Epidemiological fectors and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Salmonella spp

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 137-140
Author(s):  
Alpa Patel ◽  
Nirmal Choraria
Keyword(s):  
Nalidixic Acid ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Enteric Fever ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Susceptibility Pattern ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern ◽  
Periodic Evaluation ◽  
Susceptibility Patterns

serovars Typhi and Paratyphi are known to cause enteric fever. Multidrug resistance in and has emerged as a cause of concern. To evaluate antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Salmonella enteric serovar Typhi () and obtained from blood culture.: All isolates obtained from blood cultures of clinically suspected cases of enteric fever coming to microbiology laboratory, Nirmal hospital, from January 2015 to September 2017 were included in the study. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns were determined using commercial antimicrobial disks chloramphenicol (30 μg), nalidixic acid (30 μg), ampicillin (10 μg), azithromycin (15 μg), cotrimoxazole (1.25/23.75 μg), ciprofloxacin (5 μg), and ceftriaxone (30 μg). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed in accordance with the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines of respective year by KirbyBauer disc diffusion method.: Total 330 isolates of salmonella are there out of that 298 is . 32 are Salmonella para A, while 1 is of Salmonella para B. Enteric fever cases pick month are April, May, June and July. Sensitivity to first line drugs are > 80%, Nalidixic acid resistant Salmonella (NARS) are 79%, while Multi drug resistant (resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol and co-trimoxazole all three)Salmonella are 3%.: Periodic evaluation of antibiotic susceptibility pattern is necessary to see changing pattern of antibiotics. Evaluation of Nalidixic acid resistant Salmonella and periodic evaluation of multi drug resistant Salmonella is also important as emergence of MDR strain is observed in our study.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Salmonella spp. Isolated from Enteric Fever Patients in Nepal

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 388-400
Author(s):  
Anu Maharjan ◽  
Binod Dhungel ◽  
Anup Bastola ◽  
Upendra Thapa Shrestha ◽  
Nabaraj Adhikari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Nalidixic Acid ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Enteric Fever ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Susceptibility Pattern ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Blood Samples

Introduction: Enteric fever, a systemic infection caused by Salmonella enterica Typhi and S. enterica Paratyphi is one of the most common infections in developing countries such as Nepal. Aside from irrational practices of antibiotic use, mutations in chromosomal genes encoding DNA gyrase and Topoisomerase IV and by plasmid mediated quinolone resistant (PMQR) genes are suggested mechanisms for the development of resistance to nalidixic acid and reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin. Regardless of high endemicity of enteric fever in Nepal, there is paucity of studies on prevalence and drug-resistance of the pathogen. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Salmonella isolates and determine the minimum inhibitory concentration of ciprofloxacin. Methods: A total of 1298 blood samples were obtained from patients with suspected enteric fever, attending Sukraraj Tropical and Infectious Disease Hospital (STIDH) during March–August, 2019. Blood samples were inoculated immediately into BACTEC culture bottles and further processed for isolation and identification of Salmonella Typhi and S. Paratyphi. Axenic cultures of the isolates were further subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) by using the modified Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method based on the guidelines by CLSI. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ciprofloxacin was determined by agar-dilution method. Results: Out of 1298 blood cultures, 40 (3.1%) were positive for Salmonella spp. among which 29 (72.5%) isolates were S. Typhi and 11 (27.5%) isolates were S. Paratyphi A. In AST, 12.5% (5/40), 15% (6/40) and 20% (8/40) of the Salmonella isolates were susceptible to nalidixic acid, ofloxacin and levofloxacin, respectively, whereas none of the isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin. The MIC value for ciprofloxacin ranged from 0.06-16 µg/mL in which, respectively, 5% (2/40) and 52.5% (21/40) of the isolates were susceptible and resistant to ciprofloxacin. None of the isolates showed multidrug-resistance (MDR) in this study. Conclusion: This study showed high prevalence of quinolone-resistant Salmonella spp., while there was marked re-emergence of susceptibilities to traditional first option drugs. Hence, conventional first-line-drugs and third-generation cephalosporins may find potential usage as the empirical drugs for enteric fever. Although our reporting was free of MDR strains, extensive surveillance, augmentation of diagnostic facilities and treatment protocol aided by AST report are recommended for addressing the escalating drug-resistance in the country.

scholarly journals Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Shigella isolates in a tertiary healthcare center

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (02) ◽  
pp. 140-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anitha Madhavan ◽  
Sobha Balakrishnan ◽  
Jayalakshmi Vasudevapanicker
Keyword(s):  
Multidrug Resistance ◽  
Nalidixic Acid ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Susceptibility Pattern ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern ◽  
Stool Samples

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Shigellosis is one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality in children in developing countries. To the best of our knowledge, there is no published data in the study area on the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern and prevalence of Shigella species among diarrheagenic cases. Therefore, a retrospective analysis was done to find the Shigella serotypes, common age group affected, and antimicrobial resistance pattern of Shigella isolates in South Kerala METHODS: Stool samples collected from cases of dysentery and diarrhea from January 2011 to December 2016 were processed. Standard bacteriological methods were used to isolate, identify, and determine the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Shigella isolates. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 16. RESULTS: Among 1585 stool samples, 48(3%) yielded Shigella . The most common serogroup isolated was Shigella sonnei (62.5%) followed by Shigella flexneri. Of 48 isolates, 44(91.6%) isolates were found to be multidrug resistant. Over the 5-year period, the isolates show 100% resistance to nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, and cotrimoxazole. Eight isolates were found to be resistant to ceftriaxone and cefotaxime. The presence of Extended spectrum betalactamase (ESBL) was phenotypically confirmed in five isolates. CONCLUSION: Even though S. flexneri is the most common Shigella-causing diarrhea, S. sonnei was found to be the most important species responsible in our study. Multidrug resistance was common (91.6%) and the most common multidrug resistance profile was ampicillin-nalidixic acid-cotrimoxazole-ciprofloxacin. Regular monitoring of antibiotic susceptibility pattern including detection of beta lactamases should be done in all microbiology laboratories. Guidelines for therapy should be monitored and modified based on regional susceptibility reports.

scholarly journals Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Shigella spp. Isolated from Patients Suspected of Acute Gastroenteritis

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Bishal Basnet ◽  
Dhirendra Niroula ◽  
Jyoti Acharya ◽  
Shaila Basnyat
Keyword(s):  
Nalidixic Acid ◽  
Acute Gastroenteritis ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Generation Cephalosporin ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Susceptibility Pattern ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern ◽  
Shigella Species

Shigellosis, an intestinal infection caused by Shigella species, is manifested by bloody diarrhea. Due to the surge in multidrug-resistant (MDR) Shigella species, the control of shigellosis has been a big challenge. This study aims to determine the prevalence and assess the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Shigella species. During our study period of five months from April 2014 to August 2014 at Sukraraj Tropical and Infectious Disease Hospital, Teku, Kathmandu, a total of 653 stool samples were collected from the patients suspected of acute gastroenteritis. The standard microbiological procedure was followed for the isolation and identification of Shigella species. Assessment of antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the Shigella species was done by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method following CLSI guidelines. The study found 25(3.82%) cases were Shigella positive. Among them, 18(72%) were S. flexneri, 6(24%) were S. dysenteriae, and 1(4%) was S. sonnei. The patients in the age group 16-45 years were highly susceptible to infection as the higher proportion 16(64%) of Shigella species were isolated from this age group (p> 0.05). Shigella species were found to be highly susceptible to Cefotaxime (100%), a third-generation cephalosporin. Nalidixic acid, on the other hand, was the least effective antibiotic as 20(80%) of the Shigella isolates were resistant, followed by Ampicillin 18(72%), Cotrimoxazole 13(52%), and Ciprofloxacin 9(36%). A higher proportion of [10(40%)] of our study isolates were MDR. Our results show that Nalidixic acid, Ampicillin, Cotrimoxazole, Ciprofloxacin, and Ofloxacin cannot be used as empirical therapy for the treatment of Shigella infection as Shigella species were highly resistant to these antibiotics. So, for the MDR Shigella infection, we suggest third-generation cephalosporin as an option.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Salmonella enterica, blood-stream isolates, among febrile children: a prospective study from Nepal

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priyatam Khadka ◽  
Januka Thapaliya ◽  
Shovana Thapa
Keyword(s):  
Nalidixic Acid ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Enteric Fever ◽  
Disk Diffusion ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Susceptibility Pattern ◽  
First Line ◽  
Disk Diffusion Test ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern

Abstract Background Still, in developing the children are being treated empirically and irrationally with accessible antibiotic without susceptibility testing and minimal lethal dose calculations, defying the probable MDR (multi-drug resistance) isolates. This study was undertaken in the febrile children to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Salmonella enterica against commonly prescribed antibiotics. Method All isolates were identified by biotyping and serotyping standard protocols then tested against antibiotics by modified Kirby disk-diffusion method. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of isolates were determined by agar dilution method and compared with disk diffusion results and on nalidixic-acid sensitive/resistant strains. Result Among 1815 enteric-fever-suspects, 90(4.9%) isolates of Salmonella enterica [serovar: 62(68.8%) Salmonella Typhi and 28 (31.1%) Salmonella Paratyphi A] were recovered. The incidence of infection was higher among male, age group 5 to 9, and patient from the out-patient department (OPD). On disk-diffusion test most isolates, were sensitive against first-line drugs, cephalosporins, and macrolides. However, against quinolone, a huge percentile i.e. 93.3%, of isolates were resistant [including 58 Typhi and 26 Paratyphi serovar], and nearly 14% against fluoroquinolones. When MIC breakpoint was adjusted 4µg/ml for azithromycin, ≥1 µg/ml for ciprofloxacin, 2µg/ml for ofloxacin, 8µg/ml for nalidixic acid, 1µg/ml for cefixime, higher sensitivity and specificity achieved while screening decreased susceptibility. Among tested antibiotics, low rate of resistant strain observed on MIC of azithromycin. Also, higher resistance against fluoroquinolones observed on NARS strain. Conclusion Higher susceptibility of Salmonella enterica to first-line drugs (the conventional antityphoidal drugs), third-generation cephalosporins, and azithromycin; advocates for its reconsideration in the implicated therapy. However, lower susceptibility against fluoroquinolones among nalidixic-acid resistant Salmonella (NARS) strain negates its empirical use in children. Keywords Enteric fever, Nepal, children, Salmonella enterica

ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY IN CULTURE POSITIVE ENTERIC FEVER

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr. Manish Kulshrestha ◽  
Dr. Anjali Kulshrestha
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Blood Culture ◽  
Nalidixic Acid ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Enteric Fever ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Bone Marrow Culture ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Culture Positive

INTRODUCTION: Enteric fever includes typhoid and paratyphoid fever. Peak incidence is seen in children 5–15 years of age; but in regions where the disease is highly endemic, as in India, children younger than 5 years of age may have the highest infection rates. There are about 22 million new typhoid cases occur each year. Young children in poor, resource limited areas, who make up the majority of the new cases and there is a mortality figures of 215,000 deaths annually. A sharp decline in the rates of complications and mortality due to typhoid fever is observed as a result of introduction of effective antibiotic therapy since 1950s. MDR-ST became endemic in many areas of Asia, including India soon after multidrug-resistant strains of Salmonella enterica serotype typhi (MDR-ST) that were resistant to all the three first-line drugs then in use, namely chloramphenicol, amoxycillin and co-trimoxazole emerged in early 1990s. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Only blood culture or bone marrow culture positive cases were included. The patients with culture isolated enteric fever were included in the study. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out by disk diffusion method using antibiotic discs. The analysis of the antimicrobial susceptibility was carried out as per CLSI interpretative guidelines. RESULTS: A total of 82 culture positive cases were included in the present study. 80 culture isolates were from blood culture and 2 from the bone marrow culture. Salmonella entericasubspecies enterica serovartyphi (S typhi) was isolated from 67 (81.70%) patients while Salmonella enterica subspecies entericaserovarparatyphi (S paratyphi A) was isolated from 13 (15.85%) cases and 2 (2.44%) were Salmonella enterica subspecies entericaserovarschottmuelleri (S paratyphi B). Of the 82 cases 65(79.3%) isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin, 17 (20.7%) were resistant to nalidixic acid, one (1.2%) case each was resistant to Cefotaxime and ceftriaxone, 2 (2.4%) were resistant to chloramphenicol, 10 (12.2%) were resistant and to cotrimoxazole 3 (3.7%) were resistant. CONCLUSION: In a culture positive cases 65(79.3%) isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin and 17 (20.7%) were resistant to nalidixic acid. Multidrug resistant isolates were 65(79.3%).

scholarly journals Neonatal septicemia and current scenario of antibiotic sensitivity pattern – A study of blood culture isolates in a tertiary care hospital, Rajkot

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 222-226
Author(s):  
Madhulika Mistry ◽  
Arpita Bhattacharya ◽  
Twinkle Kumar Parmar
Keyword(s):  
Neonatal Sepsis ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Susceptibility Pattern ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern ◽  
Neonatal Septicemia ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Current Scenario

Neonatal sepsis is one of the leading causes of neonatal mortality in developing countries. Neonatal sepsis can be classified into two subtypes depending upon onset of symptoms- before 72 hours of life (early-onset neonatal sepsis—EONS) or later (late-onset neonatal sepsis—LONS). Bacteriological profile and antibiotic susceptibility pattern in neonatal septicemia are changing time-to-time and place-to-place. This study is aimed to know the current scenario of neonatal septicemia and antibiotic susceptibility pattern for determining effective treatment, hence reducing burden of antibiotic resistance.This is a Retrospective study. Data was collected from Bacteriology lab, PDUMC Rajkot (May 2020 – May 2021). Blood cultures were performed on suspected neonates. Both BACTEC and conventional methods were used. Organisms were isolated by standard microbiological protocols and antibiotic sensitivity was performed by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method as per CLSI- 2020/2021 guidelines. Total 1402 samples were screened. 326 were positive (23.25%). 214(65.64%) were male and 112(34.36%) were female. CONS (32.21%) was found to be the predominant pathogen followed by Klebsiella (19.63%), Staphylococcus aureus (18.10%), E. coli (15.95%), Acinetobacter (12.27%) and Enterococcus spp. (1.84%). EONS was seen in 195(59.82%) cases and LONS was seen in 131(40.18%) cases. Gram-negative bacteria are predominant in EONS (76.28%) and gram-positive bacteria is predominant in LONS (64.12%). Gram negative isolates are mostly susceptible to Meropenem, Piperacillin-tazobactam, Cefepime, Ceftazidime. Gram positive isolates mostly showed sensitivity to Vancomycin, Linezolid.Multi-drug resistant organism are emerging in neonatal septicemia. Strict antibiotic stewardship should be practiced to avoid the upcoming treatment difficulties.

Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns of Yersinia enterocolitica

1981 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 124-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. RESTAINO ◽  
W. M. HILL
Keyword(s):  
Yersinia Enterocolitica ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Penicillin G ◽  
Susceptibility Pattern ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern ◽  
Resistance To Penicillin ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns ◽  
Susceptibility Patterns

Antibiotic susceptibility patterns for Yersinia enterocolitica strains involving 10 different serotypes were analyzed and compared. All Y. enterocolitica were susceptible to colistin, gentamicin, kanamycin, neomycin and doxycycline, whereas all isolates displayed resistance to penicillin G, methicillin (derivative of penicillin), novobiocin, and clindamycin. The antibiograms for the Y. enterocolitica isolates were in some instances related to the somatic serotypes, especially serotype 0:8 for which the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern displayed the greatest disparity. By eliminating the antibiograms for the four serotype 0:8 strains, antimicrobial susceptibility patterns for atypical and typical strains were similar.

scholarly journals Frequency and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of urinary pathogens in male outpatients in Argentina

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (06) ◽  
pp. 699-704 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugo E Villar ◽  
Mónica B Jugo ◽  
Alejandro Macan ◽  
Matias Visser ◽  
Mariana Hidalgo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Adult Male ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns ◽  
Susceptibility Patterns

Introduction: Knowledge of the etiology and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of uropathogens is important for determining the best treatment option. This study aimed to determine the distribution and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of bacterial strains isolated from adult male outpatients. Methodology: Between November 2012 and April 2013, 3,105 community urine samples were analyzed from adult male patients who attended the Laboratorio Hidalgo, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Isolates resistant to third generation cephalosporin were tested for extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production using the double-disk synergy test. Results: Of the 3,105 urine samples analyzed, 791 (25.5%) had significant bacteriuria. The frequency of positive urine cultures increased significantly with patient age. Escherichia coli was isolated most frequently (47.3%), followed by Enterococcus faecalis (13.6%), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (11.9%). Gram-negative organisms represented 78.8% of urinary pathogens. The highest activities against Gram-negative bacteria were found with imipenem (99.0%), amikacin (98.1%), ertapenem (94.2%), fosfomycin (90.7%), and piperacillin-tazobactam (90.1%). The frequencies of ESBLs among E. coli, K. pneumoniae, and P. mirabilis were 15.2 %, 22.3%, and 8%, respectively. Fosfomycin, piperacillin-tazobactam, and nitrofurantoin were most effective against Gram-positive organisms. Conclusions: Fosfomycin may be an excellent option for cystitis treatment in patients without risk factors, whereas piperacillin-tazobactam is preferred for the treatment of parenchymatous UTIs, complicated UTIs, and UTIs associated with risk factors. To ensure the optimal selection of antibiotics, physicians should have access to up-to-date information about the local prevalence of antimicrobial resistance.

scholarly journals ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE IN BACTERIAL PATHOGENS ISOLATED FROM CATTLE DUNG AND ITS CONTAMINATED SOIL

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 66-83
Author(s):  
I. S. Obuekwe ◽  
C. K. Offodile
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Contaminated Soil ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Bacterial Pathogens ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Cattle Dung ◽  
Susceptibility Pattern ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern ◽  
Bacillus Spp

  Cattle dung is used as organic fertilizer and alternative source of fuel or biogas but could also be a source of antibiotic resistance genes in the environment. This study isolated, identified and assessed antibiotic susceptibility pattern of bacteria from cattle dung and its contaminated soil. Bacteria isolation and identification were based on standard techniques while hemolytic activity was used to confirm potential pathogenic bacteria. Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of isolated pathogens were assayed by disk diffusion method. Among isolated bacteria, Staphylococcus spp had highest occurrence of 23.8 % while Micrococcus spp was the least at 1.3 %. Hemolytic bacteria isolates were Staphylococcus aureus (16.5 %), Bacillus spp (17.4 %), Nocardia spp (4.6 %), Escherichia coli (29.4 %), Pseudomonas spp (13.8 %), Serratia marcersens (2.8 %) and Salmonella spp (15.6 %). High resistance (100 %) against Ampiclox (30 µg) was observed in all Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus spp isolates while Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates showed 100 % resistance to Ofloxacin (30 µg). Most Gram-positive bacterial isolates were majorly resistant to Beta lactams while Gram negative bacteria were resistant to Fluoroquinolones antibiotics. Multiple antibiotics resistant index (MARI) was measured at greater than 0.2, and was observed in 71.5 % of the hemolytic pathogens. Antibiotics resistance in hemolytic bacterial pathogens from this study is indicative of environmental sources of antibiotic resistance and possible adverse effects on human health.

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