Antimicrobial resistance among blood culture isolates of Salmonella enterica in New Delhi

Introduction: Enteric fever is a global public health problem, especially in developing countries. Antimicrobial resistance is a major issue enteric fever management. This study examined current pattern of antimicrobial susceptibility among Salmonella enterica isolates from enteric fever cases at a tertiary care centre in New Delhi, India. Methodology: Blood cultures from patients with enteric fever during January 2010- July 2012 were processed using the BACTEC automated system. Antimicrobial susceptibility was tested using Kirby Bauer’s disc diffusion method and/or Phoenix 100 automated system. Results: Of 344 isolates of Salmonella enterica, 266 (77.3%) were S. Typhi, 77 (22.4%) were S. Paratyphi A, and one (0.3%) was S. Paratyphi B. Resistance to nalidixic acid (NAR) (96.7%) was most common, followed by ciprofloxacin (37.9%), and azithromycin (7.3%). Multi-drug resistance was observed only in S. Typhi (3.4%). Among NAR strains, 61.8% were sensitive, 11.1% were moderately sensitive, and 23.9% were resistant to ciprofloxacin (0.8%, 57.4%, and 37.9% respectively according to revised CLSI breakpoint criteria for ciprofloxacin). Resistance to third-generation cephalosporin was found in seven (2%) strains of S. enterica. Conclusion: Increasing rates of nalidixic acid, fluoroquinolone and azithromycin resistance among S. enterica, particularly in S. Paratyphi A strains, is of concern, as S. Paratyphi A infection is becoming increasingly common and is not prevented by current vaccinations. Our results favour use of cefexime or possibly chloramphenicol as first choice for uncomplicated enteric fever. MICs for third-generation cephalosporins and susceptibility pattern must be closely monitored in view of its emerging resistance among Salmonella enterica.

Download Full-text

ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY IN CULTURE POSITIVE ENTERIC FEVER

International Journal of Medical and Biomedical Studies ◽

10.32553/ijmbs.v3i7.357 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (7) ◽

Author(s):

Dr. Manish Kulshrestha ◽

Dr. Anjali Kulshrestha

Keyword(s):

Bone Marrow ◽

Blood Culture ◽

Nalidixic Acid ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Salmonella Enterica ◽

Enteric Fever ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Bone Marrow Culture ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Culture Positive

INTRODUCTION: Enteric fever includes typhoid and paratyphoid fever. Peak incidence is seen in children 5–15 years of age; but in regions where the disease is highly endemic, as in India, children younger than 5 years of age may have the highest infection rates. There are about 22 million new typhoid cases occur each year. Young children in poor, resource limited areas, who make up the majority of the new cases and there is a mortality figures of 215,000 deaths annually. A sharp decline in the rates of complications and mortality due to typhoid fever is observed as a result of introduction of effective antibiotic therapy since 1950s. MDR-ST became endemic in many areas of Asia, including India soon after multidrug-resistant strains of Salmonella enterica serotype typhi (MDR-ST) that were resistant to all the three first-line drugs then in use, namely chloramphenicol, amoxycillin and co-trimoxazole emerged in early 1990s. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Only blood culture or bone marrow culture positive cases were included. The patients with culture isolated enteric fever were included in the study. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out by disk diffusion method using antibiotic discs. The analysis of the antimicrobial susceptibility was carried out as per CLSI interpretative guidelines. RESULTS: A total of 82 culture positive cases were included in the present study. 80 culture isolates were from blood culture and 2 from the bone marrow culture. Salmonella entericasubspecies enterica serovartyphi (S typhi) was isolated from 67 (81.70%) patients while Salmonella enterica subspecies entericaserovarparatyphi (S paratyphi A) was isolated from 13 (15.85%) cases and 2 (2.44%) were Salmonella enterica subspecies entericaserovarschottmuelleri (S paratyphi B). Of the 82 cases 65(79.3%) isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin, 17 (20.7%) were resistant to nalidixic acid, one (1.2%) case each was resistant to Cefotaxime and ceftriaxone, 2 (2.4%) were resistant to chloramphenicol, 10 (12.2%) were resistant and to cotrimoxazole 3 (3.7%) were resistant. CONCLUSION: In a culture positive cases 65(79.3%) isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin and 17 (20.7%) were resistant to nalidixic acid. Multidrug resistant isolates were 65(79.3%).

Download Full-text

Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Salmonella enterica, blood-stream isolates, among febrile children: a prospective study from Nepal

10.21203/rs.2.14544/v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Priyatam Khadka ◽

Januka Thapaliya ◽

Shovana Thapa

Keyword(s):

Nalidixic Acid ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Salmonella Enterica ◽

Enteric Fever ◽

Disk Diffusion ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Susceptibility Pattern ◽

First Line ◽

Disk Diffusion Test ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern

Abstract Background Still, in developing the children are being treated empirically and irrationally with accessible antibiotic without susceptibility testing and minimal lethal dose calculations, defying the probable MDR (multi-drug resistance) isolates. This study was undertaken in the febrile children to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Salmonella enterica against commonly prescribed antibiotics. Method All isolates were identified by biotyping and serotyping standard protocols then tested against antibiotics by modified Kirby disk-diffusion method. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of isolates were determined by agar dilution method and compared with disk diffusion results and on nalidixic-acid sensitive/resistant strains. Result Among 1815 enteric-fever-suspects, 90(4.9%) isolates of Salmonella enterica [serovar: 62(68.8%) Salmonella Typhi and 28 (31.1%) Salmonella Paratyphi A] were recovered. The incidence of infection was higher among male, age group 5 to 9, and patient from the out-patient department (OPD). On disk-diffusion test most isolates, were sensitive against first-line drugs, cephalosporins, and macrolides. However, against quinolone, a huge percentile i.e. 93.3%, of isolates were resistant [including 58 Typhi and 26 Paratyphi serovar], and nearly 14% against fluoroquinolones. When MIC breakpoint was adjusted 4µg/ml for azithromycin, ≥1 µg/ml for ciprofloxacin, 2µg/ml for ofloxacin, 8µg/ml for nalidixic acid, 1µg/ml for cefixime, higher sensitivity and specificity achieved while screening decreased susceptibility. Among tested antibiotics, low rate of resistant strain observed on MIC of azithromycin. Also, higher resistance against fluoroquinolones observed on NARS strain. Conclusion Higher susceptibility of Salmonella enterica to first-line drugs (the conventional antityphoidal drugs), third-generation cephalosporins, and azithromycin; advocates for its reconsideration in the implicated therapy. However, lower susceptibility against fluoroquinolones among nalidixic-acid resistant Salmonella (NARS) strain negates its empirical use in children. Keywords Enteric fever, Nepal, children, Salmonella enterica

Download Full-text

A study on Nalidixic Acid Resistant Salmonella among the patients attending Shree Birendra Hospital

Medical Journal of Shree Birendra Hospital ◽

10.3126/mjsbh.v10i2.6453 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 1-3 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Raina Chaudhary ◽

Khagendra Sijapati ◽

Sunil Kumar Singh

Keyword(s):

Nalidixic Acid ◽

Salmonella Enterica ◽

Enteric Fever ◽

Brain Heart Infusion ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Disc Diffusion ◽

Diffusion Test ◽

Sensitivity Pattern

Introduction: Enteric fever is the commonest public health problem in developing countries like Nepal. Multi Drug Resistant Salmonella isolates are in vitro susceptible to Quinolone but exhibited a higher Minimum Inhibitory Concentration in vivo. Such phenomenon can be demonstrated by simple disc diffusion test of Nalidixic Acid which shows resistance. This study is conducted to determine prevalence of Nalidixic Acid Resistant Salmonella with their anti biotic sensitivity pattern at Shree Birendra Hospital, Chauni, kathmandu. Method: Of total 3945 blood samples from the patients suspected to have enteric fever were collected during the period of January 2011 to August 2011. Then it was mixed with Brain Heart Infusion , further processed according to standard methodology and their anti microbial susceptibility was performed by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Results: From 3945 samples, 280 (7.09%) showed positi ve growth, 114 (40.7%) Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi and 166 (59.2%) Salmonella enterica serotype Paratyphi A. a total of 221 (78.92%) were Nalidixic Acid Resistant Salmonella, all these strains were sensitive to Ciprofloxcin and Ofloxacin in disc diffusion test. Conclusion: Study showed a higher frequency of Nalidixic Acid Resistant Salmonella among the patients. screening of Nalidixic Acid disc diffusion test must be done as routine work for determination of low level resistance of Quinolone so as to decide the drug for the treatment of enteric fever. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/mjsbh.v10i2.6453 Medical Journal of Shree Birendra Hospital July-Dec 2011 10(2) 1-3

Download Full-text

Antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis in Morocco

The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries ◽

10.3855/jidc.806 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 4 (12) ◽

pp. 804-809 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Farida Ohmani ◽

Khadija Khedid ◽

Saad Britel ◽

Aicha Qasmaoui ◽

Reda Charof ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Nalidixic Acid ◽

Salmonella Enterica ◽

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Salmonella Enterica Serovar Enteritidis ◽

Gastrointestinal Infections ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Resistance Patterns ◽

Resistance Rates

Introduction: Salmonella enterica is recognised worldwide as one of the major agents of human gastrointestinal infections. The aim of the present work is to ascertain the antimicrobial susceptibilities of 150 Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis isolates from humans in Morocco during the period from 2000 to 2008. Methodology: Antimicrobial resistance determination was performed by disk diffusion method using seven antibiotics. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ciprofloxacin was determined for nalidixic acid-resistant (NAR) isolates using E-test strips. Results: Sixty-one (42%) isolates were resistant to at least one class of antimicrobial agent. The largest numbers of resistant isolates were observed for nalidixic acid with 53 isolates (36%) followed by ampicillin with 7 isolates (5%), tetracycline with 6 isolates (4%), and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole with 2 isolates (1%).The resistant isolates were grouped in seven different resistance patterns of which two isolates were resistant to three antibiotics. Among the 53 (36%) NAR isolates, 37 (76%) had a reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin. Conclusion: Resistance rates of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis from Morocco are generally low but the resistance to nalidixic acid is worryingly common. Continual surveillance of antibiotic resistance is of primary importance.

Download Full-text

Comparision of Antibiotic Susceptility of Levofloxacin with Other Commonly Tested Antibiotics Against Salmonella Enterica Serovar (Typhi And Paratyphi A)

Nepal Journal of Medical Sciences ◽

10.3126/njms.v3i1.10344 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 19-21

Author(s):

A Chhetri ◽

A Manandhar ◽

Y Shah ◽

RC Simkhada ◽

R Paudyal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nalidixic Acid ◽

Salmonella Enterica ◽

Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽

Enteric Fever ◽

Clinical Laboratory ◽

Acid Resistance ◽

Fluoroquinolone Resistance ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Salmonella Enterica Serovar Typhi ◽

Antibiotic Susceptibility Test

Background: Increasing antibiotic resistance of bacteria is a global problem. Fluoroquinolones are recommended as first line therapy for children and adults infected with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and Paratyphi A. The purpose of this study was to compare the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of different classes of antibiotics with levofloxacin from blood samples of suspected enteric fever patients visiting Birhospital, Kathmandu. Methods: Antibiotic susceptibility test was performed by Kirby-Bauerdisc diffusion method as per Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute guideline. Results: Among 50 isolates of Salmonella enterica, 39 (78%) were S.Typhi and 11 (22%) were S. Paratyphi A. All the isolates were tested against antibiotics, and all isolates were found sensitive to chloramphenicol and ceftriaxone whereas 3 isolates of S. Typhi were resistant to ciprofloxacin and 1 was resistant to levofloxacin. Fluoroquinolone resistant S. ParatyphiA was not observed. Among the 10 (20%) multi drug resistant isolates, only 1 isolate was resistant to levofloxacin which was S. Typhi. Both S.Typhi (96.7%) and S. Paratyphi A (89.4%) were resistant to Nalidixic acid. Conclusion: High level of nalidixic acid resistance and even some fluoroquinolone resistance showed that the treatment of the enteric fever cannot be relied on the fluoroquinolones. Nepal Journal of Medical Sciences | Volume 03 | Number 01 | January-June 2014 | Page 19-21 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njms.v3i1.10344

Download Full-text

Molecular mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance and phylogenetic relationships of Salmonella enterica isolates from febrile patients in Yangon, Myanmar

Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene ◽

10.1093/trstmh/trz053 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 113 (10) ◽

pp. 641-648 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Khine Mar Oo ◽

Tin Ohn Myat ◽

Wah Win Htike ◽

Ambarish Biswas ◽

Rachel F Hannaway ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Phylogenetic Relationships ◽

Salmonella Enterica ◽

Enteric Fever ◽

Genetic Basis ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Epidemiologic Study ◽

Fluoroquinolone Resistance ◽

Chromosomal Genes

Abstract Background Enteric fever is common in southeast Asia. However, there is little information on the circulating Salmonella enterica strains causing enteric fever in Myanmar. Methods We performed antimicrobial susceptibility testing and whole genome sequencing on S. enterica bloodstream isolates from febrile patients aged ≥12 y attending two hospitals in Yangon, Myanmar, from 5 October 2015 through 4 October 2016. We identified the serovar of S. enterica, determined antimicrobial susceptibility and the molecular mechanisms of resistance. We analysed phylogenetic relationships among Myanmar S. enterica isolates and those with isolates from neighbouring countries. Results Of 73 S. enterica isolated, 39 (53%) were serovar Typhi and 34 (47%) were Paratyphi A. All isolates were susceptible to ampicillin, chloramphenicol and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole but resistant to ciprofloxacin. We identified mutations in chromosomal genes gyrA, gyrB and parC as responsible for fluoroquinolone resistance. All S. enterica Typhi isolates were of 4.3.1 subclade (formerly known as H58) and formed two closely related genotypic clusters; both clusters were most closely related to isolates from India from 2012. All S. enterica Paratyphi A were lineage C, clade C4 and were closely related. Conclusion Our study describes currently circulating S. enterica serovars in Myanmar, the genetic basis of their antimicrobial resistance and provides a genotypic framework for epidemiologic study.

Download Full-text

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Salmonella spp. Isolated from Enteric Fever Patients in Nepal

Infectious Disease Reports ◽

10.3390/idr13020037 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 388-400

Author(s):

Anu Maharjan ◽

Binod Dhungel ◽

Anup Bastola ◽

Upendra Thapa Shrestha ◽

Nabaraj Adhikari ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drug Resistance ◽

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Nalidixic Acid ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Enteric Fever ◽

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Susceptibility Pattern ◽

Salmonella Spp ◽

Blood Samples

Introduction: Enteric fever, a systemic infection caused by Salmonella enterica Typhi and S. enterica Paratyphi is one of the most common infections in developing countries such as Nepal. Aside from irrational practices of antibiotic use, mutations in chromosomal genes encoding DNA gyrase and Topoisomerase IV and by plasmid mediated quinolone resistant (PMQR) genes are suggested mechanisms for the development of resistance to nalidixic acid and reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin. Regardless of high endemicity of enteric fever in Nepal, there is paucity of studies on prevalence and drug-resistance of the pathogen. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Salmonella isolates and determine the minimum inhibitory concentration of ciprofloxacin. Methods: A total of 1298 blood samples were obtained from patients with suspected enteric fever, attending Sukraraj Tropical and Infectious Disease Hospital (STIDH) during March–August, 2019. Blood samples were inoculated immediately into BACTEC culture bottles and further processed for isolation and identification of Salmonella Typhi and S. Paratyphi. Axenic cultures of the isolates were further subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) by using the modified Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method based on the guidelines by CLSI. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ciprofloxacin was determined by agar-dilution method. Results: Out of 1298 blood cultures, 40 (3.1%) were positive for Salmonella spp. among which 29 (72.5%) isolates were S. Typhi and 11 (27.5%) isolates were S. Paratyphi A. In AST, 12.5% (5/40), 15% (6/40) and 20% (8/40) of the Salmonella isolates were susceptible to nalidixic acid, ofloxacin and levofloxacin, respectively, whereas none of the isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin. The MIC value for ciprofloxacin ranged from 0.06-16 µg/mL in which, respectively, 5% (2/40) and 52.5% (21/40) of the isolates were susceptible and resistant to ciprofloxacin. None of the isolates showed multidrug-resistance (MDR) in this study. Conclusion: This study showed high prevalence of quinolone-resistant Salmonella spp., while there was marked re-emergence of susceptibilities to traditional first option drugs. Hence, conventional first-line-drugs and third-generation cephalosporins may find potential usage as the empirical drugs for enteric fever. Although our reporting was free of MDR strains, extensive surveillance, augmentation of diagnostic facilities and treatment protocol aided by AST report are recommended for addressing the escalating drug-resistance in the country.

Download Full-text

Epidemiological fectors and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Salmonella spp

IP International Journal of Medical Microbiology and Tropical Diseases ◽

10.18231/j.ijmmtd.2021.030 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

pp. 137-140

Author(s):

Alpa Patel ◽

Nirmal Choraria

Keyword(s):

Nalidixic Acid ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽

Enteric Fever ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Drug Resistant ◽

Susceptibility Pattern ◽

Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern ◽

Periodic Evaluation ◽

Susceptibility Patterns

serovars Typhi and Paratyphi are known to cause enteric fever. Multidrug resistance in and has emerged as a cause of concern. To evaluate antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Salmonella enteric serovar Typhi () and obtained from blood culture.: All isolates obtained from blood cultures of clinically suspected cases of enteric fever coming to microbiology laboratory, Nirmal hospital, from January 2015 to September 2017 were included in the study. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns were determined using commercial antimicrobial disks chloramphenicol (30 μg), nalidixic acid (30 μg), ampicillin (10 μg), azithromycin (15 μg), cotrimoxazole (1.25/23.75 μg), ciprofloxacin (5 μg), and ceftriaxone (30 μg). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed in accordance with the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines of respective year by KirbyBauer disc diffusion method.: Total 330 isolates of salmonella are there out of that 298 is . 32 are Salmonella para A, while 1 is of Salmonella para B. Enteric fever cases pick month are April, May, June and July. Sensitivity to first line drugs are > 80%, Nalidixic acid resistant Salmonella (NARS) are 79%, while Multi drug resistant (resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol and co-trimoxazole all three)Salmonella are 3%.: Periodic evaluation of antibiotic susceptibility pattern is necessary to see changing pattern of antibiotics. Evaluation of Nalidixic acid resistant Salmonella and periodic evaluation of multi drug resistant Salmonella is also important as emergence of MDR strain is observed in our study.

Download Full-text

Enteric Fever Caused bySalmonella entericaSerovars with Reduced Susceptibility of Fluoroquinolones at a Community Based Teaching Hospital of Nepal

International Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1155/2017/2869458 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2017 ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Anjeela Bhetwal ◽

Anjila Maharjan ◽

Puspa Raj Khanal ◽

Narayan Prasad Parajuli

Keyword(s):

Teaching Hospital ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Salmonella Enterica ◽

Enteric Fever ◽

Susceptibility Testing ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing ◽

Disk Diffusion ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Isolation And Identification ◽

Community Based

Enteric fever continues to be an important public health problem especially in developing countries of the tropical region including Nepal. In this study, we aimed to investigate the incidence of enteric fever associated withSalmonella entericaand determine its antimicrobial susceptibilities to therapeutic antimicrobials in a community based teaching hospital of Nepal. A total of 2,304 blood samples from suspected enteric fever patients attending Manmohan Memorial Teaching Hospital were processed with standard microbiological methods for the isolation and identification of bacterial pathogens. TheSalmonella entericaclinical strains were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing by Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method, and the results were interpreted according to the criteria suggested by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). A total of 245 (10.6%) cases of enteric fever associated withSalmonella entericawere confirmed by blood culture. Out of them, 162 (66.1%) were caused bySalmonellaTyphi and 83 (33.9%) bySalmonellaParatyphi. On Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion antimicrobial susceptibility testing,Salmonellaisolates were highly susceptible to cefixime (100%), ceftriaxone (100%), ampicillin (97.9%), cotrimoxazole (94.6%), azithromycin (96.7%), tetracycline (95.5%), and chloramphenicol (97.5%), respectively. Two hundred twenty-six (92.2%) ofSalmonellaisolates were nalidixic acid resistant with reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin (36.7%) and ofloxacin (54.8%), respectively. Although the rate of MDRSalmonellastrains was very low (<5%), their reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones has restricted their routine empirical use. Third generation cephalosporins are the safest choice for empirical use but ampicillin, cotrimoxazole, azithromycin, and chloramphenicol can be effective alternatives.

Download Full-text

Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistances of Salmonella spp. Isolated from Wild Boars in Liguria Region, Italy

Pathogens ◽

10.3390/pathogens10050568 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (5) ◽

pp. 568

Author(s):

Elisabetta Razzuoli ◽

Valeria Listorti ◽

Isabella Martini ◽

Laura Migone ◽

Lucia Decastelli ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Wild Boar ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Potential Risk ◽

Salmonella Enterica ◽

Intestinal Tract ◽

Wild Boar Population ◽

Salmonella Spp ◽

Wild Boars ◽

In The Wild

Salmonella spp. is an important zoonotic agent. Wild boars might host this pathogen in the intestinal tract and might represent a risk for Salmonella spp. transmission to humans. Wild boars are widely spread in Liguria, due to the environmental characteristics of the region. The aim of the study was the isolation, typing, and investigation of antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolated strains of Salmonella spp. During the 2013–2017 hunting seasons, 4335 livers of wild boars were collected and analyzed for the presence of Salmonella spp. A total of 260 strains of Salmonella spp. were isolated and characterized, with a prevalence of 6%. The isolated strains belonged to all six Salmonella enterica subspecies. Most of them were identified as Salmonella enterica subs. enterica of which 31 different serotypes were identified. The dominating serotype identified was S. Enteritidis. The antimicrobial resistance profiles of the isolated strains were analyzed against sixteen molecules. Of the isolated strains, 94.6% were resistant to at least one of the tested antimicrobials. This study showed the circulation of resistant Salmonella spp. strains in the wild boar population living in this area of Italy, underling the potential risk for these animals to disseminate this pathogen and its antimicrobial resistances.

Download Full-text