scholarly journals Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and influenza in children with respiratory infections in Alexandria, Egypt

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (03) ◽  
pp. 379-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiziana Grassi ◽  
Fabiola Mancini ◽  
Alessandra Ciervo ◽  
Maria Fenicia Vescio ◽  
Abeer Ghazal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycoplasma Pneumoniae ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Chlamydophila Pneumoniae ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Mild Disease ◽  
Etiological Agents ◽  
Pediatric Morbidity

Introduction: Acute respiratory infections (ARI) are the leading cause of pediatric morbidity and mortality worldwide. Information about etiological agents of ARI in developing countries is still limited. Methodology: Throat swabs collected from children hospitalized with ARI between December 2009 and May 2010 were investigated for Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and influenza viruses by molecular analyses. Results: This study conducted in Alexandria, Egypt, was designed to determine the prevalence of several microorganisms in 156 children hospitalized with ARI. Overall, samples from 76 individuals (49%) were found to be positive for at least one pathogen, and 10 of them were positive for two agents. C. pneumoniae was the most commonly detected agent, followed by M. pneumonia and H1N1 pandemic influenza virus. Positivity for C. pneumoniae was associated with colder months and mild disease of the upper respiratory tract such as laryngitis. Conclusions: Further studies are needed to identify other possible agents of ARI (e.g., RSV, adenoviruses, other bacterial infections) in this population and to better understand the causal role of atypical bacteria detected in respiratory samples.

scholarly journals A role of respiratory infections in exacerbations of asthma

2007 ◽  
pp. 14-18
Author(s):  
A. G. Chuchalin ◽  
T. P. Ospelnikova ◽  
G. L. Osipova ◽  
N. V. Lizogub ◽  
V. B. Gervazieva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycoplasma Pneumoniae ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Direct Detection ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Respiratory Viruses ◽  
Chlamydophila Pneumoniae ◽  
Atopic Asthma ◽  
Interferon System

Nineteen patients aged 18–65 years with moderate and severe exacerbations of atopic asthma were examined for respiratory viruses, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and Chlamydophila pneumoniae. Interferon system, IL-4 and γ-IFN serum levels were also investigated. Viral infections (RS-virus, adenovirus, influenza types A (H1N1, H3N2) and B viruses, parainfluenza types 1 and 3 viruses) were diagnosed serologically or using PCR with direct detection of viral nucleic acids in 73.6 % of the patients. Diagnostic level of Mycoplasma pneumoniae antigen was found in 78.9 % of the patients, anti-Chlamydophila pneumoniae antibodies were detected in 31.6 %. Leukocyte interferon-producing function was decreased in all the patients.

Atypical pathogen infection of respiratory system

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-81
Author(s):  
Adam J. Sybilski
Keyword(s):  
Mycoplasma Pneumoniae ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Chlamydophila Pneumoniae ◽  
Medical Attention ◽  
Intensive Care Treatment ◽  
Atypical Pneumonia ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Atypical Pathogen ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Atypical Bacteria

The frequency of respiratory infections, especially atypical pneumonia, is increasing significantly. Most often, atypical pneumonia is caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydophila pneumoniae. Human is the only reservoir of these atypical bacteria. The infection occurs via droplets or direct contact with a sick person or convalescent. Pneumonia of the etiology of Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydophila pneumoniae most often affects children without comorbidities and is usually mild, while most patients with Legionella infection require intensive care treatment. Symptoms of mycoplasma infection can range from mild symptoms in the upper respiratory tract to pneumonia and extrapulmonary symptoms. The infection is often underdiagnosed, and patients usually do not seek medical attention and treatment. Chlamydial pneumonia is, in most cases, mild, similar to Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and tends to heal itself. The drugs of choice in the treatment of atypical pneumonia are macrolides, and because of the best compliance in children – azithromycin.

scholarly journals COVID-19 Shuts Doors to Flu but Keeps Them Open to Rhinoviruses

Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 733
Author(s):  
Irina Kiseleva ◽  
Andrey Ksenafontov
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Pandemic ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Interferon Response ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Mild Disease ◽  
Viral Interference ◽  
The Common

It is well known that rhinoviruses are distributed across the globe and are the most common cause of the common cold in all age groups. Rhinoviruses are widely considered to be harmless because they are generally perceived as respiratory viruses only capable of causing mild disease. However, they may also infect the lower respiratory tract, inducing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and exacerbations of asthma, bronchiolitis, etc. The role of rhinoviruses in pathogenesis and the epidemiological process is underestimated, and they need to be intensively studied. In the light of recent data, it is now known that rhinoviruses could be one of the key epidemiological barriers that may influence the spread of influenza and novel coronaviruses. It has been reported that endemic human rhinoviruses delayed the development of the H1N1pdm09 influenza pandemic through viral interference. Moreover, human rhinoviruses have been suggested to block SARS-CoV-2 replication in the airways by triggering an interferon response. In this review, we summarized the main biological characteristics of genetically distinct viruses such as rhinoviruses, influenza viruses, and SARS-CoV-2 in an attempt to illuminate their main discrepancies and similarities. We hope that this comparative analysis will help us to better understand in which direction research in this area should move.

Bacterial Infections of the Adult Upper Respiratory Tract

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura K Certain ◽  
Miriam B Barshak
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Group A Streptococcus ◽  
The United States ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Tract Infections

Upper respiratory tract infections are the most common maladies experienced by humankind.1 The majority are caused by respiratory viruses. A Dutch case-controlled study of primary care patients with acute respiratory tract infections found that viruses accounted for 58% of cases; rhinovirus was the most common (24%), followed by influenza virus type A (11%) and corona­viruses (7%). Group A streptococcus (GAS) was responsible for 11%, and 3% of patients had mixed infections. Potential pathogens were detected in 30% of control patients who were free of acute respiratory symptoms; rhinovirus was the most common.2 Given the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance and the increasing awareness of the importance of a healthy microbiome, antibiotic use for upper respiratory infections should be reserved for those patients with clear indications for treatment. A recent study of adult outpatient visits in the United States found that respiratory complaints accounted for 150 antibiotic prescriptions per 1,000 population annually, yet the expected “appropriate” rate would be 45.3 In other words, most antibiotic prescriptions for these complaints are unnecessary. Similarly, a study in the United Kingdom found that general practitioners prescribed antibiotics to about half of all patients presenting with an upper respiratory infection, even though most of these infections are viral.4 This review contains 5 figures, 16 tables, and 82 references. Keywords: infection, airway, sinusitis, otitis media, otitis externa, pharyngitis, epiglottitis, abscess

scholarly journals Sequential delivery of LAIV and SARS-CoV-2 in the ferret model can reduce SARS-CoV-2 shedding and does not result in enhanced lung pathology

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn A. Ryan ◽  
Katarzyna E. Schewe ◽  
Jonathan Crowe ◽  
Susan A. Fotheringham ◽  
Yper Hall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Vaccine ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Lung Pathology ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Mild Disease ◽  
Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine ◽  
Disease Outcomes ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Upper Respiratory

AbstractCo-circulation of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza viruses could pose unpredictable risks to health systems globally, with recent studies suggesting more severe disease outcomes in co-infected patients. The lack of a readily available COVID-19 vaccine has reinforced the importance of influenza vaccine programmes during the COVID-19 pandemic. Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine (LAIV) is an important tool in protecting against influenza, particularly in children. However, it is unknown whether LAIV administration might influence the outcomes of acute SARS-CoV-2 infection or disease. To investigate this, quadrivalent LAIV (QLAIV) was administered to ferrets 3 days pre- or post-SARS-CoV-2 infection. LAIV administration did not exacerbate SARS-CoV-2 disease course or lung pathology with either regimen. Additionally, LAIV administered prior to SARS-CoV-2 infection significantly reduced SARS-CoV-2 replication and shedding in the upper respiratory tract (URT). We conclude that LAIV administration in close proximity to SARS-CoV-2 infection does not exacerbate mild disease and can reduce SARS-CoV-2 shedding.

THE ETIOLOGICAL ROLE OF MYCOPLASMA PNEUMONIAE IN OTITIS MEDIA IN CHILDREN

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1965 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 652-657 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Soběslavský ◽  
L. Syrůček ◽  
M. Brůčková ◽  
M. Abrahamovič
Keyword(s):  
Otitis Media ◽  
Mycoplasma Pneumoniae ◽  
Complement Fixation Test ◽  
Significant Rise ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Solid Media ◽  
Respiratory Tract Illness

The paper brings a report on the isolation and identification of Mycoplasma pneumoniae as possible etiological agent of otitis media in three naturally infected children. The disease was a complication of a mild respiratory tract illness. All patients recovered in the course of one week. M. pneumoniae isolation was successful both in enriched liquid and on solid PPLO media from throat swabs of two patients and from the ear swab of one after paracentesis of the eardrum. The strains isolated grew on solid media forming typical colonies and producing hemolysin. Their final identification was accomplished by means of the immunofluorescence as well as by the complement-fixation test. In the paired sera of two of these patients a significant rise of complement-fixing antibody against both the M. pneumoniae standard strain (strain F.H.) and the strains isolated was established. On the other hand there were no antibody rises against influenza viruses, adenoviruses, parainfluenza virus type 1, and RS virus, nor a significant rise of antistreptolysin O.

scholarly journals Swine influenza: Newer data on diagnosis, interpretation of the results, and control

2021 ◽  
Vol 77 (02) ◽  
pp. 6506-2021
Author(s):  
ZYGMUNT PEJSAK ◽  
KAZIMIERZ TARASIUK
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Swine Influenza ◽  
Water System ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Influenza A Viruses ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Specific Antibodies

Influenza viruses are among the major causes of acute respiratory disease outbreaks in pigs. In most cases, infections are subclinical. Until 2009, three subtypes of IAV-S circulated in the pig population in Europe, with some geographical restrictions regarding their prevalence: avian-like (av) H1N1, reassortant (r) H3N2, and human (hu) H1N2. Viruses of the H1N1av lineage appeared to be responsible for the majority of swine infections in Europe. In 2009, a fourth subtype entered the pig population: the human pandemic H1N1 2009 influenza A virus (H1N1pdm). Due to the expression of receptors with α-2-6 or α-2-3-linked terminal sialic acids in the porcine upper respiratory tract, swine appear to be susceptible to influenza A viruses of both avian and human origin. A clinical diagnosis of swine influenza is not easy, since there are no observable pathognomonic clinical signs, and the disease must be distinguished from a variety of other respiratory conditions in pigs. A final diagnosis can be made by the following methods: detection of viral proteins or nucleic acid, isolation of virus, or demonstration of virus-specific antibodies. IAV-S is most likely to be found in nasal and pharyngeal secretions during the fever period of illness. Serological tests are used to demonstrate the presence of influenza-specific antibodies. Serology is the most useful technique to determine the immune status of the herd, to assess the levels of maternally derived antibodies in young piglets and their profile, as well as post-vaccination antibody titers, and to perform pre-movement testing of pigs. The interpretation of serological data is often complex and may be further confounded by concurrent circulation of different virus subtypes and gene lineages. In control of IAV-S, vaccination appears to be the primary tool for preventing influenza. The efficacy of vaccination may be various and is correlated with homology between vaccine and field IAV-S strains. There is no treatment available for IAV-S. The administration of aspirin via the water system or of paracetamol in feed may play a role as a support therapy. To avoid subsequent bacterial infections, treatment with an antibiotic is essential.

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