Aboriginal Worlds and Australian Capitalism

2021 ◽  
Vol 121 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-72
Author(s):  
Heidi Norman

Australia has a fairly established literature that seeks to explain, on one hand, the pre-colonial Aboriginal society and economy and, on the other, the relationship that emerged between the First Peoples’ economic system and society, and the settler economy. Most of this relies on theoretical frameworks that narrate traditional worlds dissolving. At best, these narratives see First Peoples subsumed into the workforce, retaining minimal cultural residue. In this paper, I argue against these narratives, showing the ways Aboriginal people have disrupted, or implicitly questioned and challenged dominant forms of Australian capitalism. I have sought to write not within the earlier framework of what is called Aboriginal History that often concentrated on the governance of Aborigines rather than responses to governance. In doing this, I seek to bring into view a history of Aboriginal strategies within a capitalist world that sought to maintain the most treasured elements of social life - generosity, equality, relatedness, minimal possessions, and a rich and pervasive ceremonial life.

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 1-2
Author(s):  
Masatoshi Ideto ◽  
Yuki Kurisu ◽  
Hideyuki Toishigawa

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Landform of lowland is remains of the natural disasters and the history. Residents of this area are influenced of the landform with history of natural disaster. Therefore, there is an inseparable relationship between topography and social life. At Geospatial Information Authority of Japan (GSI), we are creating Thematic maps which clearly express topographic information. We also create, Thematic maps which distinguish the topography from the formation of the land. New findings can be obtained by considering these thematic maps in combination.</p><p> In this paper, we study the relationship between landform and history of Tokyo by comparing “Digital Elevation Topographic Map” and “Marsh data in the early Meiji Period”. (This early Meiji Period here is the 1880s.)</p>


2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanja Petrović

The article discusses the social world formed around canneries in small coastal and insular towns in the northeastern Adriatic. Although associated with hard, unpleasant labor and demanding work conditions, the fish canning industry, particularly in the period of late socialism, offered a framework in which a meaningful social life was organized and lived. In this way, the local impact of canneries reached much beyond providing financial means to its employees. To understand the social meaning of fish canning in the Yugoslav Adriatic, the article focuses on the relationship between the now largely vanished local fish canning industry and tourism that is increasingly becoming the dominant (and the only) source of income for local communities. Lefebvre’s concept of rhythmanalysis proves to be a productive lens to view the complex and often ambiguous relationship between the two industries, and to narrate the history of fish canning through the senses – what was seen, heard, smelled, felt. These intense, embodied, sensorial memories caution us that the dominant claims and narratives which interpret the replacement of industry with tourism (and other tertiary sector activities) as a necessary, inevitable and desirable developmental step should not be taken for granted.


1984 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 24-32
Author(s):  
David Huggonson

A common misapprehension still prevalent in Australia is that traditional Aboriginal society had no organized educational system. This misapprehension seems based on the ethnocentric concept of British nationalism reinforced by the belief that Christianity was sacrosanct and provided an unassailable moral code. When coupled with the profit motive of capitalism, this belief justified the wholesale destruction of Aboriginal society (Rowley 1970, Reynolds 1981). Prior to European contact most of the instruction of children was carried out by women, and both sexes gained a detailed knowledge of their physical environment. Women were also responsible for the complete spiritual instruction of girls and of boys up to the age of puberty. A boy’s uncle assumed a mentor role during his adolescence (Cowlishaw, 1981). These educational methods were successful in that children were prepared for the particular way of life of their tribe, and there were very few ‘drop outs’, or failures in this system (Hart, 1969).The tragic deaths of the British explorers, Burke and Wills, demonstrated the worthlessness which the Europeans attached to Aboriginal knowledge. Burke habitually chased Aboriginal people away from his camp with his revolver (Woolf, 1974). The earlier explorer, Charles Sturt had been saved from death by scurvy because the surgeon, John Browne, fed him salt bush berries after observing the Yandruwandra people collecting and eating this source of Vitamin C.The British believed English to be the language of enlightenment and viewed the 633, (Reed 1969) different Aboriginal languages and dialects as immoral and primitive. The British made little attempt to learn any Aboriginal languages and the fact that the languages did not exist in a written form further enforced the view of their worthlessness. Contemporary linguistic studies show Aboriginal languages are grammatically complex and that most species of plants and animals to be found in a tribe’s country were represented in their language’s detailed vocabulary (Robertson, 1983). Obviously, if Burke and Wills had been less impatient and arrogant they would not have perished even in the arid lands of Central Australia. They could have survived by developing a rapport with local Aborigines. However, if one’s object is to take possession of a people’s land by exterminating them, it is better to view them psychologically as sub-human or a relic from a different evolutionary era, as many social Darwinists did, than to develop an empathy with them (Fromm, 1942).


1992 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 441-465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linzi Manicom

Although South African women's history has been growing in volume and sophistication over the past decade, the impact of gender analysis has yet to be felt in mainstream or radical historiography. One reason for this neglect is the way in which the categories of both ‘gender’ and ‘women’ have been conceived – with ‘women’ assumed to have a stable referent and ‘gender’ treated as synonymous with women. Those areas of social life where women are not immediately present have thus remained unreconstructed by the theoretical implications of gender. This is particularly the case with the history of ‘the state’.The article identifies and looks critically at the major paradigms of South African women's and gender history in terms of how the relationship between ‘the state’ and ‘women’ is implicitly or explicitly represented. It argues that the understanding of the category ‘women’ as socially and historically constructed (as evident in more recently published gender history) provides a way of moving beyond the more static or abstractly posed state-versus-women relationship. This requires too that ‘the South African state’ be understood not as unitary or coherent but as institutionally diverse with different objectives being taken up and produced as policy and practice. The project then becomes one of understanding South African state formation as a gendered and gendering process, of exploring the different institutional sites and ruling discourses in which gender identities and categories are constructed.


2020 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 78-82
Author(s):  
S. Zhirenov ◽  
◽  
А. Smanova ◽  
Zh. Nebesaeva ◽  
◽  
...  

The article considers the coding of the system of national values in Kazakh art and their linguistic expression in the linguocultural aspect. There is a linguistic representation of the place of art in the national culture, the activity of cultural values in the worldview of the ethnos. If the indicator of the culture of an ethnos is cultural values, then the value of cultural values is determined by language. Art is an indicator of cultural and social life, endowed with the ancient cultural and spiritual value of the national existence of the ethnos. Considering that different forms of art and their compositions are marked and distinguished by language, the article analyzes in detail the question of the relationship of art to language, language to art. The existence of such categories as the history of a nation and the ethics of words, culture and art of an ethnos, aesthetic cognition and taste, folk wisdom and spiritual food is considered in the existence of a language. The role of language in expressing the essence of art is described in detail.


2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nguyen Thi Nhu

Ecological disasters have affected all countries and regions around the world. It hinders the process of social modernization, and threatens the survival of all mankind. In that context, the building of ecological ethics becomes one of the urgent and practical needs to contribute to environmental protection, ensuring sustainable development. Researching the history of Vietnamese thoughts in the 15th - 16th centuries reveal that Nguyen Binh Khiem is one of the typical thinkers whose moral philosophy is not only valuable for that historical period, but there are still many values for all areas of today's social life, including the area of ecological ethics. In this article, the author focuses on analyzing his three typical thoughts, including: thought on loving peace; thought on nature, thought on the relationship between man and nature; the philosophy of living in harmony with nature, thereby drawing the value of these thoughts for the issue of ecological ethics building in the current period. <p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0790/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>


Heritage ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-144
Author(s):  
Gabriel López-Martínez ◽  
Klaus Schriewer

The cemetery is a cultural landscape that represents themes of great relevance to interpret the structure of a society, roles, and hierarchies, as a reflection of its social life. The cemetery gathers a whole symbolic universe where local social histories are represented, beyond the history of art and the architectural aspect. As a heritage element, the cemetery shows us the socio-cultural changes of a territory: religious questioning, changes linked to the family, individualization of contemporary society or broader questions about socio-economic structure. This article presents the experience conducted during the last 6 years in the Cemetery “Nuestro Padre Jesús” in Murcia (Spain), through a collaboration among the Sociedad Murciana de Antropolgía (SOMA), the University of Murcia and the Municipality of Murcia, developing the project “Funerary Cultures”, whose main objective is to promote the heritage, cultural and historical values of the funerary culture. Specifically, as a result of this teaching innovation experience, the six thematic guides to visit the cemetery are presented as an experience of patrimonialization of elements of the cemetery and its consequent selection and consensus exercise to determine what was considered as heritage in the context of the cemetery. Finally, a proposal of a systematic process in the valuation and selection of the material objects in the cemetery is presented; this proposal allows us to establish a debate on what considerations to take into account when considering the relationship between cultural heritage and the cemetery as a cultural landscape in permanent transformation.


It has long been suggested that films have changed the way we listen, but cinema’s contribution to broader listening cultures has only recently started to receive serious academic attention. Taking this issue as its central topic, The Oxford Handbook of Cinematic Listening explores—from philosophical, archival, empirical, and analytical perspectives—the genealogies of cinema’s audiovisual practices, the relationship between film aesthetics and listening protocols, and the extension of cinematic modes of listening into other media and everyday situations. Featuring scholars from musicology, film and literary studies, ethnomusicology and sound studies, media and communications, and psychology, this Handbook aims to foster new ways of thinking about the intersection between the history of listening and the history of the moving image. It offers a wealth of original case studies and novel perspectives that show how cinematic listening is constantly being redefined in relation to shifting historical, spatial, textual, and theoretical frameworks.


2021 ◽  
pp. 116-126
Author(s):  
Р.Я. ФИДАРОВА

Человек и государство тесно взаимосвязаны. Антропологическая ориентация государства развивается исторически. Само государство зародилось на заре политической истории человечества, в эпоху рабовладения или в феодальном обществе, как у алан-осетин, и тогда же формируется первый этап взаимосвязей человека и государства. Процесс становления социально-исторических связей человека и государства на первом этапе обусловлен своеобразием формирующегося государства. Оно состояло из двух социальных образований: из господствующих классов и из низших слоев. Соответственно отношение государства к ним было разное. Государство отстаивало социально-политический статус господствующего класса, чьи интересы оно и обслуживало, утверждая позиции данного класса. В целом государство так или иначе регулировало отношения между людьми. Новый этап во взаимосвязях человека и государства начался в эпоху капитализма, со становлением товарно-денежных отношений. Обусловлен он был объективными обстоятельствами жизни осетин, когда существенно изменились общественное бытие и общественное сознание. Изменился и человек, субъект общественной жизни. Если в эпоху феодализма государство составляли господствующие и зависимые субъекты, то в XIX в. на арену истории вышел класс буржуазии, появилась интеллигенция, вышедшая не только из буржуазии, но и из низших слоев. Данное обстоятельство существенно меняло, обогащало функции государства, и предъявляло к нему определенные требования. Скажем, требование быть политическим по характеру, т.е. решать политические задачи и обращать внимание на каждого человека, гражданина. По-другому сказывались отношения между человеком и государством в советскую эпоху. С одной стороны, целью своей оно ставило всестороннее и гармоничное развитие советского человека, с другой, – во всех сферах жизни укреплялось жесткое партийное руководство. В результате происходили серьезные трансформации во взаимоотношениях человека и государства. Значительно активизировались процессы демократизации общественно-политической жизни, что в итоге привело к распаду Советского государства. Осетинская литература, верная своему родовому свойству отражать правдиво социальную действительность, реалистически раскрыла все этапы становления взаимосвязей человека и государства. Person and state are closely interconnected. The anthropological orientation of the state develops historically. The state itself arose at the dawn of the political history of mankind, in the era of slavery or in a feudal society, like among the Alan-Ossetians, and at the same time the first stage of the relationship between man and the state was formed. The process of the formation of socio-historical ties between a person and the state at the first stage is due to the originality of the emerging state. It consisted of two social entities: the ruling classes and the lower strata. Accordingly, the attitude of the state towards them was different. The state defended the socio-political status of the ruling class, whose interests it served, asserting the position of this class. In general, the state somehow regulated relations between people. A new stage in the relationship between man and state began in the era of capitalism, with the formation of commodity-money relations. It was conditioned by the objective circumstances of the life of the Ossetians, when social life and social consciousness changed significantly. The person, the subject of social life, has also changed. If in the era of feudalism the state was made up of dominant and dependent subjects, then in the 19th century the bourgeois class entered the arena of history, an intelligentsia appeared, emerging not only from the bourgeoisie, but also from the lower strata. This circumstance significantly changed, enriched the functions of the state, and made certain demands on it. Let's say the requirement to be political in nature, i.e. solve political problems and pay attention to every person, citizen. The relationship between man and state in the Soviet era had a different effect. On the one hand, it set its goal the all-round and harmonious development of Soviet people, on the other hand, tough party leadership was strengthened in all spheres of life. As a result, serious transformations took place in the relationship between a person and the state. The processes of democratization of social and political life became much more active, which ultimately led to the collapse of the Soviet state. Ossetian literature, true to its generic property to reflect truthfully social reality, realistically revealed all the stages of the formation of the relationship between man and state. Ключевые слова: государство, человек, осетинская литература, роман, повесть, рассказ, герой, характер.


2018 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-158
Author(s):  
Bruce Gilbert

Abstract: Broadly speaking, this paper is about the relationship of the human rights tradition to substantive issues of social justice, including class exploitation and environmental destruction.  These themes I take to be of global concern, but I will examine them today as they arise from conflicts and struggles situated in Brazil.   The key to the argument is to show that the human rights tradition recognizes necessary features of self-determination, and that claims for socio-environmental rights in Brazil and elsewhere derive their legitimacy from the same kind of argument that justifies individual rights, such as the 1948 United Nations Declaration, and collective rights, such as the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights of 1966 and the United Nations Declaration of the Rights of Indigenous Peoples of 2007.  That is, I will try to show that individual, collective and socio-environmental rights are each necessary conditions but, on their own, insufficient conditions for the possibility of self-determination.  The need for such rights emerges in the history of the struggle for justice.  This this paper will also defend the claim that the universality of rights necessarily emerges from the historicity of social life and solves what Marx calls the “riddle of history.” Keywords : Socio-enviromental rights; riddle of history.     Resumo: De um modo geral, este artigo trata da relação da tradição dos direitos humanos com questões substantivas de justiça social, incluindo a exploração de classes e a destruição ambiental. Esses temas são de interesse global, mas vou examiná-los hoje, pois eles surgem de conflitos e lutas no Brasil. A chave do argumento é mostrar que a tradição dos direitos humanos reconhece as características necessárias à autodeterminação, e que as reivindicações por direitos socioambientais no Brasil e em outros lugares derivam sua legitimidade do mesmo tipo de argumento que justifica os direitos individuais, como o Declaração das Nações Unidas de 1948, e direitos coletivos, como o Pacto Internacional sobre Direitos Econômicos, Sociais e Culturais de 1966 e a Declaração dos Direitos dos Povos Indígenas das Nações Unidas de 2007. Ou seja, tentarei mostrar que os direitos individuais, coletivos e Direitos socioambientais são, cada um, condições necessárias, mas, por si só, condições insuficientes para a possibilidade de autodeterminação. A necessidade de tais direitos surge na história da luta pela justiça. Este artigo também defenderá a afirmação de que a universalidade dos direitos surge necessariamente da historicidade da vida social e resolve o que Marx chama de "enigma da história".


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