Raum. Ort. Topografien der Posener Heimatliteratur

The literature of the Eastern March is strictly local. A collection of several dozen German-language novels and stories from the circle of ‘Ostmarkenliteratur’ (literature of the Eastern March), which on a scale unknown before and afterwards sends the reader back to this specific region, shows how important the Poznań Province had become on the verge of the 19th century. Geographical and topographic information in the creative output of writers constitute its ‘verbal map’. Inspired by Barbara Piatti’s interpretative approach, I will attempt to answer key questions regarding the circumstances and conditions that are conductive to locating the plot of literary works in specific spaces and places, and to interpret the experience of space recorded in the literature of the Eastern March by means of this map.

The analysis of Titan’s physical surface using multifractal geometry methods

Titan makes up 95% of the mass of all 82 satellites of Saturn. Titan’s diameter is 5152 km, which means that it is larger than the Moon by 50%, and it is also significantly larger than Mercury. On the satellite, a subsurface ocean is possible, the theory of the presence of which has already been advanced earlier by some scientists. It is located under a layer of ice and consists of 10% ammonia, which is a natural antifreeze for it and does not allow the ocean to freeze. On the one hand, the ocean contains a huge amount of salt, which makes the likelihood of life in it hardly possible. But on the other hand, since chemical processes constantly occur on Titan, forming molecules of complex hydrocarbon substances, this can lead to the emergence of the simplest forms of life. There are limitations on the probabilistic and statistical approaches, since not every process and not every result (form and structure of the system) is probabilistic in nature. In contrast to this, fractal analysis allows one to study the structure of complex objects, taking into account their qualitative specifics, for example, the relationship between the structure and the processes of its formation. When constructing a harmonic model of Titan, the method of decomposition of topographic information into spherical functions was used. As a result, based on the harmonic analysis of the Cassini mission data, a topographic model of Titan was created. In the final form, the model describing Titan’s surface includes the expansion of the height parameter depending on the spherical coordinates into a slowly converging regression series of spherical harmonics. For modeling surface details of the surface on a scale of 1 degree requires analysis of the (180 + 1)2 harmonic expansion coefficients. An over determined topographic information system was solved to meet the regression modelling conditions. In this case, a number of qualitative stochastic data, such as external measures, were used together with the standard postulation of the harmonic system of the Titan model. As a result of a sampling of self-similar regions (with close values of the self-similarity coefficients) on the surface of Titan, coinciding with the SRGB parameter (characterizes the color fractal dimension), the elements of the satellite’s surface were determined, which with a high degree of probability were evolutionarily formed under the action of the same selenochemical processes.

On Hypsometric Curve and Morphological Analysis of The Collapsed Irrigation Reservoirs

To identify the drought and flood control functions of an irrigation reservoir, research on hydrological analysis and its impact needs to be conducted. To this end, geographical characteristics, such as the cross section of the reservoir, are important, but such information is insufficient. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the topographic and morphological characteristics of reservoirs without measured data using their geographical information. In addition, an attempt was made to identify the morphological characteristics of reservoirs that had collapsed due to aging and the increased frequency of occurrence of strong rainfall intensity caused by climate change. Ten reservoirs, including the Ga-Gog Reservoir located in Miryang city, Gyeongsangnam province, South Korea with measured data, were selected as target reservoirs. The topographic information of the target reservoirs was constructed using topographical maps and GIS techniques. Based on the information, the volume (V)-area (A)-depth (H) relationship and the hypsometric curve (HC) according to the relative height (h/H) and relative area (a/A) were created. When the volume of each reservoir estimated using topographic information was compared with the measured volume, the error rate was found be between 0.23 and 14.27%. In addition, two reservoirs that had collapsed near Miryang city were added, and the V-A-H relationship and HCs were created based on the topographic information. In addition, the morphology index, storage-area of full water-levee height relationship, and storage-area of full water relationship were analyzed to identify the morphological characteristics of the reservoirs. The analysis results showed that the collapsed reservoirs had a relatively high water depth and a large area. In addition, similar types of reservoirs were grouped by conducting cluster analysis using basic specifications, such as the reservoir watershed, storage, and area of full water. When the cluster analysis results were analyzed based on HC, the reservoirs were grouped into three shapes: convex upward shape (youthful stage), relatively flat shape (mature stage), and convex downward shape (old stage). The HCs of the collapsed reservoirs exhibited the convex downward shape (old stage), indicating that they were subjected to considerable erosion due to aging. In other words, considerable erosion makes the allowable storage capacity insufficient due to the large amount of sediment accumulated in reservoirs and reduces their flood control capacity, which may cause them to collapse during heavy rainfall. Therefore, it is expected that identifying the potential causes of reservoir collapse through the morphological characteristics and HCs of reservoirs will support the operation and management of reservoirs for reducing flood damage.

Hierarchical Bayesian Model for Assessing Extreme Daily Rainfall Through Combining Climatic and Topographic Information

Frequency analysis of the annual maximum rainfall time series is essential for designing infrastructures to provide protection against local floods and related events. However, the results of the frequency analysis obtained are ambiguous. In this study, we aimed to develop a spatial hierarchical Bayesian model framework through combining the climatic and topographic information. To confirm the applicability of the proposed method, the results of at-site frequency analysis and regional frequency analysis using the index flood method were compared in the Busan-Ulsan-Gyeongnam region. Furthermore, a hierarchical Bayesian model was developed, in which the parameters of the generalized logistic distribution comprised relatively simple covariate relationships upon considering the possibility of expansion into various probability distributions and more complex covariate structures. The uncertainty of this model was analyzed using the coefficient of variation of rainfall quantile ensemble. The results confirmed that the regional frequency analysis using the hierarchical Bayesian model combined with the climatic and topographic information could provide an accurate estimate of extreme daily rainfall with relatively good agreement with the estimate at a specific site, but is a more reliable approach.

Comparative analysis of SRTM, TanDEM-X and UAV-SfM DEMs to estimate lavaka (gully) volumes and mobilization rates in the Lake Alaotra region (Madagascar)

Over the past decades, developments in remote sensing have resulted in an ever growing availability of topographic information on a global scale. A recent development is TanDEM-X, an interferometric SAR mission of the Deutsche Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt providing near-global coverage and high resolution DEMs. Moreover, ongoing developments in unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) technology has enabled acquisitions of topographic information at a sub-meter resolution. Although UAV products are generally preferred for volume assessments of geomorphic features, their acquisition remains time-consuming and is spatially constrained. However, some applications in geomorphology such as the estimation of regional or national erosion quantities of specific landforms, require data over large areas. TanDEM-X data can be applied at such scales, but this raises the question of how much accuracy is lost because of the lower spatial resolution. Here, we evaluated the performance of the 12 m TanDEM-X DEM to i) estimate gully volumes, ii) establish an area-volume (A-V) relationship, and iii) determine mobilization rates, through comparison with a high resolution (0.2 m) UAV-SfM DEM and lower resolution (30 m) SRTM DEM. We did this for six study areas in the Lake Alaotra region (central Madagascar) where lavaka (gullies) are omnipresent and lavaka surface area changes over the period 1949–2010s are available for 699 lavaka. SRTM derived lavaka volume estimates were systematically too low, indicating that the SRTM DEM is too coarse to accurately estimate volumes of geomorphic features at the lavaka-scale (100–100 000 m2). Lavaka volumes obtained from TanDEM-X were similar to UAV-SfM volumes for the largest features, whereas the volumes of smaller features were generally underestimated. To deal with this bias we introduce a breakpoint analysis to eliminate volume reconstructions that suffer from processing errors as evidenced by significant fractions of negative volumes. This elimination allowed the establishment of an area-volume relationship for the TanDEM-X data that is within the 95 % confidence interval of the UAV-SfM A-V relationship. Our calibrated area-volume relationship enabled us to obtain large-scale lavaka mobilization rates ranging between 18 ± 6 and 289 ± 125 ton ha−1 yr−1 with an average of 102 ± 41 ton ha−1 yr−1. These results indicate that current lavaka mobilization rates are two orders of magnitude higher than long-term erosion rates. With this study we demonstrate that the global TanDEM-X 12 m DEM can be used to accurately estimate volumes of gully-shaped features at the lavaka-scale (100–100 000 m2), where the proposed breakpoint-method can be applied without requiring the availability of a higher resolution DEM. Furthermore, we use this information to make a first assessment of regional lavaka erosion rates in the central highlands of Madagascar.

Topographic elevation change through tracking shadow cast from mountain ridges. Showcasing Red Glacier, Mt. Iliamna.

<p>Continuous global monitoring of glacier elevation change over decadal timescales is difficult to establish. Dedicated stereoscopic satellite missions are scarce and had, up to recently, limited spatial coverage. By contrast, observations from monoscopic satellites providing continuous global coverage extending for several decades backwards in time, is readily available. Therefore, we explore the potential of this type of imagery for extracting elevation change. This is done through tracking of moving shadows, which is a new and simple technique we call photohypsometry. The known sun angles and clear shadow patterns on the glacier surface, establish a simple trigonometric relationship, enabling the extraction of elevation change. </p><p>Here we showcase the methodology on Red Glacier, a glacier situated on the Eastern flank of Iliamna volcano, Alaska. A tributary of this glacier has fast surface speed in its snout, slightly shifting lateral moraines, but no known surge history. Shadow from neighboring mountain ridges cast on the accumulation region of this glacier, so a clear time-series can be constructed from Sentinel-2 imagery.</p><p>This example highlights the potential of this technique. While the coverage of topographic information does not cover the whole glacial basin, it can complement other data sources. It is especially suited for small mountain glaciers and thrives in brightly reflecting snow-covered accumulation areas.</p><p><img src="https://contentmanager.copernicus.org/fileStorageProxy.php?f=gepj.b09d70b5a60068638401161/sdaolpUECMynit/12UGE&app=m&a=0&c=32160e0988a69f5c02b961f9deba60a8&ct=x&pn=gepj.elif&d=1" alt=""></p>

GEOINFORMATION MODELING OF M. KHARKOV TERRITORY DEVELOPMENT IN RETROSPECTIVE

Changes in urban areas are happening faster than they are being mapped. Modern methods of collecting topographic information and conducting topographic monitoring allow you to quickly track and record these changes. Retrospective cartographic data contain valuable geographical information about territories in historical terms. The purpose of the article is to study the changes in the territory by means of geospatial-retrospective analysis on the example of the city of Kharkiv. This article proposes for the first time the use of geospatial-retrospective analysis to study changes in territories on the example of the city of Kharkiv. To find the geospatial pattern of development of boundaries and changes in the area of the city of Kharkiv, a geospatial-retrospective analysis was performed, the results of which confirmed the high rate of increase in the area and boundaries of the city.

Developing the hydrological dependency structure between streamgage and reservoir networks

Reliable operation of physical infrastructures such as reservoirs, dikes, nuclear power plants positioned along a river network depends on monitoring riverine conditions and infrastructure interdependency with the river network, especially during hydrologic extremes. Developing this cascading interdependency between the riverine conditions and infrastructures for a large watershed is challenging, as conventional tools (e.g., watershed delineation) do not provide the relative topographic information on infrastructures along the river network. Here, we present a generic geo-processing tool that systematically combines three geospatial layers: topographic information from the National Hydrographic Dataset (NHDPlusV2), streamgages from the USGS National Water Information System, and reservoirs from the National Inventory of Dams, to develop the interdependency between reservoirs and streamgages along the river network for upper and lower Colorado River Basin (CRB) resulting in River and Infrastructure Connectivity Network (RICON) that shows the said interdependency as a concise edge list for the CRB. Another contribution of this study is an algorithm for developing the cascading interdependency between infrastructure and riverine networks to support their management and operation.