Introduction: Modernity Johnson?

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Anthony W. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Samuel Johnson ◽  
Traditional View ◽  
Human Being

The traditional view of Samuel Johnson has been that of a quaintly nostalgic figure redolent of days long past, or that of a narrowly bigoted High Anglican Tory, insular and xenophobic, resistant to innovation and experimentation. Many mid-twentieth-century scholars and critics worked indefatigably to undermine the simplicity of the stereotype; in the process, they have enriched our understanding of this complex human being and inexhaustibly fecund writer....

scholarly journals The Linguistic Philosophy of Noam Chomsky

2014 ◽  
pp. 103-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Binoy Barman
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Universal Grammar ◽  
Analytic Philosophy ◽  
Generative Grammar ◽  
Philosophical Investigation ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Noam Chomsky ◽  
Human Child ◽  
Mental Exercise ◽  
Linguistic Philosophy

Noam Chomsky, one of the most famous linguists of the twentieth century, based his linguistic works on certain philosophical doctrines. His main contribution to linguistics is Transformational Generative Grammar, which is founded on mentalist philosophy. He opposes the behaviourist psychology in favour of innatism for explaining the acquisition of language. He claims that it becomes possible for human child to learn a language for the linguistic faculty with which the child is born, and that the use of language for an adult is mostly a mental exercise. His ideas brought about a revolution in linguistics, dubbed as Chomskyan Revolution. According to him, the part of language which is innate to human being would be called Universal Grammar. His philosophy holds a strong propensity to rationalism in search of a cognitive foundation. His theory is a continuation of analytic philosophy, which puts language in the centre of philosophical investigation. He would also be identified as an essentialist. This paper considers various aspects of Chomsky’s linguistic philosophy with necessary elaborations.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pp.v51i1-2.17681

scholarly journals Educar ou instruir? Narrativas anarcossindicalistas nos primeiros anos da República Portuguesa: Revista Lumen (Lisboa, 1911-1913)

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luiz Carlos Barreira
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Social History ◽  
Education Program ◽  
Social Practices ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The Press ◽  
Analytical Perspective ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Siglo Xx

Este artigo focaliza as ações de um grupo de intelectuais portugueses no início do século XX que se apresentava como anarcossindicalista. Autodenominado Grupo Lumen, suas ações visavam à formação do ser social. Dentre tais ações, o texto destaca a criação de uma revista, intitulada Lumen, por meio da qual o Grupo publicou suas teses sobre o educar e o instruir, tendo como referência as experiências da Escola Oficina Nº 1 de Lisboa e da Escola Moderna de Ferrer y Guardia, em Barcelona. A perspectiva de análise adotada pelo autor situa a imprensa no terreno da história social, no âmbito do qual ela é concebida como um conjunto de práticas constitutivas do social. Por meio da imprensa, o Grupo Lumen propôs um programa de instrução laica, científica e livre como condição necessária à criação de uma sociedade ácrata.Palavras-chave: Anarcossindicalismo, Formação libertária, Revista Lumen. Portugal. AbstractThis article focuses on the actions of a group of Portuguese intellectuals in the early twentieth century who presented itself as anarcho-syndicalist. Calling itself Lumen Group, its actions aimed at the formation of the human being. Among such actions, the text highlights the creation of a magazine, entitled Lumen, through which the Group published its thesis on educating and instructing, choosing as a reference the experiences of the Escola Oficina Nº 1 of Lisbon and the Escola Moderna, directed by Ferrer y Guardia, in Barcelona. The analytical perspective adopted by the author puts the press in the field of social history, under which it is conceived as a set of constitutive social practices. Through the press, the Lumen Group proposed a secular, scientific and free education program as a necessary component to create a self-governed (stateless) society.Keywords: Anarcho-syndicalism, Libertarian formation, Lumen Magazine. Portugal.ResumenEste artículo se centra en las acciones de un grupo de intelectuales portugueses a principios del siglo XX que se presentaba como anarcosindicalista. Autodenominado Grupo Lumen, sus acciones apunta a la formación del ser social. Entre estas acciones, el texto destaca la creación de una revista, titulada Lumen, por medio de la cual el Grupo publicó sus tesis sobre el educar y el instruir, eligiendo como referencia las experiencias de la Escuela Oficina Nº 1 de Lisboa y de la Escuela Moderna de Ferrer y Guardia, en Barcelona. La perspectiva de análisis adoptada por el autor sitúa a la prensa en el terreno de la historia social, en el marco del cual ella es concebida como un conjunto de prácticas constitutivas de lo social. A través de la prensa, el Grupo Lumen propuso un programa de instrucción laica, científica y libre como condición necesaria a la construcción de una sociedad ácrata.Palabras clave: Anarcosindicalismo; Formación libertaria, Revista Lumen. Portugal.

Ricoeur, Paul (1913–2005)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
John B. Thompson ◽  
Roger Savage
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Philosophical Anthropology ◽  
Paul Ricoeur ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Philosophical Hermeneutics ◽  
Philosophical Orientation ◽  
German Philosopher ◽  
Hans Georg Gadamer

Paul Ricoeur was one of the leading thinkers of the second half of the twentieth century and in the later part of his life was considered by some to be France’s greatest living philosopher. Along with the German philosopher Hans-Georg Gadamer, Ricoeur was one of the main contemporary exponents of philosophical hermeneutics: that is, of a philosophical orientation that places particular emphasis on the nature and role of interpretation. While his early work was strongly influenced by Edmund Husserl’s phenomenology, he became increasingly concerned with problems of interpretation and developed – partly through detailed inquiries into psychoanalysis and structuralism – a distinctive hermeneutical approach. In some of his subsequent writings Ricoeur explored the role of imagination in metaphor, narrative, and social and political life. In his later work, Ricoeur turned his attention to a philosophical anthropology of the capable human being, which was the context for his explorations into the self’s ethical constitution, the role of memory and forgetting in history, and issues of justice and recognition.

Heidegger, The Holocaust and Postmodernism

2000 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-84
Author(s):  
Peter Schotten ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Martin Heidegger ◽  
National Socialism ◽  
Ethical Standard ◽  
High Price ◽  
Human Suffering ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Ethical Concept ◽  
The Holocaust

Martin Heidegger, an influential twentieth-century philosopher, attempted to transcend previous metaphysical understandings. Rejecting his Catholic heritage, his ontology sought to free itself from any objective ethical standard Nonetheless, he was unable to reject ethical matters entirely. Before Hitler's rise to power, Heidegger championed authenticity as a quasi-ethical concept. Later, he condemned technology as the source of human suffering. Neither led him to condemn the Holocaust explicitly. Such a condemnation was warranted in light of Heidegger's enthusiastic early support of National Socialism and his silence at its collapse. Ultimately, Heidegger's silence reflected the unacceptably high price of amoral thought intent upon celebrating only itself Heidegger's conception of the human being in a world where transcendental standards do not exist reveals the spirit of postmodern man, rooted in nothing larger than himself.

Latest Developments of Existentialism

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-96
Author(s):  
Luigi Pareyson ◽  
Daniele Fulvi ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Human Existence ◽  
Personal Knowledge ◽  
Fundamental Relation ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Philosophical Discourse ◽  
Philosophical Reflection ◽  
The Voice

In this paper, Pareyson provides an analysis of the existential features of the philosophies of Jaspers and Heidegger, that he considers as the two greatest philosophers of the second half of the twentieth century. In Jaspers, Pareyson identifies the idea that truth is both singular and one, meaning that it can be grasped only through a personal interpretation and never in absolute terms. This implies that truth and person are inseparably tied to each other and that existence carries transcendence in itself: just as truth transcends our personal knowledge of it, Being itself transcends our personal existence. Moreover, Pareyson sees Heidegger as the initiator of an existential ontology that poses a fundamental relation between the human being and Being itself; hence, the philosophical discourse on human existence inevitably turns into a discourse on Being. Therefore, Heidegger finally manages to overcome traditional metaphysics and its forgetfulness of the question of Being itself, by giving such question a central role within philosophical reflection. In conclusion, Pareyson maintains that Jaspers and Heidegger are able to make the voice of Being been heard, in contrast with the humanist and nihilist tendencies of twentieth century philosophy.

scholarly journals Goethe’s contribution to philosophy: the morphology of individuality

SATS ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-52
Author(s):  
Steen Brock
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Chronological Order ◽  
Cultural Formation ◽  
Nature And Culture ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Natural Child ◽  
Individual Human

Abstract In this essay, I will discuss a variety of considerations that Goethe expressed in his writings. I will with few exceptions address these writings in chronological order. I include both literary and scientific-philosophical works. In this way I hope to show that a certain theme is at the heart of Goethe’s thinking, and that Goethe’s later works expresses a sophisticated and “deep” account of this theme. In addition, I will try to explain how one can ascribe this Goethean theme to major philosophers of the twentieth century – Cassirer, Merleau-Ponty, and Wittgenstein. The theme in question concerns the individuality of a human life in a metaphysical sense, characterizing the individual as situated “in between” Nature and Culture. By being both a child of Nature and a child of Culture, the fate of individuals is the transformation of previously given human concerns and practices. There never is a natural child nor a cultural formation securing human individuality. In Goethe’s words: The history of an individual human being is the individual human being. “Die Geschichte der Wissenschaft ist die Wissenschaft selbst, die Geschichte des Individuums, das Individuum”. See Hamacher (2010, 182). Hamacher’s book has been a major source for me!

scholarly journals Stoic Conceptions of Freedom and Their Relation to Ethics

2021 ◽  
pp. 194-216
Author(s):  
Susanne Bobzien
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Political Theory ◽  
Human Action ◽  
Second Century ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Conceptual Distinction ◽  
Being There ◽  
Stoic Philosophy ◽  
Freedom And Responsibility

This chapter introduces the various ancient Stoic theories of freedom. It investigates how, from the early Stoics via Epictetus to the Stoics of the late second century, freedom and responsibility are connected with ethics. In this context, the most important conceptual distinction is between what depends on us (eph’hēmin) and freedom (eleutheria). In Stoic philosophy the eph’hēmin is always associated with human action and intention and is located within Stoic psychology. For every human being, there are things that depend on them. Freedom, by contrast, is a notion contrasted with slavery, originating in political theory, and from there it enters Stoic ethics. For the Stoics, freedom is a character disposition—a virtue—and can be manifested only in sages. The confusion of these two quite distinct concepts and their roles in Stoic philosophy has wreaked much havoc in twentieth-century scholarship (which the essay untangles and invalidates in the process).

scholarly journals Kartezjusz — Lyotard — Dukaj. „Perfekcyjna niedoskonałość” jako propozycja oświecenia po uznaniu końca paradygmatu wielkich narracji

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 169-178
Author(s):  
Gerard Ronge
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Science Fiction ◽  
Ninth Century ◽  
Human Being ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Fictional World ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
The Future ◽  
Canonical Texts

The paper explores the philosophical statements emerging from the plot of Jacek Dukaj’s science-fiction novel Perfekcyjna niedoskonałość [The Perfect Imperfection]. The argument of the article states that the Polish novel proposes a complete philosophical model of possible ways of imagining the future which is unique, yet fully coherent with the Enlightenment paradigm. After recapitulating the most important arguments of the mid-century’s discussion about the end of the grand narratives and brief recall of most canonical texts of the period of the Enlightenment, the author analyses ontological presuppositions hidden after the structure of the fictional world created by Dukaj. The novel appears to fully acknowledge the Cartesian dualistic model of the human being (which strongly separates its biological and mental roots) and sets plots in times when all biological limitations have been transgressed. Despite that, both optimistic scenarios of eighteenth-century utopians and catastrophic visions of twentieth-century sci-fi authors have never been fulfilled and the fictional world of the twenty-ninth century appears to be just the same as ours in its core, despite being totally different in terms of its phenomenological appearance.

One Human Being, Three Early Christian Anthropologies An Assessment of Acta Andreae's Tenor on the Basis of Its Anthropological Views

2007 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 414-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Roig Lanzillotta
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Scholarly Research ◽  
Early Christian

AbstractIn spite of the important advances in the scholarly research of Acta Andreae during the twentieth century, the 1980's saw the revival of the old-fashioned and unjustified interpretation of the Acts as the product of an "orthodox" pen. By means of an internal analysis of its thought that focuses on the text's anthropological views, the present study argues that this view is hardly tenable and attempts to determine the orientation of Acta Andreae's mentality.

Zhongyong

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tu Wei-Ming
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Fifth Century ◽  
Traditional View ◽  
Confucian Tradition ◽  
Great Learning ◽  
Critical Scholarship ◽  
Doctrine Of The Mean ◽  
The Mean

The Zhongyong (Doctrine of the Mean) has traditionally been ascribed to Zisi, the grandson of Confucius and the indirect teacher of Mencius. Although this ascription has been challenged by modern critical scholarship since the turn of the twentieth century, recent archaeological finds indicate that the traditional view is not without textual base. If the Zhongyong actually predated the Mengzi, it seems that a significant portion of the Liji (Book of Rites), of which the Daxue (Great Learning) and Zhongyong are chapters, contains documents of the fifth century bc. This fact alone merits a fundamental restructuring of classical Confucian chronology and reinterpretation of the Mencian line of the Confucian tradition.

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