How to face the association between tobacco and psychosis?

Evidences suggest an association between tobacco and psychosis. However, the reasons why people with psychosis have a higher tendency to smoke than the general population are not yet clear. Recently, Gurillo et al. reported that daily use of tobacco is associated with an increased risk of psychotic disorder and an earlier age of onset of psychotic illness. His study also calculated a significant mean difference in age at onset, expressed in years, and estimated the prevalence of smoking in people with their first episode of psychosis. According to this and other findings, it could be said that the causes of the smoking-schizophrenia association are complex and cannot be explained solely as a result of some aspect of schizophrenia. Thus, new studies in this area are needed, as well as strategies that look for the monitoring of smoking effects in order to reduce it among individuals with schizophrenia. Key-words: Tobacco, Psychosis, Illness.

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Alcohol-induced psychotic disorder and delirium in the general population

The British Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1192/bjp.bp.109.070797 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 197 (3) ◽

pp. 200-206 ◽

Cited By ~ 52

Author(s):

Jonna Perälä ◽

Kimmo Kuoppasalmi ◽

Sami Pirkola ◽

Tommi Härkänen ◽

Samuli Saarni ◽

...

Keyword(s):

General Population ◽

Alcohol Dependence ◽

Psychotic Disorder ◽

Low Socioeconomic Status ◽

Psychotic Disorders ◽

Age At Onset ◽

Population Sample ◽

Alcohol Problems ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Axis I

BackgroundEpidemiological data on alcohol-induced psychotic disorder and delirium (alcohol-induced psychotic syndrome, AIPS) are scarce.AimsTo investigate the epidemiology of AIPS, the risk factors for developing AIPS among people with alcohol dependence, and mortality associated with alcohol dependence with or without AIPS, in a sample drawn from the general population of Finland.MethodA general population sample of 8028 persons were interviewed with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview and screened for psychotic disorders using multiple sources. Best-estimate diagnoses of psychotic disorders were made using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM–IV Axis I Disorders and case notes. Data on hospital treatments and deaths were collected from national registers.ResultsThe lifetime prevalence was 0.5% for AIPS and was highest (1.8%) among men of working age. Younger age at onset of alcohol dependence, low socioeconomic status, father's mental health or alcohol problems and multiple hospital treatments were associated with increased risk of AIPS. Participants with a history of AIPS had considerable medical comorbidity, and 37% of them died during the 8-year follow-up.ConclusionsAlcohol-induced psychotic disorder is a severe mental disorder with poor outcome.

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Age at onset of non-affective psychosis in relation to cannabis use, other drug use and gender

Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1017/s0033291712000062 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 42 (9) ◽

pp. 1903-1911 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

N. Dekker ◽

J. Meijer ◽

M. Koeter ◽

W. van den Brink ◽

N. van Beveren ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Regression Analysis ◽

Drug Use ◽

Psychotic Disorder ◽

Age At Onset ◽

Cannabis Use ◽

Psychotic Illness ◽

Affective Psychosis ◽

The Mean ◽

And Gender ◽

Independent Effects

BackgroundCannabis use is associated with an earlier age at onset of psychotic illness. The aim of the present study was to examine whether this association is confounded by gender or other substance use in a large cohort of patients with a non-affective psychotic disorder.MethodIn 785 patients with a non-affective psychotic disorder, regression analysis was used to investigate the independent effects of gender, cannabis use and other drug use on age at onset of first psychosis.ResultsAge at onset was 1.8 years earlier in cannabis users compared to non-users, controlling for gender and other possible confounders. Use of other drugs did not have an additional effect on age at onset when cannabis use was taken into account. In 63.5% of cannabis-using patients, age at most intense cannabis use preceded the age at onset of first psychosis. In males, the mean age at onset was 1.3 years lower than in females, controlling for cannabis use and other confounders.ConclusionsCannabis use and gender are independently associated with an earlier onset of psychotic illness. Our findings also suggest that cannabis use may precipitate psychosis. More research is needed to clarify the neurobiological factors that make people vulnerable to this precipitating effect of cannabis.

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Mortality in offspring of mothers with psychotic disorder

Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1017/s0033291707002383 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 38 (8) ◽

pp. 1203-1210 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

J. Suvisaari ◽

L. Häkkinen ◽

J. Haukka ◽

J. Lönnqvist

Keyword(s):

High Risk ◽

General Population ◽

Psychotic Disorder ◽

Psychotic Disorders ◽

Suicide Attempts ◽

Risk Group ◽

High Risk Group ◽

Suicide Mortality ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Maternal Suicide

BackgroundPrevious studies suggest that offspring of mothers with psychotic disorders have an almost two-fold higher mortality risk from birth until early adulthood. We investigated predictors of mortality from late adolescence until middle age in offspring of mothers with psychotic disorders.MethodThe Helsinki High-Risk Study follows up offspring (n=337) of women treated for schizophrenia spectrum disorders in mental hospitals in Helsinki before 1975. Factors related to mortality up to 2005 among offspring of these mothers was investigated with a survival model. Hazard rate ratios (HRR) were calculated using sex, diagnosis of psychotic disorder, childhood socio-economic status, maternal diagnosis, and maternal suicide attempts and aggressive symptoms as explanatory variables. The effect of family was investigated by including a frailty term in the model. We also compared mortality between the high-risk group and the Finnish general population.ResultsWithin the high-risk group, females had lower all-cause mortality (HRR 0.43, p=0.05) and mortality from unnatural causes (HRR 0.24, p=0.03) than males. Having themselves been diagnosed with a psychotic disorder was associated with higher mortality from unnatural causes (HRR 4.76, p=0.01), while maternal suicide attempts were associated with higher suicide mortality (HRR 8.64, p=0.03). Mortality in the high-risk group was over two-fold higher (HRR 2.44, p<0.0001) than in the general population, and remained significantly higher when high-risk offspring who later developed psychotic disorders were excluded from the study sample (HRR 2.30, p<0.0001).ConclusionsOffspring of mothers with psychotic disorder are at increased risk of several adverse outcomes, including premature death.

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Interrelation of Chronic Tension-Type Headache With and Without Medication Overuse and Migraine in the General Population: The Akershus Study of Chronic Headache

Cephalalgia ◽

10.1111/j.1468-2982.2008.01729.x ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 29 (3) ◽

pp. 331-337 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

K Aaseth ◽

RB Grande ◽

C Lundqvist ◽

MB Russell

Keyword(s):

General Population ◽

Chronic Headache ◽

Medication Overuse ◽

Age At Onset ◽

Tension Type Headache ◽

Chronic Tension Type Headache ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Type Headache ◽

Complex Matter

We studied the interrelation of chronic tension-type headache with and without medication overuse (CTTH) and migraine in a random sample of 30 000 persons aged 30–44 years. They received a mailed questionnaire. Those with a possible chronic headache were interviewed by neurological residents. The International Classification of Headache Disorders was used. A total of 386 persons had CTTH. Compared with the general population, men had a 2.8-fold and women a 2.4-fold significantly increased risk of migraine without aura (MO). The risk of migraine with aura (MA) was not increased. The mean age at onset of CTTH was significantly higher in those with than in those without co-occurrence of MO. Bilateral MO attacks were significantly more frequent in those with age at onset of CTTH prior to age at onset of MO compared with those with age at onset in reverse order. CTTH and MO are interrelated, possibly in a complex matter. In contrast, CTTH and MA are not interrelated.

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Risk of prostate cancer for men fathering through assisted reproduction: nationwide population based register study

BMJ ◽

10.1136/bmj.l5214 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. l5214 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Yahia Al-Jebari ◽

Angel Elenkov ◽

Elin Wirestrand ◽

Indra Schütz ◽

Aleksander Giwercman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Prostate Cancer ◽

Androgen Deprivation Therapy ◽

Assisted Reproduction ◽

Early Onset ◽

Age Of Onset ◽

Age At Onset ◽

Androgen Deprivation ◽

Hazard Ratio ◽

In Vitro Fertilisation ◽

Increased Risk

Abstract Objective To compare the risk and severity of prostate cancer between men achieving fatherhood by assisted reproduction and men conceiving naturally. Design National register based cohort study. Setting Sweden from January 1994 to December 2014. Participants 1 181 490 children born alive in Sweden during 1994-2014 to the same number of fathers. Fathers were grouped according to fertility status by mode of conception: 20 618 by in vitro fertilisation (IVF), 14 882 by intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), and 1 145 990 by natural conception. Main outcome measures Prostate cancer diagnosis, age of onset, and androgen deprivation therapy (serving as proxy for advanced or metastatic malignancy). Results Among men achieving fatherhood by IVF, by ICSI, and by non-assisted means, 77 (0.37%), 63 (0.42%), and 3244 (0.28%), respectively, were diagnosed as having prostate cancer. Mean age at onset was 55.9, 55.1, and 57.1 years, respectively. Men who became fathers through assisted reproduction had a statistically significantly increased risk of prostate cancer compared with men who conceived naturally (hazard ratio 1.64, 95% confidence interval 1.25 to 2.15, for ICSI; 1.33, 1.06 to 1.66, for IVF). They also had an increased risk of early onset disease (that is, diagnosis before age 55 years) (hazard ratio 1.86, 1.25 to 2.77, for ICSI; 1.51, 1.09 to 2.08, for IVF). Fathers who conceived through ICSI and developed prostate cancer received androgen deprivation therapy to at least the same extent as the reference group (odds ratio 1.91; P=0.07). Conclusions Men who achieved fatherhood through assisted reproduction techniques, particularly through ICSI, are at increased risk for early onset prostate cancer and thus constitute a risk group in which testing and careful long term follow-up for prostate cancer may be beneficial.

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First incidence, age of onset outcomes and risk factors of onset of DSM-5 oppositional defiant disorder: a cohort study of Spanish children from ages 3 to 9

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2018-022493 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. e022493 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Lourdes Ezpeleta ◽

J Blas Navarro ◽

Nuria de la Osa ◽

Eva Penelo ◽

Josep Maria Domènech

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

General Population ◽

Oppositional Defiant Disorder ◽

Age Of Onset ◽

Cumulative Risk ◽

Preschool Age ◽

First Episode ◽

Second Phase ◽

Oppositional Defiant ◽

Internalising Problems

ObjectiveTo examine the 1-year first incidence and prevalence of oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), the outcomes on psychopathology and functioning by age of onset and the risk factors of onset of ODD from ages 3 to 9 in children from the Spanish general population.DesignLongitudinal with seven follow-ups and double cohort (ODD and non-ODD children).SettingGeneral population of preschool and elementary school children in Barcelona (Spain).ParticipantsOn a first phase, the parent-rated Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire conduct problems scale plus ODD Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth version, symptoms were used to screen for behavioural problems. The second phase sample size contained 622 cases at age 3 and, at age 9, 418 remained in the study.ResultsThe probability of the onset of ODD showed increasing values at ages 4 (R=2.7%) and 5 years (R=4.4%). These values decreased until age 7 (R=1.9%) and increased again until age 9 (R=3.6%). Up to 9 years old, the cumulative risk of new cases of ODD was 21.9%. Early onset was associated with a higher risk of depression comorbidity and later onset with higher functional impairment and symptomatology. Subthreshold ODD, high scores in irritability and headstrong dimensions, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and other comorbidity, negative affectivity until age 7, difficulties in inhibit and emotional control, punitive parenting and maternal internalising problems were risk factors of a first episode of ODD during this 7-year period.ConclusionsThe risk of new cases of ODD in the general population at preschool age and during childhood is high. Preschool age is a target period for preventive interventions. Identified risk factors are objectives for targeted and indicated interventions.

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The impact of Cannabis in Schizophrenia: Pafip Three-year Longitudinal Study on Outcome and Functionality After a First Episode of Psychosis

European Psychiatry ◽

10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.1962 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 41 (S1) ◽

pp. S136-S137

Author(s):

M. Gomez Revuelta ◽

M. Juncal Ruiz ◽

O. Porta Olivares ◽

M. Fernández Rodríguez ◽

D. Abejas Díez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Intervention Program ◽

Age Of Onset ◽

Cannabis Use ◽

First Episode ◽

Long Term Outcome ◽

Clinical Prognosis ◽

Increased Risk ◽

The Impact

IntroductionThe association between cannabis and psychosis makes crucial the intervention on cannabis use disorder at first episodes of psychosis (FEP), especially among young population. In this group of patients, the harmful potential of cannabis is more evident by its influence on neurodevelopment. However, the nature of the association cannabis-psychosis is not clearly described. It seems to represent a mediating factor for an increased risk of psychosis in healthy and high-risk populations, determining an earlier age of onset and worsening long term outcome.ObjectivesTo assess the impact of cannabis in terms of functional and clinical prognosis in patients recruited after a FEP.Material and methodsPAFIP is an early intervention program for early stages of psychosis. One hundred and sixty-three were included, followed-up at regular intervals of six months for three years with administration of clinical and functional scales (BPRS, SAPS, SANS, CDRS, GAF and Drake). Patients were divided into three groups: (1) those non-users neither before the onset nor during follow-up (nn) PEP, (2) consumers before the FEP and during follow-up (ss) and (3) consumers before the FEP that gave up consumption during follow-up (sn).ResultsNo statistically significant differences were observed in terms of functionality at three-year follow-up endpoint but a trend to a better-preserved functionality in the sn group. The sn group presented lower scores in scales for positive symptoms with respect to the comparison groups.ConclusionsThe interruption in cannabis use may have a beneficial effect on short-term clinical prognosis and functionality on long term.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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Risk of dementia associated with psychotic disorders in later life: the health in men study (HIMS)

Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1017/s003329171800065x ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 49 (2) ◽

pp. 232-242 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Osvaldo P. Almeida ◽

Andrew H. Ford ◽

Graeme J. Hankey ◽

Bu B. Yeap ◽

Jonathan Golledge ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Psychotic Disorder ◽

Psychotic Disorders ◽

Age Of Onset ◽

Bipolar Disorders ◽

Later Life ◽

International Classification Of Diseases ◽

Renal Diseases ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Clinical Diagnoses ◽

Classification Of Diseases

AbstractBackgroundRecent research has identified several potentially modifiable risk factors for dementia, including mental disorders. Psychotic disorders, such as schizophrenia and delusional disorder, have also been associated with increased risk of cognitive impairment and dementia, but currently available data difficult to generalise because of bias and confounding. We designed the present study to investigate if the presence of a psychotic disorder increased the risk of incident dementia in later life.MethodsProspective cohort study of a community-representative sample of 37 770 men aged 65–85 years who were free of dementia at study entry. They were followed for up to 17.7 years using electronic health records. Clinical diagnoses followed the International Classification of Diseases guidelines. As psychotic disorders increase mortality, we considered death a competing risk.ResultsA total of 8068 (21.4%) men developed dementia and 23 999 (63.5%) died during follow up. The sub-hazard ratio of dementia associated with a psychotic disorder was 2.67 (95% CI 2.30–3.09), after statistical adjustments for age and prevalent cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal and renal diseases, cancer, as well as hearing loss, depressive and bipolar disorders, and alcohol use disorder. The association between psychotic disorder and dementia risk varied slightly according to the duration of the psychotic disorder (highest for those with the shortest illness duration), but not the age of onset. No information about the use of antipsychotics was available.ConclusionOlder men with a psychotic disorder have nearly three times greater risk of developing dementia than those without psychosis. The pathways linking psychotic disorders to dementia remain unclear but may involve mechanisms other than those associated with Alzheimer's disease and other common dementia syndromes.

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DHCR7 rs12785878 T>C Polymorphism Is Associated With an Increased Risk of Early Onset of Alzheimer's Disease in Chinese Population

Frontiers in Genetics ◽

10.3389/fgene.2021.583695 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Xixi Liu ◽

Pengfei Wu ◽

Lu Shen ◽

Bin Jiao ◽

Xinxin Liao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Alzheimer’S Disease ◽

Alzheimer's Disease ◽

Vitamin D ◽

Early Onset ◽

Chinese Population ◽

Age Of Onset ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Age At Onset ◽

Vitamin D Insufficiency ◽

Increased Risk

Background: Vitamin D insufficiency has been considered a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD) in several studies. Recently, four single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to be genome-wide significant for 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] were identified to have an association with the risk of AD. These include GC rs2282679 A>C, CYP2R1 rs10741657 T>C, DHCR7 rs12785878 T>C, and CYP24A1 rs6013897 T>A. However, the association between these polymorphisms and AD susceptibility in the Chinese population remains unclear.Methods: A case-control cohort study was conducted in 676 AD patients (mean age at onset was 69.52 ± 10.90 years, male: 39.2%) and 551 healthy controls (mean age was 67.73 ± 6.02 years, male: 44.8%). Genotyping was determined by PCR and SNaPshot sequencing. To determine whether the four SNPs account for risks in AD in Chinese population, multivariate logistic regression models were performed. Stratified analysis was performed based on gender and age of onset of AD, separately. Statistical significance was set at 0.0125 (0.05/4) based on Bonferroni correction.Findings:DHCR7 rs12785878 T>C was found to be significantly associated with an increased risk of early-onset Alzheimer's disease (EOAD) (n = 300, risk allele C, adjusted OR = 1.542, adjusted 95% CI = 1.176–2.023, p = 0.002). There was no statistical significance of the other three SNPs between the two groups.Interpretation: Our results suggested that DHCR7 rs12785878 T>C might be associated with an increased risk of EOAD in the Chinese population, while other polymorphisms related to vitamin D insufficiency might not be. However, due to the limited data in this study, replication studies in a larger sample are required.

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The Management of Trigger Finger: A 5-Year Retrospective Review

International Journal of Orthopaedics Research ◽

10.33140/ijor.04.02.02 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

Keyword(s):

General Population ◽

Retrospective Review ◽

Flexor Tendon ◽

Age Of Onset ◽

Ring Finger ◽

Trigger Finger ◽

Dominant Hand ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Stenosing Tenosynovitis ◽

A1 Pulley

Stenosing tenosynovitis, generally known as Trigger Finger (TF), is a common hand disorder characterized by pain and locking of the affected digit, which is often found on the dominant hand [1- 3]. This locking occurs when swelling or thickening of the flexor tendon restricts its ability to glide through the A1 pulley during flexion or extension [4, 5]. The general population has a two percent lifetime risk of developing trigger finger, with an average age of onset of 50 years [6, 7]. Women are affected up to six times more than men and diabetics have an increased risk of 10% [8, 9]. Although all digits are susceptible, evidence has shown the ring finger and thumb to be the most affected [10].

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