Atypical pathogen infection of respiratory system

The frequency of respiratory infections, especially atypical pneumonia, is increasing significantly. Most often, atypical pneumonia is caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydophila pneumoniae. Human is the only reservoir of these atypical bacteria. The infection occurs via droplets or direct contact with a sick person or convalescent. Pneumonia of the etiology of Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydophila pneumoniae most often affects children without comorbidities and is usually mild, while most patients with Legionella infection require intensive care treatment. Symptoms of mycoplasma infection can range from mild symptoms in the upper respiratory tract to pneumonia and extrapulmonary symptoms. The infection is often underdiagnosed, and patients usually do not seek medical attention and treatment. Chlamydial pneumonia is, in most cases, mild, similar to Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and tends to heal itself. The drugs of choice in the treatment of atypical pneumonia are macrolides, and because of the best compliance in children – azithromycin.

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Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and influenza in children with respiratory infections in Alexandria, Egypt

The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries ◽

10.3855/jidc.4458 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 8 (03) ◽

pp. 379-383 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Tiziana Grassi ◽

Fabiola Mancini ◽

Alessandra Ciervo ◽

Maria Fenicia Vescio ◽

Abeer Ghazal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mycoplasma Pneumoniae ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Chlamydophila Pneumoniae ◽

Influenza Viruses ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Mild Disease ◽

Etiological Agents ◽

Pediatric Morbidity

Introduction: Acute respiratory infections (ARI) are the leading cause of pediatric morbidity and mortality worldwide. Information about etiological agents of ARI in developing countries is still limited. Methodology: Throat swabs collected from children hospitalized with ARI between December 2009 and May 2010 were investigated for Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and influenza viruses by molecular analyses. Results: This study conducted in Alexandria, Egypt, was designed to determine the prevalence of several microorganisms in 156 children hospitalized with ARI. Overall, samples from 76 individuals (49%) were found to be positive for at least one pathogen, and 10 of them were positive for two agents. C. pneumoniae was the most commonly detected agent, followed by M. pneumonia and H1N1 pandemic influenza virus. Positivity for C. pneumoniae was associated with colder months and mild disease of the upper respiratory tract such as laryngitis. Conclusions: Further studies are needed to identify other possible agents of ARI (e.g., RSV, adenoviruses, other bacterial infections) in this population and to better understand the causal role of atypical bacteria detected in respiratory samples.

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Acute Respiratory Infection by Chlamydophila pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae in a Population of Older Adults in Colombia

Universitas Médica ◽

10.11144/javeriana.umed58-4.pneu ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 58 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Nidi Lorena Corredor Cubides ◽

Karent Juileth Beltrán Suárez ◽

Juan Camilo Segura Salgero ◽

Laura Bettin Torres ◽

Jeanette Coriat Budik ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Mycoplasma Pneumoniae ◽

Respiratory Infection ◽

Acute Respiratory Infection ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Age Groups ◽

Mortality Rates ◽

Chlamydophila Pneumoniae ◽

Upper Respiratory Infections ◽

Upper Respiratory

AbstractIntroduction: Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) is a heterogeneous group of viral and bacterial respiratory pathologies including Chlamydophila pneumoniae (CP) and Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) that are not routinely identified; these infections in the older adults have mortality rates 3 to 5 times higher than that recorded in other age groups. Methods: this study was conducted prospectively to determine the proportion of atypical bacterial pathogens in older adults with ARI in Bogotá. Microbiological diagnosis was determined by real-time PCR (qPCR) in samples of respiratory origin and serology for antibodies IgG, IgA and IgM to MP and CP. Results: A total of 71 patients were enrolled from 2012 to 2013. Upper respiratory infections were diagnosed in the 69% of patients and lower respiratory infections in 31%. MP was identified in 9.8% and CP in 8.5%. Conclusions: these findings indicated that CP and MP must be viewed as a significant etiological agent of ARI in older adults in Bogotá.

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Chronic atypical respiratory infections (Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae) and asthma control in children

10.26226/morressier.5acc8ad2d462b8028d89b364 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Sergey Tereshchenko

Keyword(s):

Asthma Control ◽

Mycoplasma Pneumoniae ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Chlamydophila Pneumoniae

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Viral etiology and epidemiology of pediatric patients hospitalized for acute respiratory tract infections in Macao: a retrospective study from 2014 to 2017

BMC Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1186/s12879-021-05996-x ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Cheng Lei ◽

Lisong Yang ◽

Cheong Tat Lou ◽

Fan Yang ◽

Kin Ian SiTou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Tract ◽

Lower Respiratory Tract ◽

Respiratory Tract Infections ◽

Pediatric Patients ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Viral Etiology ◽

Upper Respiratory ◽

Syncytial Virus ◽

Tract Infections

Abstract Background Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are among the leading causes of hospitalization in children. Understanding the local dominant viral etiologies is important to inform infection control practices and clinical management. This study aimed to investigate the viral etiology and epidemiology of respiratory infections among pediatric inpatients in Macao. Methods A retrospective study using electronic health records between 2014 and 2017 at Kiang Wu Hospital was performed. Nasopharyngeal swab specimens were obtained from hospitalized children aged 13 years or younger with respiratory tract diseases. xMAP multiplex assays were employed to detect respiratory agents including 10 respiratory viruses. Data were analyzed to describe the frequency and seasonality. Results Of the 4880 children enrolled in the study, 3767 (77.1%) were positive for at least one of the 13 viral pathogens tested, of which 2707 (55.5%) being male and 2635 (70.0%) under 2 years old. Among the positive results, there were 3091 (82.0%) single infections and 676 (18.0%) multiple infections. The predominant viruses included human rhinovirus/enterovirus (HRV/EV 27.4%), adenovirus (ADV, 15.8%), respiratory syncytial virus B (RSVB, 7.8%) and respiratory syncytial virus A (RSVA, 7.8%). The detection of viral infection was the most prevalent in autumn (960/1176, 81.6%), followed by spring (1095/1406, 77.9%), winter (768/992, 77.4%), and summer (944/1306, 72.3%), with HRV/EV and ADV being most commonly detected throughout the 4 years of study period. The detection rate of viral infection was highest among ARI patients presented with croup (123/141, 87.2%), followed by lower respiratory tract infection (1924/2356, 81.7%) and upper respiratory tract infection (1720/2383, 72.2%). FluA, FluB and ADV were positive factors for upper respiratory tract infections. On the other hand, infection with RSVA, RSVB, PIV3, PIV4, HMPV, and EV/RHV were positively associated with lower respiratory tract infections; and PIV1, PIV2, and PIV3 were positively associated with croup. Conclusions This is the first study in Macao to determine the viral etiology and epidemiology of pediatric patients hospitalized for ARIs. The study findings can contribute to the awareness of pathogen, appropriate preventative measure, accurate diagnosis, and proper clinical management of respiratory viral infections among children in Macao.

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Principles of Judicious Use of Antimicrobial Agents for Pediatric Upper Respiratory Tract Infections

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.101.s1.163 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 101 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. 163-165 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Scott F. Dowell ◽

S. Michael Marcy ◽

William R. Phillips ◽

Michael A. Gerber ◽

Benjamin Schwartz

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Tract ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

The United States ◽

Antimicrobial Treatment ◽

Antimicrobial Use ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Oral Agents ◽

Upper Respiratory ◽

Tract Infections

This article introduces a set of principles to define judicious antimicrobial use for five conditions that account for the majority of outpatient antimicrobial use in the United States. Data from the National Center for Health Statistics indicate that in recent years, approximately three fourths of all outpatient antibiotics have been prescribed for otitis media, sinusitis, bronchitis, pharyngitis, or nonspecific upper respiratory tract infection.1Antimicrobial drug use rates are highest for children1; therefore, the pediatric age group represents the focus for the present guidelines. The evidence-based principles presented here are focused on situations in which antimicrobial therapy could be curtailed without compromising patient care. They are not formulated as comprehensive management strategies. For most upper respiratory infections that require antimicrobial treatment, there are several appropriate oral agents from which to choose. Although the general principles of selecting narrow-spectrum agents with the fewest side effects and lowest cost are important, the principles that follow include few specific antibiotic selection recommendations.

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Medical Consultations After Typhoon Haiyan in a Field Hospital in the Philippines

Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness ◽

10.1017/dmp.2019.99 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 34-38

Author(s):

Julita Gil Cuesta ◽

Joris Adriaan Frank van Loenhout ◽

Maria Lourdes de Lara Banquesio ◽

Masniza Mustaffa ◽

Debarati Guha-Sapir

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Tract Infections ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

District Hospital ◽

The Philippines ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Field Hospital ◽

Adult Men ◽

Medical Consultations ◽

Upper Respiratory ◽

Tract Infections

ABSTRACTIntroduction and Objectives:Typhoon Haiyan partially destroyed the Ormoc District Hospital in the Philippines. A field hospital was established to replace its outpatient department for 5 weeks. We investigated the reasons for medical consultation in the field hospital.Methods:We described the consultations by sex, age, week, and diagnosis according to the Surveillance in Post-Extreme Emergencies and Disasters system. We compared the number and proportion of upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) with a control season in 2014.Results:We included 6785 consultations, 55.9% from women. The majority of consultations were communicable diseases (88.2%) followed by noncommunicable (7.1%) and injuries (5.6%). Males suffered more often from injuries than women (66.0% vs 34.0%). Consultations due to injuries decreased from 10.0% in the first to 2.9% in the last week. The most frequent diagnosis over the study period was acute respiratory infections (ARIs) (73.1%), of which 83.0% were children. The number of daily URTIs was higher than in a similar 2014 period.Conclusions:ARI was the most prevalent diagnosis. We recommend ARI treatments being fully accessible after such a disaster. During the first week, injury prevention should focus on adult men. Studies after natural disasters should include control periods to better understand disease distribution, ultimately improving the prioritization in disasters.

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Diseases Due to Chlamydiaceae

10.2310/im.1136 ◽

2013 ◽

Author(s):

Walter E Stamm

Keyword(s):

Sexually Transmitted Diseases ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Close Contact ◽

Mammalian Species ◽

Perinatal Transmission ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Sexually Transmitted ◽

Obligate Intracellular ◽

Upper Respiratory ◽

Obligate Intracellular Bacteria

The Chlamydiaceae are obligate intracellular bacteria that produce a wide variety of infections in many mammalian and avian species. Three species belonging to two genera of Chlamydiaceae infect humans: Chlamydia trachomatis, Chlamydophila psittaci, and Chlamydophila pneumoniae. C. trachomatis is exclusively a human pathogen and is transmitted from person to person via sexual contact, perinatal transmission, or close contact in households. C. psittaci, in contrast, is more widely distributed in nature, producing genital, conjunctival, intestinal, or respiratory infections in many avian and mammalian species. C. pneumoniae is a fastidious organism that produces upper respiratory tract infection and pneumonitis in both children and adults. This chapter details the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of chlamydial diseases. Sexually transmitted diseases, perinatal infections, adult inclusion conjunctivitis, trachoma, and psittacosis are covered. The chapter also includes tables outlining comparative features of the three species and treatment of sexually transmitted diseases caused by C. trachomatis, as well as a figure illustrating the life cycle of Chlamydiaceae. This review contains 1 highly rendered figure, 2 tables, and 87 references.

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Bacterial Infections of the Adult Upper Respiratory Tract

10.2310/fm.1237 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Laura K Certain ◽

Miriam B Barshak

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Tract ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Respiratory Tract Infections ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Group A Streptococcus ◽

The United States ◽

Controlled Study ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Upper Respiratory ◽

Tract Infections

Upper respiratory tract infections are the most common maladies experienced by humankind.1 The majority are caused by respiratory viruses. A Dutch case-controlled study of primary care patients with acute respiratory tract infections found that viruses accounted for 58% of cases; rhinovirus was the most common (24%), followed by influenza virus type A (11%) and coronaviruses (7%). Group A streptococcus (GAS) was responsible for 11%, and 3% of patients had mixed infections. Potential pathogens were detected in 30% of control patients who were free of acute respiratory symptoms; rhinovirus was the most common.2 Given the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance and the increasing awareness of the importance of a healthy microbiome, antibiotic use for upper respiratory infections should be reserved for those patients with clear indications for treatment. A recent study of adult outpatient visits in the United States found that respiratory complaints accounted for 150 antibiotic prescriptions per 1,000 population annually, yet the expected “appropriate” rate would be 45.3 In other words, most antibiotic prescriptions for these complaints are unnecessary. Similarly, a study in the United Kingdom found that general practitioners prescribed antibiotics to about half of all patients presenting with an upper respiratory infection, even though most of these infections are viral.4 This review contains 5 figures, 16 tables, and 82 references. Keywords: infection, airway, sinusitis, otitis media, otitis externa, pharyngitis, epiglottitis, abscess

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The Haemophilic Bacteria of the Upper Respiratory Tract, the Appearance of Virulent forms in Relation to Upper Respiratory Infections

Journal of Hygiene ◽

10.1017/s0022172400034525 ◽

1934 ◽

Vol 34 (2) ◽

pp. 195-202 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

L. Hoyle

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Tract ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Bacterial Flora ◽

The Other ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Upper Respiratory Infections ◽

Acute Infections ◽

Other Hand ◽

Upper Respiratory ◽

Normal Health

In previous studies of the bacterial flora of the upper respiratory tract and its variations during attacks of acute coryza (Hoyle, 1932), it was found that there was in many cases a striking relationship between the appearance of certain organisms with definite pathogenic properties towards the lower animals, in the upper respiratory tract, and the occurrence of acute infections. This relationship was especially marked in the case of the influenza bacillus, and it was suggested that this organism played a prominent part in the aetiology of upper respiratory infections. The significance of the influenza bacillus in acute coryza has been noted by various workers (Noble, Fisher and Brainard, 1928; Burky and Smillie, 1929; Webster and Clow, 1932; Kneeland and Dawes, 1932), but on the other hand various observers have found the incidence of influenza bacilli in the respiratory tract to be the same in normal health and in acute coryza, and Fleming (1929) and Fleming and Maclean (1930) have devised a technique by means of which they claim to have isolated influenza bacilli in 100 per cent, of normal throats. One possible explanation of these conflicting results may be found in the absence of any very exact criterion of what constitutes a typical influenza bacillus.

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Prevention of Acute Upper Respiratory Infections by Consumption of Catechins in Healthcare Workers: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12010004 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 4 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Daisuke Furushima ◽

Takuma Nishimura ◽

Norikata Takuma ◽

Ryo Iketani ◽

Tomohito Mizuno ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Placebo Group ◽

Healthcare Workers ◽

Xanthan Gum ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

Rank Test ◽

Event Analysis ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Upper Respiratory ◽

Tract Infections

Catechins, phytochemicals contained mainly in green tea, exhibit antiviral activity against various acute infectious diseases experimentally. Clinical evidence supporting these effects, however, is not conclusive. We performed a placebo-controlled, single-blind, randomized control trial to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of consumption of catechins-containing beverage for preventing acute upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs). Two hundred and seventy healthcare workers were randomly allocated to high-catechin (three daily doses of 57 mg catechins and 100 mg xanthan gum), low-catechin (one daily dose of 57 mg catechins and 100 mg xanthan gum), or placebo (0 mg catechins and 100 mg xanthan gum) group. Subjects consumed a beverage with or without catechins for 12 weeks from December 2017 through February 2018. The primary endpoint was incidence of URTIs compared among groups using a time-to-event analysis. A total of 255 subjects were analyzed (placebo group n = 86, low-catechin group n = 85, high catechin group n = 84). The URTI incidence rate was 26.7% in the placebo group, 28.2% in the low-catechin group, and 13.1% in the high-catechin group (log rank test, p = 0.042). The hazard ratio (95% confidence interval (CI)) with reference to the placebo group was 1.09 (0.61–1.92) in the low-catechin group and 0.46 (0.23–0.95) in the high-catechin group. These findings suggest that catechins combined with xanthan gum protect against URTIs.

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