A Divided Kingdom: Comparisons of British and Irish Recruiting

2020 ◽  
pp. 199-234
Author(s):  
Timothy Bowman ◽  
William Butler ◽  
Michael Wheatley
Keyword(s):  
War Effort ◽  
Apparent Similarity ◽  
Substantial Decline ◽  
Over Time

This chapter analyses recruiting differences within Ireland and between Britain and Ireland.In recent years, historians have focused on similarities, notably concerning the issue of agricultural recruitment, which was poor across the board. The greater Irish dependence upon agriculture explained much of the gulf between Ireland, Ulster and Britain. Another apparent similarity was the trajectory of enlistment over time, with a 1914 peak followed by substantial decline. Moreover, the geographic, class mould of pre-war recruiting was supposedly broken in both Britain and Ireland. All three arguments are reassessed. Was Ireland transformed, in a sudden, terrible war, into being at one with Britain’s commitment to the war effort, or would the burden of history ensure that her destiny was instead one of disunity?

Abstract 19: Progressive Metabolic Derangement During Prolonged Resuscitation for Refractory VT/VF Cardiac Arrest and the Relationship to Neurologically Intact Survival With Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

Circulation ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 138 (Suppl_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason A Bartos ◽  
Claire Carlson ◽  
Ganesh Raveendran ◽  
Ranjit John ◽  
Tom P Aufderheide ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Arrest ◽  
Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ◽  
Metabolic Derangement ◽  
Catheterization Laboratory ◽  
Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory ◽  
Substantial Decline ◽  
Lactic Acidemia ◽  
First Time ◽  
Neurologically Intact ◽  
Over Time

Background: Multiple studies have shown declining likelihood of neurologically intact survival with prolonged resuscitation with standard CPR. With standard CPR, survival after VT/VF arrest declines from 35-45% at initiation of CPR to 10-20% survival at 30 min. Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the effects of resuscitation duration on neurologically intact survival in the Minnesota Resuscitation Consortium ECPR protocol. Further, the progressive metabolic derangement of prolonged resuscitation was observed for the first time in this population. Methods: Between December 1, 2015 and May 1, 2018, 115 consecutive adult patients with refractory out-of-hospital VT/VF cardiac arrest requiring ongoing CPR were transported to the cardiac catheterization laboratory where ECLS was initiated and coronary angiography and PCI were performed as needed. Patients achieving an organized cardiac rhythm were admitted for further treatment. Results: Overall, 41% of patients receiving full resuscitative efforts were discharged neurologically intact. Neurologically intact survival declined with increasing duration of CPR with 100% survival in patients placed on ECLS within 30 min. Survival declined to 50% within 50 min and 20% within 70 min. Lactic acid and paCO2 increased over time peaking at 15 mmol/L and 72 mmHg, respectively. pH declined accordingly reaching 6.92 at its nadir. paO2 was stable over time but variable between patients. Conclusions: Likelihood of neurologically intact survival declined with increasing duration of CPR for patients going on to receive ECLS. The metabolic profile worsened during prolonged CPR with increasing lactic acidemia and hypercapnia but survival could be achieved with the hemodynamic support provided by ECLS. Together these findings support the need for rapid transport of patients to teams prepared to place ECLS. Substantial decline in survival begins at 30 min of CPR.

scholarly journals Temporal trends in handgrip strength for older Japanese adults between 1998 and 2017

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 634-639 ◽  
Author(s):  
G R Tomkinson ◽  
T Kidokoro ◽  
T Dufner ◽  
S Noi ◽  
J S Fitzgerald ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Handgrip Strength ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Ministry Of Education ◽  
Sports Science ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Japanese Adults ◽  
Strength Capacity ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Substantial Decline ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Objective to estimate temporal trends in handgrip strength (HGS) for older Japanese adults between 1998 and 2017. Design and methods adults aged 60–79 years were included. Annual nationally representative HGS data (n = 176,449) for the 19-year study period were obtained from the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Temporal trends in mean HGS were estimated by sample-weighted regression models relating the year of testing to mean HGS. National trends in absolute, percent and standardised HGS were estimated by a post-stratified population-weighting procedure. Temporal trends in variability were estimated as the ratio of coefficients of variation (CVs). Results collectively, there was a small improvement in mean HGS of 1.4 kg (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.3–1.5), 4.5% (95%CI: 4.3–4.7) or 0.27 standard deviations (95%CI: 0.26–0.28) between 1998 and 2017. The rate of improvement progressively increased over time, with more recent values (post-2008) 1.5-fold larger than earlier values. Gender- and age-related temporal differences were negligible. Variability in HGS declined substantially over time (ratio of CVs [95%CI]: 0.88 [0.86–0.90]), with declines 1.9-fold larger in women compared to men and 1.7-fold larger in 70- to 79-year-olds compared to 60- to 69-year-olds. Conclusions there has been a small, progressive improvement in mean HGS for older Japanese adults since 1998, which is suggestive of a corresponding improvement in strength capacity. The substantial decline in variability indicates that the improvement in mean HGS was not uniform across the population.

scholarly journals Change in FGF23 concentration over time and its association with all-cause mortality in patients treated with haemodialysis or haemodiafiltration

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annet Bouma-de Krijger ◽  
Camiel L M de Roij van Zuijdewijn ◽  
Menso J Nubé ◽  
Muriel P C Grooteman ◽  
Marc G Vervloet
Keyword(s):  
Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 ◽  
Convective Transport ◽  
Contrast Study ◽  
All Cause Mortality ◽  
Fgf23 Concentration ◽  
Patients At Risk ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Substantial Decline ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Background Previous studies in patients on haemodialysis (HD) have shown an association of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) with all-cause mortality. As of yet, the result of FGF23 lowering on mortality is unknown in this population. Methods FGF23 was measured in a subset of 404 patients from the Dutch CONvective TRansport STudy (CONTRAST study) [a randomized trial in prevalent dialysis patients comparing HD and haemodiafiltration (HDF) with clinical outcome] at baseline and Months 6 and 12. A substantial decline of FGF23 change over time was anticipated in patients randomized to HDF since HDF induces higher dialytic clearance of FGF23. The associations of both baseline FGF23 and 6-months change in FGF23 with all-cause mortality were analysed. In addition, the difference in FGF23 change between HD and HDF was explored. Furthermore, the role of dialysis modality in the association between FGF23 change and outcome was analysed. Results No association was observed between quartiles of baseline FGF23 and all-cause mortality. Over 6 months, FGF23 declined in patients on HDF, whereas FGF23 remained stable in patients on HD. A decrease in FGF23 was not associated with improved survival compared with a stable FGF23 concentration. However, increasing FGF23 was associated with a significantly higher mortality risk, both in crude and fully adjusted models [hazard ratio 2.01 (95% confidence interval 1.30–3.09)]. Conclusion Whereas no association between a single value of FGF23 and all-cause mortality was found, increasing FGF23 concentrations did identify patients at risk for mortality. Since lowering FGF23 did not improve outcome, this study found no argument for therapeutically lowering FGF23.

The Problem of Uncertainty: An Empirical Analysis of Indeterminate Language and Ambiguous Provisions in Enterprise Agreements

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-142
Author(s):  
Carolyn Sutherland
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Study ◽  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
Legislative Change ◽  
Precise Meaning ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Legislative Framework ◽  
Legal Complexity ◽  
Substantial Decline ◽  
Over Time

Australian enterprise agreements are intended to be simple documents that are easy for workers to understand and straightforward for businesses to apply. This article argues that simplicity is undermined when agreements contain indeterminate language and ambiguous provisions, since these features make it difficult to pin down the precise meaning of agreements. It presents findings from an empirical study that examines two forms of uncertainty in enterprise agreements: first, the use of vague, open-textured terms such as ‘reasonable’ and ‘practicable’; and, second, the inclusion of particular types of poorly drafted provisions that are difficult to interpret. The findings show that while the use of indeterminate terms increased over time, there was a substantial decline in the use of particular types of ambiguous provisions. The study also suggests that these outcomes have been influenced by two factors, legislative change and union involvement in bargaining. The findings add to our understanding of the nature of legal complexity and will provide the basis for a nuanced analysis of future proposals to reform the legislative framework for agreement-making.

The influence of watering regimen on soil pH and zince nutrition of soyabean cv. Wills grown in soil pot culture

1981 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 871 ◽  
Author(s):  
MN Hunter ◽  
DG Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Plant Roots ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Leaf Lamina ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
Zinc Concentrations ◽  
Substantial Decline ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

The changes over time in soil pH, plant growth and zinc uptake by soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) cv. Wills grown in a zinc-deficient black earth under two watering regimens, viz. watering to weight (WTW) and constant water table (CWT), were determined in a pot experiment. In the absence of applied zinc, CWT plants achieved twice the dry matter yield of WTW plants. Interveinal chlorosis was observed on CWT plants at 20 days after sowing, but not on WTW plants at any time during the experiment. Leaf lamina zinc concentrations at a number of nodes were less than 10 �g g-1 in plants grown for 25 days under both watering regimens. Fertilization with zinc at 30 kg zinc ha-1 significantly increased the dry matter yield of CWT plants and, particularly, the size of laminae at node 5 and above. Plants grown in the absence of applied zinc recovered from zinc deficiency over the period from 25 to 35 days after sowing. Rates of dry matter and zinc accumulation over this period increased, while zinc concentrations in the plant and particularly in the younger leaves increased markedly. This recovery coincided with a substantial decline in soil pH. The recovery from zinc stress is attributed to the greatly increased availability of zinc to the plant roots which may have resulted from the drop in soil pH.

scholarly journals Predictors of Use and Outcomes of Mechanical Valve Replacement in the United States (2008–2017)

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamad Alkhouli ◽  
Fahad Alqahtani ◽  
Trevor Simard ◽  
Sorin Pislaru ◽  
Hartzell V. Schaff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Hospital Mortality ◽  
Valve Replacement ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
Mechanical Valve ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mechanical Prosthesis ◽  
Mechanical Valves ◽  
Substantial Decline ◽  
Over Time

Background Contemporary nationwide data on the use, predictors, and outcomes of mechanical valve replacement in patients less than 70 years of age are limited. Methods and Results We identified hospitalizations for aortic valve replacement (AVR) or mitral valve replacement (MVR) in the Nationwide Inpatient Sample between January 1, 2008, and December 31, 2017. The study's end points included predictors of mechanical valve replacement and risk‐adjusted in‐hospital mortality. Among 253 100 hospitalizations for AVR, the use rate of mechanical prosthesis decreased from 45.3% in 2008 to 17.0% in 2017. Among 284 962 hospitalizations for MVR, mechanical prosthesis use decreased from 59.5% in 2008 to 29.2% in 2017 ( P for trend<0.001). In multilogistic regression analyses, female sex, prior sternotomy, prior defibrillator, and South/West geographic location were predictive of mechanical valve use. The presence of bicuspid valve was a negative predictor of mechanical AVR (odds ratio [OR], 0.68; 95% CI, 0.66–0.69; P <0.001), whereas mitral stenosis was associated with higher mechanical MVR (OR, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.22–1.33; P <0.001). Unadjusted in‐hospital mortality decreased over time with AVR but not with MVR, regardless of prosthesis choice. Using years 2008 and 2009 as a reference, risk‐adjusted mortality also decreased over time with AVR but did not decrease after MVR. Conclusions There is a substantial decline in the use of mechanical valve replacement among patients aged ≤70 years in the United States. Long‐term durability data on bioprosthetic valve replacement are needed to better define the future role of mechanical valves in this age group.

Social transmission bias and the cultural evolution of folk-economic beliefs

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Hirshleifer ◽  
Siew Hong Teoh
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Evolution ◽  
Social Transmission ◽  
Cognitive Approach ◽  
Economic Problems ◽  
Economic Attitudes ◽  
The Social ◽  
Economic Beliefs ◽  
Over Time

AbstractEvolved dispositions influence, but do not determine, how people think about economic problems. The evolutionary cognitive approach offers important insights but underweights the social transmission of ideas as a level of explanation. The need for asocialexplanation for the evolution of economic attitudes is evidenced, for example, by immense variations in folk-economic beliefs over time and across individuals.

Articulatory Generalization in Two Word-Medial, Ambisyllabic Contexts

1988 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 251-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virginia I. Wolfe ◽  
Suzanne D. Blocker ◽  
Norma J. Prater
Keyword(s):  
Common View ◽  
Perceptual Salience ◽  
The Common ◽  
Unitary Concept ◽  
Over Time

Articulatory generalization of velar cognates /k/, /g/ in two phonologically disordered children was studied over time as a function of sequential word-morpheme position training. Although patterns of contextual acquisition differed, correct responses to the word-medial, inflected context (e.g., "picking," "hugging") occurred earlier and exceeded those to the word-medial, noninflected context (e.g., "bacon," "wagon"). This finding indicates that the common view of the word-medial position as a unitary concept is an oversimplification. Possible explanations for superior generalization to the word-medial, inflected position are discussed in terms of coarticulation, perceptual salience, and the representational integrity of the word.

Treatment Fidelity Procedures for an Aphasia Intervention Within a Randomized Controlled Trial: Design, Feasibility, and Results

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (1S) ◽  
pp. 412-424
Author(s):  
Elissa L. Conlon ◽  
Emily J. Braun ◽  
Edna M. Babbitt ◽  
Leora R. Cherney
Keyword(s):  
Randomized Controlled Trial ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Treatment Protocol ◽  
Treatment Fidelity ◽  
Protocol Adherence ◽  
Study Condition ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Aphasia Therapy ◽  
Percent Accuracy ◽  
Over Time

Purpose This study reports on the treatment fidelity procedures implemented during a 5-year randomized controlled trial comparing intensive and distributed comprehensive aphasia therapy. Specifically, the results of 1 treatment, verb network strengthening treatment (VNeST), are examined. Method Eight participants were recruited for each of 7 consecutive cohorts for a total of 56 participants. Participants completed 60 hr of aphasia therapy, including 15 hr of VNeST. Two experienced speech-language pathologists delivered the treatment. To promote treatment fidelity, the study team developed a detailed manual of procedures and fidelity checklists, completed role plays to standardize treatment administration, and video-recorded all treatment sessions for review. To assess protocol adherence during treatment delivery, trained research assistants not involved in the treatment reviewed video recordings of a subset of randomly selected VNeST treatment sessions and completed the fidelity checklists. This process was completed for 32 participants representing 2 early cohorts and 2 later cohorts, which allowed for measurement of protocol adherence over time. Percent accuracy of protocol adherence was calculated across clinicians, cohorts, and study condition (intensive vs. distributed therapy). Results The fidelity procedures were sufficient to promote and verify a high level of adherence to the treatment protocol across clinicians, cohorts, and study condition. Conclusion Treatment fidelity strategies and monitoring are feasible when incorporated into the study design. Treatment fidelity monitoring should be completed at regular intervals during the course of a study to ensure that high levels of protocol adherence are maintained over time and across conditions.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document