Study of Neuropeptide Substance P as A Marker of Pain in Newborn Infant

BACKGROUND: Prolonged and repeated untreated pain in newborn infant may produce a relatively permanent adverse long-term sequela. AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential role for neuropeptides substance P (SP) as neurochemical pain marker in newborn infants in order to decrease unnecessary use of analgesics and protect the developing brain. METHODS: This case-control study was conducted on 60 newborn infants. They were assigned to four groups, control preterm, sick preterm, control full term, and sick full term. All neonates were subjected to estimation of pain through neonatal infants pain score (NIPS) as well as Neuropeptide SP on the 1st and 5th day of life. The NIPS addresses five behavioral parameters (facial expression, crying, arm movement, leg movement, and state arousal) and one physiological parameter (breathing pattern). Results were further evaluated according to nature of the procedures; invasive and non-invasive procedures. RESULTS: There was a significant increase in the severity of pain score among the sick preterm and full-term infants after invasive procedures. There was a significant increase in SP in the sick preterm group than the control preterm on the 1st and 5th day of life; p were =0.003 and = 0.037, while full-term infants showed significant increase on the 5th day; p = 0.005. Furthermore, there was no significant difference in SP values between the preterm and full-term infants on the 1st and 5th day of life. SP increased significantly after invasive procedures than noninvasive procedures in the sick full-term and sick preterm infants weather in the 1st or 5th day of life. There was a significant correlation between the pain score NIPS and SP level on the 1st day of life. CONCLUSION: SP can be used as pain marker in sick preterm and full-term newborn infants. It showed increase with invasive procedures, acute and chronic pain.

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Breastfeeding skills of full-term newborns and associated factors in a low-and-middle-income setting

African Health Sciences ◽

10.4314/ahs.v19i3.43 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (3) ◽

pp. 2670-2678

Author(s):

Esedra E Krüger ◽

Alta AM Kritzinger ◽

Lidia L Pottas

Keyword(s):

South African ◽

Early Identification ◽

Newborn Infants ◽

Full Term ◽

Term Infants ◽

Middle Income ◽

Term Newborn ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Term Newborns ◽

Hiv Exposed

Background: Normative information on the breastfeeding of term newborns may guide clinicians in early identification of breastfeeding difficulties and oro-pharyngeal dysphagia (OPD), and may support optimal breastfeeding practices. Objective: To describe breastfeeding skills of term newborn infants in a South African hospital, a lower-middle-income setting, and investigate associations between infants’ feeding and other factors.Method: One breastfeeding session of each of the 71 healthy newborn full-term infants (mean chronological age=1.9 days; mean gestation=39.1 weeks) was evaluated using the Preterm Infant Breastfeeding Behavior Scale (PIBBS), suitable for use with term newborns.Results: All participants were exclusively breastfed. Thirteen participants (18%) were HIV-exposed. There was no significant difference in the findings of the PIBBS between HIV-exposed and unexposed participants. Most newborns had obvious rooting, latched deeply onto the nipple and some of the areola, had repeated long sucking bursts (mean length=16.82 sucks/burst), and swallowed repeatedly. Most participants were in either the drowsy or quiet-alert state, which are optimal behavioural states for breastfeeding. One to two-hourly on-demand feeds was significantly associated with mothers who had normal births and did not use galactogogues to promote lactation.Conclusion: Results may be used for early identification of OPD in newborns. The findings may be useful to primary care clinicians.Keywords: Full-term, newborn, breastfeeding, feeding skills, feeding characteristics, normative data.

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The Platelet of the Newborn Infant – Adenine Nucleotide Metabolism and Release

Thrombosis and Haemostasis ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1650026 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 43 (02) ◽

pp. 099-103 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

J M Whaun ◽

P Lievaart ◽

Keyword(s):

Newborn Infant ◽

Adenine Nucleotide ◽

Platelet Rich Plasma ◽

Adenine Nucleotides ◽

Newborn Infants ◽

Specific Radioactivity ◽

Nucleotide Metabolism ◽

Breakdown Product ◽

Term Infants ◽

Adenine Nucleotide Metabolism

SummaryBlood from normal full term infants, mothers and normal adults was collected in citrate. Citrated platelet-rich plasma was prelabelled with 3H-adenine and reacted with release inducers, collagen and adrenaline. Adenine nucleotide metabolism, total adenine nucleotide levels and changes in sizes of these pools were determined in platelets from these three groups of subjects.At rest, the platelet of the newborn infant, compared to that of the mother and normal adult, possessed similar amounts of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), 4.6 ± 0.2 (SD), 5.0 ± 1.1, 4.9 ± 0.6 µmoles ATP/1011 platelets respectively, and adenosine diphosphate (ADP), 2.4 ± 0.7, 2.8 ± 0.6, 3.0 ± 0.3 umoles ADP/1011 platelets respectively. However the marked elevation of specific radioactivity of ADP and ATP in these resting platelets indicated the platelet of the neonate has decreased adenine nucleotide stores.In addition to these decreased stores of adenine nucleotides, infant platelets showed significantly impaired release of ADP and ATP on exposure to collagen. The release of ADP in infants, mothers, and other adults was 0.9 ± 0.5 (SD), 1.5 ± 0.5, 1.5 ± 0.1 umoles/1011 platelets respectively; that of ATP was 0.6 ± 0.3, 1.0 ± 0.1,1.3 ± 0.2 µmoles/1011 platelets respectively. With collagen-induced release, platelets of newborn infants compared to those of other subjects showed only slight increased specific radioactivities of adenine nucleotides over basal levels. The content of metabolic hypoxanthine, a breakdown product of adenine nucleotides, increased in both platelets and plasma in all subjects studied.In contrast, with adrenaline as release inducer, the platelets of the newborn infant showed no adenine nucleotide release, no change in total ATP and level of radioactive hypoxanthine, and minimal change in total ADP. The reason for this decreased adrenaline reactivity of infant platelets compared to reactivity of adult platelets is unknown.Infant platelets may have different membranes, with resulting differences in regulation of cellular processes, or alternatively, may be refractory to catecholamines because of elevated levels of circulating catecholamines in the newborn period.

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STUDIES OF THE IMMUNOLOGY OF THE NEWBORN INFANT

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.12.2.151 ◽

1953 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 151-157

Author(s):

JOSEPH DANCIS ◽

JOHN J. OSBORN ◽

HANS W. KUNZ

Keyword(s):

Antibody Response ◽

Newborn Infant ◽

Premature Infants ◽

Single Injection ◽

Diphtheria Toxoid ◽

Birth Date ◽

Term Infants ◽

Normal Birth ◽

Significant Difference

The antibody response of premature infants immunized at birth with a single injection of diphtheria toxoid was compared to that of a group of term infants similarly immunized. No significant difference was demonstrated. A group of premature infants was immunized about the time that was estimated to be their normal birth date and the antibody response compared to that of term infants at birth. The performance of the premature infants was superior to that of the term infants. The significance of these findings is discussed.

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Breast-Feeding and Hyperbilirubinemia in Full-Term Newborn Infants

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.75.3.617a ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 75 (3) ◽

pp. 617-618

Author(s):

CARLO CORCHIA ◽

MARIA RUIU ◽

MARCELLO ORZALESI

Keyword(s):

Breast Feeding ◽

Newborn Infants ◽

Positive Association ◽

Full Term ◽

Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia ◽

Term Infants ◽

Term Newborn ◽

School Of Medicine

To the Editor.— Osborn et al1 have reported a positive association between breast-feeding and neonatal hyperbilirubinemia in full-term infants. To give further support to the findings of Osborn et al, we wish to report the results of two similar studies that have been completed in two different hospitals. The first study was carried out in the nursery of the Second School of Medicine of Naples.2 Rooming-in was practiced from 9 am to 12 pm, and during the day, breastfed babies were only offered a supplement of 5% dextrose in water when appropriate.

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Reduction in Obstructive Breathing Events During Body Rocking: A Controlled Polygraphic Study in Preterm and Full-Term Infants

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.96.1.64 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 96 (1) ◽

pp. 64-68

Author(s):

J. Groswasser ◽

M. Sottiaux ◽

E. Rebuffat ◽

T. Simon ◽

M. Vandeweyer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Eye Movement ◽

Preterm Infants ◽

Upper Airway ◽

Periodic Breathing ◽

Full Term ◽

Rapid Eye Movement ◽

Term Infants ◽

Obstructive Sleep ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Obstructive Sleep Apneas

Objective. To investigate the effect of body rocking on infant respiratory behavior during sleep. Methods. Eighteen infants with documented obstructive sleep apneas were studied. There were eight premature infants with persistent bradycardias and 10 infants born full-term, admitted after an idiopathic apparent life-threatening event. No cause for the obstructive apneas was found. The infants were recorded with polygraphic techniques during two successive nights. They were randomly assigned to a rocking or a nonrocking mattress. The conditions were reversed the following night, in a crossover design. Results. In both groups of infants, no significant difference was seen between the two consecutive nights for most of the variables studied: total sleep time, the proportion of non-rapid-eye-movement and rapid-eye-movement sleep, the number of arousals, the number and maximal duration of central apneas, the frequency of periodic breathing, the level of oxygen saturation, and heart rate. During the nonrocking nights, all infants had repeated obstructive breathing events. In seven of the eight preterm infants and in nine of the 10 full-term subjects, body rocking was associated with a significant decrease in the frequency of obstructive events. During rocking, in the preterm infants the obstructions fell from a median of 2.5 to 1.8 episodes per hour (P = .034). In the full-term infants, rocking reduced the obstructive events from a median of 1.5 obstructions per hour to 0.7 (P = .005). No difference was seen for the duration of the obstructive episodes. Conclusion. In preterm and full-term infants prone to obstructive sleep apneas, gentle side-to-side body rocking is associated with a significant decrease in the frequency of upper-airway obstructions.

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PHYSIOLOGIC HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA AND HEMOLYSIS OF ERYTHROCYTES BY HYDROGEN PEROXIDE SOLUTION IN THE NEWBORN: INVESTIGATION OF A POSSIBLE RELATIONSHIP

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.20.1.92 ◽

1957 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 92-97

Author(s):

Jo-Anne E. Richards ◽

Richard B. Goldbloom ◽

Ronald L. Denton

Keyword(s):

Hydrogen Peroxide ◽

Statistical Analysis ◽

Vitamin E ◽

Clinical Significance ◽

Newborn Infant ◽

Newborn Infants ◽

Control Group ◽

Term Infants ◽

Mean Values ◽

Relative Deficiency

Forty-three full-term infants have been studied with respect to hemolysis of erythrocytes in solutions of hydrogen peroxide and concentrations of bilirubin in the serum. Mean values for concentration of bilirubin in the serum and percentage of hemolysis followed similar patterns in the first few days of life. However, statistical analysis of the data in individual cases showed no significant correlation between the degree of hemolysis in solutions of hydrogen peroxide and the concentrations of bilirubin in the serum. Administration of vitamin E prevented an increase in hemolysis of erythrocytes in solutions of hydrogen peroxide but failed to produce any significant change in concentrations of bilirubin as compared with the control group. The evidence suggests that the relative deficiency of vitamin E which exists in most newborn infants does not play a part in the causation or maintenance of physiologic hyperbilirubinemia. The clinical significance of increased hemolysis of the erythrocytes of the newborn infant in solutions of hydrogen peroxide remains a mystery. Possible approaches to the clarification of this problem are suggested.

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The Lowering of Bilirubin Levels in Full-Term Newborns by the Effect of Combined Massage Therapy and Phototherapy Practice

American Journal of Perinatology ◽

10.1055/s-0039-1685493 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Shokoufeh Ahmadipour ◽

Mahnaz Mardani ◽

Azam Mohsenzadeh ◽

Parastoo Baharvand ◽

Mohammad Nazeri

Keyword(s):

Bilirubin Level ◽

Intervention Group ◽

Massage Therapy ◽

Serum Bilirubin Level ◽

Full Term ◽

Control Group ◽

Term Infants ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Duration Of Hospitalization ◽

And Control

Objective Various therapeutic treatments have been prescribed for decreasing the bilirubin level. Massage therapy is one of the neonate treatments for jaundice. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of combined massage therapy and phototherapy on neonatal jaundice. Study Design This study was performed at Shahid Madani Hospital in the city of Khorramabad in 2016, where 83 healthy full-term infants were enrolled. They were selected through convenience sampling and then were randomly assigned to the intervention and control groups. The control group (n = 43) received phototherapy, whereas infants in the intervention group (n = 40) received 4 days of massage and phototherapy. The serum bilirubin level, frequency of stooling and amount of urination, duration of hospitalization, and feeding frequency were analyzed using SPSS by descriptive and analytical statistics (mixed regression models). Results Baseline levels of bilirubin were similar between the two groups (p > 0.05). The bilirubin level was measured as 13.4 ± 0.7 mg/dL in the intervention group on day 1. It stood at 14.4 ± 1.5 mg/dL in the control group, which was not statistically significantly different. However, the mean bilirubin level was decreased on day 4 of hospitalization to 7.4 ± 0.56 mg/dL and 9.0 ± 2.3 mg/dL, showing a significant difference decrease in the intervention and control group (p < 0.05), respectively. Conclusion Intervention had a significant role in decreasing the bilirubin level, amount of urination, and duration of hospitalization of full-term infants suffering from hyperbilirubinemia.

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Acoustic Examination of Preterm and Full-Term Infant Cries

Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research ◽

10.1044/jslhr.4204.850 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 42 (4) ◽

pp. 850-861 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Alexander M. Goberman ◽

Michael P. Robb

Keyword(s):

Preterm Infants ◽

Newborn Infants ◽

Term Infant ◽

Speech Development ◽

Full Term ◽

Spectral Energy ◽

Term Infants ◽

Average Spectrum ◽

Long Time ◽

Infant Cries

The acoustic characteristics of crying behavior displayed in 2 groups of newborn infants are reported. The crying episodes of 10 full-term and 10 preterm infants were audio recorded and analyzed with regard to the long-time average spectrum (LTAS) characteristics. An LTAS display was created for each infant's non-partitioned crying episode, as well as for 3 equidurational partitions of the crying episode. Measures of first spectral peak, mean spectral energy, and spectral tilt were revealing of differences between full-term and preterm infants' non-partitioned crying episodes. In addition, the full-term infants demonstrated significant changes in their crying behavior across partitions, whereas the preterm infants changed little across the crying episode. Discussion focuses on possible differences between full-term and preterm infants in their neurophysiological maturity, and the subsequent impact on their speech development. The importance of examining entire crying episodes when evaluating the crying behavior of infants is also discussed.

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The Neurological Examination of the Full Term Newborn Infant

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.34.4.590 ◽

1964 ◽

Vol 34 (4) ◽

pp. 590-591

Author(s):

RICHMOND S. PAINE

Keyword(s):

Nervous System ◽

Newborn Infant ◽

Neurological Examination ◽

Test Item ◽

Newborn Infants ◽

Full Term ◽

Child Neurology ◽

Term Newborn ◽

Neonatal Neurology

This monograph is one of the excellent series of "Little Club Clinics" published as an extension of the journal, Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. It outlines in detail, test item by test item, the method for examination of the nervous system of full-term newborn infants of Dr. Prechtl, who is one of the world's leading authorities on this. The method has been tested on some 1,500 babies, most of whom had abnormal obstetrical histories, and little exception would be taken to any of it by those most experienced in neonatal neurology in this country.

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The Scratch of the Newborn

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.43.5.904 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 43 (5) ◽

pp. 904-904

Author(s):

C. E. Schorer

Keyword(s):

Atopic Dermatitis ◽

Newborn Infants ◽

Full Term ◽

The Other ◽

Skin Disorders ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Normal Neonates

For a number of years, I have been interested in newborn infants who scratch themselves. About 20% of normal neonates do this, usually on one cheek or the other, until spontaneous cessation at a mean age of 4 months. In my observations, I have found significant correlation between such scratching, low parity of the mother, and full-term gestation. The nonscratchers had significantly shorter gestation and their mothers greater multiparity. On follow-up 1 year later, after periodic checks, the only significant difference between 26 scratchers and their matched controls was the greater incidence of skin disorders (mostly atopic dermatitis) in the former group.

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