary. Eighteen (18) soil samples were collected from the study area using an augur. The geographical coordinates and elevations of the samples were recorded with the GPS. The samples were analyzed in the laboratory using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. In the absence of present standards from the Ghana Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), both the Dutch List and the International List standard were used to evaluate the concentration levels of Pb in the soil. Results from the analysis revealed that the concentration of lead (Pb) initially exceeded the international threshold of the Dutch intervention value of 530 mg/kg in some sample areas. Nine locations of the sample areas where diesel was being stored, S2-Diese Tank and Smoking Area S5-Smoking Area recorded values of 636.4 mg/kg and 602 respectively which is above the recommended threshold. The control recorded below the threshold value of 530 mg/kg. The study also showed that Lead compounds attached to soil particles took a shorter time to break down to reduce the levels of concentration over time.

scholarly journals Investigate the influence of halloysite and activated carbon mixtures in phytostabilization of Pb-contaminated soil with Lolium perenne L.

2017 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 69-80
Author(s):  
Maja Radziemska
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Contaminated Soil ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Soil Mass ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Lead Contamination ◽  
Soil Lead ◽  
Sodium Calcium ◽  
Calcium And Magnesium ◽  
Different Levels

Abstract A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of halloysite and activated carbon mixtures on the biomass and distribution of macronutrients (Mg, K, Ca, Na, P) in ryegrass grown in Pb-contaminated soil. The soil was spiked with four different levels of lead contamination, i.e. 0 (control), 200, 400, 800 mg·kg−1 were applied in an analytical grade Pb(NO3)2 solution mixed thoroughly with the soil. Raw halloysite (3%) and activated carbon (1% relative to soil mass) mixtures were used to reduce the effect of soil lead contamination. Ryegrass of the Bokser variety was harvested after 42 days, and soil samples were collected for laboratory tests. The mixture of sorbents applied in the experiment which turned out to be most effective at doses of lead amounting to 400 and 800 mg·kg−1 of soil, with the increase in the yield of ryegrass being the highest. Increasing contamination of soil with lead in the series without the mixture of sorbents increased the contents of phosphorus, sodium, calcium and magnesium in ryegrass. The applied mixture of halloysite and activated carbon changed the macronutrient concentration in ryegrass, with the greatest changes found in that of potassium and sodium.

SEM and TEM observations of sperm development in the testis of the freshwater fish Oreochromis mossambicus

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 58-59
Author(s):  
Daryl A. Cornish ◽  
George L. Smit
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Oreochromis Mossambicus ◽  
Breeding Cycle ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
Sem And Tem ◽  
Sperm Development ◽  
Ultrastructural Characteristics ◽  
The University

Oreochromis mossambicus is currently receiving much attention as a candidater species for aquaculture programs within Southern Africa. This has stimulated interest in its breeding cycle as well as the morphological characteristics of the gonads. Limited information is available on SEM and TEM observations of the male gonads. It is known that the testis of O. mossambicus is a paired, intra-abdominal structure of the lobular type, although further details of its characteristics are not known. Current investigations have shown that spermatids reach full maturity some two months after the female becomes gravid. Throughout the year, the testes contain spermatids at various stages of development although spermiogenesis appears to be maximal during November when spawning occurs. This paper describes the morphological and ultrastructural characteristics of the testes and spermatids.Specimens of this fish were collected at Syferkuil Dam, 8 km north- west of the University of the North over a twelve month period, sacrificed and the testes excised.

Social Responsibility Practice Diagnosis applied to the Universidad del Valle- Northern Facility. Period 2014-2015

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (62) ◽  
pp. 66-81
Author(s):  
Adriana M. Moreno Moreno ◽  
Eduar Fernando Aguirre González
Keyword(s):  
Social Responsibility ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Research Problem ◽  
Socially Responsible ◽  
Strategic Development ◽  
Strategic Issues ◽  
The North ◽  
The Social ◽  
The University ◽  
Social Management

Social Responsibility is a concept that has been approached from different perspectives by theoreticians and institutions. Initially, this was limited exclusively to companies, however, the creation of the Social Capital, Ethics and Development Initiative by the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) sought to make educational institutions aware that, like any other organization, they are responsible for the externalities they generate in their environment and their stakeholders. This research approaches the concept of University Social Responsibility (USR) from the scheme proposed by the IDB, which proposes four axes of action for Universities’ CR: Responsible Campus, Professional and Citizen Training, Social Management of Knowledge and Social Participation. The Universidad del Valle has a strategic plan entitled “Universidad del Valle’s Strategic Development Plan” and Regionalization attached thereto. It has also developed its action plan and in the five strategic issues raised herein, its socially responsible approach is clearly identifiable. The North Cauca Facility wherein this study is being developed, even though it does not have a University Social Responsibility Management Model, has attempted to align its practices with its strategic affairs that broadly conform to the four axes proposed by the IDB. This research addresses a relevant and current issue inasmuch as it proposes to develop a diagnosis on the relationship between the four axes of Social Responsibility proposed by the IDB and the practice of Social Responsibility applied at the Universidad del Valle, North Cauca Facility, for the period 2014-2015. In order to answer the research problem, a qualitative, exploratory and descriptive type of study is used, given that the work was based on the documentary information available at the University, while the interviews with the directors of the Institution are used as a tool for oral history. The research method used is the case study, which allows to address a unit of analysis in depth, in this case the USR within the Universidad del Valle, North Cauca Facility.

Determination of Lead in Soils Surrounding a Lead-Acid Battery Manufacturer

1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 299-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cameron D. Skinner ◽  
Eric D. Salin
Keyword(s):  
Lead Concentration ◽  
Depth Range ◽  
Lead Acid Battery ◽  
Soil Lead ◽  
Lead Levels ◽  
Factory Site ◽  
Lead Acid

Abstract Soil lead levels were determined on and around a former battery manufacturing site. Lead concentrations ranging from 120 ppm to 5.1’ were found. The highest concentrations were found close to the factory site. When it was possible to obtain samples over a continuous depth range, it was found that lead concentration decreased with depth and that it increased above underground foundations.

High Parasitic Contamination of Soil Samples in the North of Iran: a Potential Risk of Parasitic Infection for Tourists

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beheshteh Haghparast-kenari ◽  
Tooran Nayeri ◽  
Shahabeddin Sarvi ◽  
Mohammad Taghi Rahimi ◽  
Ehsan Ahmadpour ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Contaminated Soil ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Intestinal Parasites ◽  
Parasitic Infection ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Public Parks ◽  
The North ◽  
North Of Iran

Background: Soil-transmitted parasites (STPs) are significant intestinal parasites that infect humans and animals and impose considerable burdens on human society and animal husbandry industries. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the prevalence of parasitic elements of soil samples collected from the north of Iran. Methods: A total of 256 soil samples were collected from public parks, public places, vegetable gardens, sand heaps, and shadow areas near houses in the north of Iran and examined using the sucrose flotation method. Results: Out of 256 examined samples, 131 (51.2%) ones showed parasitic contamination including larvae (43%), oocysts (14.1%), and different eggs (6.6%). According to the results, the most and least common parasites observed in the samples were larvae (43%), as well as Toxascaris leonina, and Trichuris trichiura (0.4%), respectively. Moreover, the most and least contaminated locations were sand heaps (62.5%) and shadow areas near houses (45.6%), respectively. Regarding cities, Behshahr (68.3%) and Sari (67.5%) had the highest contaminated soil samples, whereas Chalus (37.5%) showed the lowest contamination. On the other hand, rural samples showed more contamination, compared to urban areas (P< 0.05). Conclusion: The findings of the present study indicate that the overall prevalence of STPs in examined areas and highly contaminated soil samples can be considered as a potential source of human contamination particularly tourists with STPs.

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