scholarly journals Effect of Exterior Home Renovation on Community Lead Hazards: A Pilot Study in South Bend, Indiana

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyle Moon ◽  
Meghanne Tighe ◽  
Joshua Brooks ◽  
J. Mike Coman ◽  
Heidi Beidinger-Burnett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lead Level ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Lead Contamination ◽  
Soil Lead ◽  
Lead Paint ◽  
The Us ◽  
Lead Levels ◽  
South Bend ◽  
Lead Hazards

Communities across the US face challenges from legacy lead contamination. In South Bend, Indiana, over 68,000 homes were built before 1978, and most contain leaded paint. When these homes are repainted, repaired, or renovated, failure to use lead-safe practices can contaminate the surrounding soil with lead paint flakes and dust. In this study, we used X-ray fluorescence (XRF) to measure soil lead levels surrounding a home with exterior leaded paint (about 10% Pb w/w) after it was repainted in fall of 2019. The painted wooden exterior was prepared for painting by dry scraping without the use of tarps or plastic barriers. A total of 220 soil samples were collected from the home and its immediate neighbors, and an additional 102 samples were collected from 34 homes in the same neighborhood. The median lead level in dripline soil samples across the neighborhood was 434 ppm, but in the recently repainted house, the median soil lead was 1808.9 ppm, and it was 1,346.4 ppm in the four neighboring homes. The repainted house and its four neighbors were mulched by covering all bare soil to a 4-6 inch depth with chipped wood mulch. Two months later, another 100 soil samples were collected and analyzed. The surface lead level around the target house dropped to 13.8 ppm, showing that mulching is an effective strategy for interim control of high soil lead levels.

Assessment of Lead Content in Soil Samples Obtained from Four Different Sites of Kabwe, Central Province of Zambia

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-46
Author(s):  
Ellah Zingani ◽  
Gabriel Ndhlovu ◽  
Brian Chanda Chiluba
Keyword(s):  
Soil Samples ◽  
Lead Contamination ◽  
Lead Content ◽  
Central Province ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Soil Lead ◽  
The North ◽  
Lead Metal ◽  
Lead Levels ◽  
The University

Pollution has increased soil lead levels to several thousand parts per million; the major cause of soil lead contamination in Kabwe district is the weathering from the former Zinc-lead mine. Soil lead is a health risk when directly ingested or inhaled as and it is of particular concern for children less than 6 years because of its implication on their growth. Hence this study set out to assess the lead soil content in four different sites of Kabwe district, Central province of Zambia. Literature was reviewed from studies that covered soil lead contamination. a quantitative analytical study was carried out and it involved geographical mapping of four different sites the north, South, East, and West of Kabwe district which were conveniently selected to collect soil Samples which were taken to The University of Zambia School of Mines, Geology Engineering Laboratory to determine the Levels of soil Lead content using a technique called Geo-Chemical Analysis. The results suggest that Chowa area is highly polluted with lead metal according to the globally recommended WHO guidelines and Zambia Environmental Management agency which all states that Residential areas should not exceed 400Kg/mg or parts per million.

scholarly journals Lead Levels in Tissues of Local Scavenger Chickens in Maiduguri, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 38-42
Author(s):  
H. I. Gambo ◽  
S. U. Hassan ◽  
I. O. Igbokwe ◽  
Y. A. Geidam
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Environmental Pollution ◽  
Lead Level ◽  
Lead Contamination ◽  
Lead Intoxication ◽  
Mining Activities ◽  
Standard Methods ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Lead Levels ◽  
Kidney Liver

Mineral mining activities with environmental pollution in Nigeria resulted in lead intoxication in humans and livestock. The likelihood of lead contamination of the environment from non-mining sources may exist in Maiduguri, Borno state, Nigeria. The study was carried out to evaluate the bioaccumulation of lead in extensively reared local scavenger chickens-LSC (Gallus gallusdomesticus) in Maiduguri. Two hundred samples each of the liver, kidney, intestine, muscle and blood were tested for lead using standard methods in toxicologic evaluation. There were significant (p<0.05) variations in lead levels in the kidney, liver, muscle, intestine and blood of local scavenger chickens. The highest mean lead level (17.0±12.0µg/kg) was observed in the liver, and the lowest leadlevel (4.0±7.0µg/kg) was in the blood. No significant (p>0.05) sex differences existed in the frequency of lead detection. Mean lead level in the liver of males was significantly (p<0.05) higher than that of females with the highest and lowest mean lead levels occurring in the liver and kidney of male chickens, respectively. The highest lead level detected was 414 µg/kg; in the kidney of a female LSC. It was therefore concluded that environmental pollution with lead may be detected in LSCthat bioaccumulate lead; with the liver having the highest affinity.

Are Blood Lead Levels in the United States Still Declining? The US National Health Nutrition and Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2016

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelvin KW Lui ◽  
Man-Fung Tsoi ◽  
Tommy Tsang Cheung ◽  
Ching-Lung Cheung ◽  
Bernard MY Cheung
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Lead Level ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
The United States ◽  
Reference Level ◽  
The Us ◽  
Low Income Groups ◽  
Lead Levels ◽  
Safe Limit ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Background: Lead is toxic without a safe limit. The current upper reference blood lead level (BLL), 5 μg/dL, came from the 97.5th percentile in children aged 1-5 years in NHANES 2007-2010.Objectives: We studied the latest trend in BLL in US NHANES and estimated the proportion of children with BLL ≥5 μg/dL, which would inform the setting of an upper reference level.Methods: We analyzed 68877 participants (aged 1 to 85 years) with BLL measurements in NHANES 1999-2016 using SPSS complex sample module v25.0.Results: In NHANES 2011-2012, 2013-2014, and 2015-2016, the mean and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of BLLs (μg/dL) were 0.97 (0.96, 0.99), 0.86 (0.85, 0.87), and 0.82 (0.81, 0.83), respectively (P <0.0001). The estimated proportion (95% CI) of children aged 1-5 years with elevated BLL (EBLL) in 2011-2012, 2013-2014, and 2015-2016 were 2.0% (1.3, 3.0), 0.5% (0.4, 0.7), and 1.3% (0.8, 2.3), respectively (P=0.267). In 2015-2016, the proportion of children with EBLL was similar in high- and low-income groups (P = 0.9979). The estimated 97.5th percentile of BLL in children was 3.71 μg/dL in NHANES 2015-2016.Conclusions: BLL continued to decline in the overall US population. The disparity in BLL in children from higher and lower income families has decreased. Our findings support a reduction in the reference BLL, continual monitoring of population BLL and continual efforts to reduce environmental exposure to lead.

scholarly journals Childhood Lead Exposure from Battery Recycling in Vietnam

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
William E. Daniell ◽  
Lo Van Tung ◽  
Ryan M. Wallace ◽  
Deborah J. Havens ◽  
Catherine J. Karr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lead Exposure ◽  
Lead Level ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Soil Lead ◽  
Effective Strategies ◽  
Battery Recycling ◽  
Home Based ◽  
Lead Levels

Background. Battery recycling facilities in developing countries can cause community lead exposure.Objective. To evaluate child lead exposure in a Vietnam battery recycling craft village after efforts to shift home-based recycling outside the village.Methods. This cross-sectional study evaluated 109 children in Dong Mai village, using blood lead level (BLL) measurement, parent interview, and household observation. Blood samples were analyzed with a LeadCare II field instrument; highest BLLs (≥45 μg/dL) were retested by laboratory analysis. Surface and soil lead were measured at 11 households and a school with X-ray fluorescence analyzer.Results. All children had high BLLs; 28% had BLL ≥45 μg/dL. Younger age, family recycling, and outside brick surfaces were associated with higher BLL. Surface and soil lead levels were high at all tested homes, even with no recycling history. Laboratory BLLs were lower than LeadCare BLLs, in 24 retested children.Discussion. In spite of improvements, lead exposure was still substantial and probably associated with continued home-based recycling, legacy contamination, and workplace take-home exposure pathways. There is a need for effective strategies to manage lead exposure from battery recycling in craft villages. These reported BLL values should be interpreted cautiously, although the observed field-laboratory discordance may reflect bias in laboratory results.

Assessing Spatial Characteristics of Soil Lead Contamination in the Residential Neighborhoods Near the Exide Battery Smelter

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
An-Min Wu ◽  
Jill Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Spatial Data ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Lead Contamination ◽  
Spatial Data Analysis ◽  
Soil Lead ◽  
Industrial Activities ◽  
Lead Levels

The presence of hazardous chemicals such as lead (Pb) or other heavy metals in the environment poses significant threats to human health. Industrial activities can increase the concentrations of these toxic metals in the soil, water and air where people live, work and play. When exposed to lead, residents face a higher risk of neurological damage, anemia or developmental delays. Urban soil lead levels, for example, are usually higher than the natural background lead levels due to the historical usage of lead paint, leaded gasoline and proximity to industrial activities. We explored a case in southeastern Los Angeles County, where lead contamination in the soil has been a particular concern near a lead-acid battery smelter. In this case study, we investigated soil lead levels across the neighborhoods surrounding the smelter as a mean to support this clean-up decision making. We used a hot spot analysis to identify clusters of high soil lead levels at a neighborhood scale. This case study can be used to teach higher-division undergraduate and graduate students to incorporate spatial thinking and exploratory spatial analysis approaches into the decision-making process for remediation of environmental contamination. Through this case study, the students will develop the knowledge about soil lead contamination and associated health risks, learn how exploratory spatial data analysis can assist examining the distribution of soil lead contamination and discuss potential strategies to improve the environmental remediation process in the urban environment.

scholarly journals Association Between Blood Lead Level and Uncontrolled Hypertension in the US Population (NHANES 1999–2016)

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (13) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Miao ◽  
Yan Liu ◽  
Thomas C. Tsai ◽  
Joel Schwartz ◽  
John S. Ji
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Lead Level ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
Uncontrolled Hypertension ◽  
Serum Cotinine ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Health And Nutrition ◽  
The Us ◽  
Lead Levels

Background This study aims to explore whether higher blood lead levels ( BLL ) may be associated with failure to control blood pressure and subsequent uncontrolled hypertension. Methods and Results We used serial cross‐sectional waves of the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 1999 to 2016. 30 762 subjects aged 20 years and above were included. Uncontrolled hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure ≥130 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure ≥80 mm Hg. We estimated odds ratios ( OR s) of quartiles of BLL for any hypertension and uncontrolled hypertension by sex using logistic regression, adjusted for demographics, smoking status, serum cotinine, alcohol intake, body mass index, and menopause status in women. The weighted prevalence of hypertension was 46.7%, of which 80.1% were uncontrolled. Men, younger ages, ethnic minorities, people with lower income, never and current smokers, and people with higher BLL were less likely to have their hypertension controlled. In men, compared with the lowest quartile of BLL (<0.94 μg/dL), the highest 2 quartiles (0.94–1.50 μg/dL, 1.50–2.30 μg/dL) were associated with hypertension (Q2: OR , 1.12; 95% CI , 0.96–1.30; Q3: OR , 1.16; 95% CI , 1.01–1.34; Q4: OR , 1.25; 95% CI , 1.08–1.45), but not in women. In hypertensive men, higher BLL was related to uncontrolled hypertension compared with the lowest quartile (Q2: OR , 1.34; 95% CI , 0.98–1.85; Q3: OR , 1.70; 95% CI , 1.26–2.30; Q4: OR , 1.96; 95% CI , 1.45–2.65). In women, the relationship was similar (Q2: OR , 1.26; 95% CI , 0.95–1.67; Q3: OR , 1.48; 95% CI , 1.10–2.00; Q4: 1.70; 95% CI , 1.26–2.30). Conclusions BLL is associated with higher prevalence of hypertension and uncontrolled hypertension, with more pronounced association in men.

Contribution of house dust contamination towards lead exposure among children in Karachi, Pakistan

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 271-275
Author(s):  
Akihiko Ikegami ◽  
Mayumi Ohtsu ◽  
Ambreen Sahito ◽  
Adeel Ahmed Khan ◽  
Zafar Fatmi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lead Exposure ◽  
House Dust ◽  
Blood Lead Level ◽  
Lead Level ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
Lead Contamination ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Tolerable Weekly Intake ◽  
Lead Levels ◽  
Lead Intake

AbstractLead exposure is associated with impaired neurodevelopment among children. House dust is recognized as one of the important secondary sources of lead exposure in children. We assessed the relationship between lead contamination in house dust and blood lead level in Pakistani children. We investigated lead contamination in house dust samples collected from 59 houses in Karachi, Pakistan. The lead content of house dust in Pakistan was relatively higher than that reported in previous studies. Weekly lead intakes from house dust were considerably higher among Pakistani children. In Pakistani children, 12% (7 of 58) showed lead intake values greater than the previous Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake of lead. A correlation (Pearson’s correlation = 0.37) was found between weekly lead intake from house dust and blood lead level in Pakistani children. In addition, blood lead levels were significantly higher in children with high lead intakes than in children with low and medium lead intakes. Thus, house dust is an important source of lead exposure in Pakistani children.

scholarly journals Understanding evidence-based lead mitigation: Is the lead mitigation advice and strategies being communicated to citizens evidence-based?

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shania James ◽  
Heidi Beidinger-Burnett
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Lead Level ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Lead Contamination ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
State Health ◽  
User Friendliness ◽  
Lead Hazards

Background and Hypothesis: The CDC has declared that there is no safe blood lead level for a child, but still approximately 37 million homes are lead-contaminated of which 4 million are home to small children. Lead abatement is an expensive strategy to remove all lead hazards rendering a home lead-free. Many of these lead-contaminated homes are in lower socioeconomic areas which makes lead abatement nearly impossible. Given the expense of lead abatement, low-cost interim controls are needed to reduce lead exposure thus creating a lead-safe home. We hypothesize that updated lead mitigation strategies need pursued, and there is a large disparity of lead information disseminated between health departments.    Project Methods: Using JSTOR and Boolean criteria, we conducted a systematic literature review on evidence-based, do-it-yourself (DIY) lead mitigation strategies for sources of lead contamination. Once the literature review was completed, QualtricsR was used to quantitatively and qualitatively evaluate the 50 state health department’s websites for lead policy, user friendliness, and recommended lead interim controls as compared to the literature review.     Results: Results from the literature indicate that there is a lack of current information regarding new strategies for lead mitigation. Research prior to the year 2000 shows that cleaning flat surfaces by wet mopping, washing hands frequently, mulching, removing shoes before entering the home, and painting over deteriorating paint significantly reduces lead accumulation in the home. Preliminary results from the website review found that there is no baseline of uniform information being distributed, and evidence-based practices are not included for each state health department.    Potential Impact: The lack of continuity nationwide for lead mitigation showcases that families are not receiving all of the information that research has to offer to help keep their homes safe. This research indicates that there is a need for national lead policies and recommendations, so each family in the U.S. is equally informed.  

scholarly journals Assessing the Presence of Soil Lead Contamination on the Premises of Air Liquide Ghana Limited in Tema, Ghana

2020 ◽  
pp. 60-65
Author(s):  
Prince M. Gyekye ◽  
Adams Sadick ◽  
Felix O. Ababio ◽  
Mohammed Musah ◽  
Calys Tagoe Edward
Keyword(s):  
Atomic Absorption ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Lead Contamination ◽  
Protection Agency ◽  
Soil Lead ◽  
Lead Compounds ◽  
Concentration Levels ◽  
Over Time

A study was conducted to determine the extent of site contamination by Lead (Pb) present in the soil on the premises of Air Liquide Ghana Limited, and give the appropriate recommendation for decontamination, where necessary. Eighteen (18) soil samples were collected from the study area using an augur. The geographical coordinates and elevations of the samples were recorded with the GPS. The samples were analyzed in the laboratory using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. In the absence of present standards from the Ghana Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), both the Dutch List and the International List standard were used to evaluate the concentration levels of Pb in the soil. Results from the analysis revealed that the concentration of lead (Pb) initially exceeded the international threshold of the Dutch intervention value of 530 mg/kg in some sample areas. Nine locations of the sample areas where diesel was being stored, S2-Diese Tank and Smoking Area S5-Smoking Area recorded values of 636.4 mg/kg and 602 respectively which is above the recommended threshold. The control recorded below the threshold value of 530 mg/kg. The study also showed that Lead compounds attached to soil particles took a shorter time to break down to reduce the levels of concentration over time.

scholarly journals Investigate the influence of halloysite and activated carbon mixtures in phytostabilization of Pb-contaminated soil with Lolium perenne L.

2017 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 69-80
Author(s):  
Maja Radziemska
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Contaminated Soil ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Soil Mass ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Lead Contamination ◽  
Soil Lead ◽  
Sodium Calcium ◽  
Calcium And Magnesium ◽  
Different Levels

Abstract A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of halloysite and activated carbon mixtures on the biomass and distribution of macronutrients (Mg, K, Ca, Na, P) in ryegrass grown in Pb-contaminated soil. The soil was spiked with four different levels of lead contamination, i.e. 0 (control), 200, 400, 800 mg·kg−1 were applied in an analytical grade Pb(NO3)2 solution mixed thoroughly with the soil. Raw halloysite (3%) and activated carbon (1% relative to soil mass) mixtures were used to reduce the effect of soil lead contamination. Ryegrass of the Bokser variety was harvested after 42 days, and soil samples were collected for laboratory tests. The mixture of sorbents applied in the experiment which turned out to be most effective at doses of lead amounting to 400 and 800 mg·kg−1 of soil, with the increase in the yield of ryegrass being the highest. Increasing contamination of soil with lead in the series without the mixture of sorbents increased the contents of phosphorus, sodium, calcium and magnesium in ryegrass. The applied mixture of halloysite and activated carbon changed the macronutrient concentration in ryegrass, with the greatest changes found in that of potassium and sodium.

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