STUDIES OF THE IMMUNOLOGY OF THE NEWBORN INFANT

The antibody response of premature infants immunized at birth with a single injection of diphtheria toxoid was compared to that of a group of term infants similarly immunized. No significant difference was demonstrated. A group of premature infants was immunized about the time that was estimated to be their normal birth date and the antibody response compared to that of term infants at birth. The performance of the premature infants was superior to that of the term infants. The significance of these findings is discussed.

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Levels of Cytokines (IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α) and Trace Elements (Zn, Cu) in Breast Milk From Mothers of Preterm and Term Infants

Mediators of Inflammation ◽

10.1155/mi.2005.331 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 2005 (6) ◽

pp. 331-336 ◽

Cited By ~ 69

Author(s):

Bilal Ustundag ◽

Erdal Yilmaz ◽

Yasar Dogan ◽

Saadet Akarsu ◽

Halit Canatan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Trace Elements ◽

Immune System ◽

Human Milk ◽

Premature Infants ◽

Full Term ◽

Mature Milk ◽

Term Infants ◽

Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Cytokine Levels

It has been well documented that human milk contains several immunomodulator components which are important during infant period when the newborn's immune system is still under development. In this study, we aim at examining levels of cytokines, zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) in milk from mothers of premature and mature infants, and comparing changes during lactation periods consequently. Milk was collected from total of 40 mothers (group M: mothers of mature infants,n=20; group PM: mothers of premature infants,n=20) from four lactation stages: colostrum (0–7 days), transitional (7–14 days), mature milk (21 days), and mature milk (2nd month). Levels of cytokines (interleukin [IL]-lβ, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor-alpha [TNF-α]) were determined by chemiluminesence method, whereas atomic absorption spectrophotometer was used for the determination of Zn and Cu levels. Cytokine levels were determined to be high in colostrum and transient milk from mothers of full-term infants, whereas their levels were reduced drastically in the 21st day and the 2nd month milk (P<.01,P<.001). Similar trends were observed in milk from mothers of premature infants, but cytokine levels were significantly lower in colostrum compared to colostrum from mothers of mature infants (P<.01). The differences in cytokine levels were continuous in transient milk (P<.05) and mature milk (21 days) (P<.05), whereas there was no statistically significant differences between milk from both groups of mothers in the 2nd month (P>.05). Zn levels in milk from mothers of premature infants were significantly lower compared to the ones from mothers of mature infants (P<.01) and these differences continued through the 2nd month. Although Cu levels were lower in milk from mothers of premature infants, there was no statistically significant difference except colostrum (P>.05). Our results clearly demonstrate that the level of immunomodulating agents such as cytokines and trace elements in milk from mothers of premature infants is less than the level of the same agents in milk from mothers of full-term infants. Although there are commercially available products for infant feeding, human milk is still the best natural nutrient for newborns. Therefore, when premature infants are breastfed, necessary precautions such as supplemantary diets must be considered for possible infections and risks related with immune system deficiency.

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The somatic growth pattern of preterm infants until term age

Paediatrica Indonesiana ◽

10.14238/pi49.1.2009.39-47 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 49 (1) ◽

pp. 39

Author(s):

Ida Bagus Andhita ◽

Soetjianingsih Soetjianingsih ◽

I. Wayan Retayasa

Keyword(s):

Preterm Infants ◽

Premature Infants ◽

Growth Pattern ◽

Somatic Growth ◽

Mortality Rates ◽

Term Infants ◽

Important Indicator ◽

Breastfed Infants ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Mean

Background Pre term infants contribute substantially to neonatalmorbidity and mortality rates. Somatic growth is consideredto be an important indicator of an infant's health status. Themeasurement parameters include body weight (BW), body length(BL), head circumference (HC), and ponderal index (PI). Specificdata on the somatic growth pattern of preterm infants in Indonesiaare unavailable.Objectives To identify the somatic pattern of preterm infantsuntil term age and the influence of gender, nutrition, and nursingmethod on BW, BL, HC, and PI growth during the first week oflife.Methods We recruited premature infants born in Sanglah Hopsital,Denpasar, Bali, and collected data on BW, BL, HC, and PI>All data were presented as mean (SD) and plotted in curves.The relationships among several factors and the somatic growthparameters were analyzed with ANOV A. The level of significancewas set at P < 0.05.Results Among 100 infants, significant differences were detectedin the mean ofBW, BL, HC, and PI, particularly in early preterminfants. Breastfed infants had the highest values with BW 2199grams (SD 198), HC 31.4 em (SD 1.71), and PI 2.48 grams/cm 3(SD 0.36). Infants nursed with the kangaroo method had thehighest values of BW [2450 grams (SD 259)] and BL [48 em(SD 2.34)].Conclusion A significant difference was detected in somaticgrowth according to some parameters, particularly in the earlypreterm infants group. Thus, breast feeding and the kangaroomethod contribute to better somatic growth, and specifically BW.

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Feeding Performance in Preterm Infants and Full Term Infants at 40 Weeks Postmenstrual Age

Journal of Nepal Paediatric Society ◽

10.3126/jnps.v36i2.14621 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 36 (2) ◽

pp. 136-140

Author(s):

Gunjan Gupta ◽

Kaniyanoor Venkatesan Vijay Kumar ◽

R. Anitha ◽

Binu Ninan

Keyword(s):

Preterm Infants ◽

Premature Infants ◽

Feeding Behaviour ◽

Full Term ◽

Term Infants ◽

Feeding Performance ◽

New Born ◽

Neural Processes ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Innate Behaviour

Introduction: Feeding problems are commonly reported among preterm infants. As premature infants are born before adequate maturation, inadequate feeding capabilities are common among preterm infants. Feeding is an innate behaviour in a new born. Swallowing is evident in a foetus by 16th week of gestation (Tuchman, 1994). By 40th week of gestation, neural processes are expected to mature completely. Feeding is an innate behaviour in a new born. Swallowing is evident in a foetus by 16th week of gestation. By 40th week of gestation, neural processes are expected to mature completely. Since the premature infants are born before adequate maturation of the systems, it is not unusual for them to have inadequate feeding capabilities.Material and Methods: This study aimed to compare feeding performance in preterm (between 30 and 34 weeks GA) and full term infants at 40 weeks Post menstrual age. Seventy infants and their mothers served as participants. A close ended questionnaire documented the oral reflexes, oro-motor skills, oro-sensory skills and feeding history in infants.Results: Results were tabulated under feeding history, (viz; history of use of nasogastric feeding, duration of feeding, episodes of coughing/ choking and vomiting, fussing during feeding, noisy breathing) and oral skills. Significant difference in feeding behaviour was observed between the term and preterm infants at 40 weeks post menstrual age. Conclusion: Hence the need for Speech Language Pathologist to evaluate feeding behaviour at 40 weeks post menstrual age becomes necessary.

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Comparative Study on Optic Disc Features of Premature Infants and Term Infants

10.21203/rs.3.rs-30626/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Xiaofen Feng ◽

Yan Nan ◽

Jiandong Pan ◽

Ruitao Zou ◽

Lijun Shen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Optic Disc ◽

Premature Infants ◽

Imaging System ◽

Wide Field ◽

Disc Disease ◽

Term Infants ◽

Ring Type ◽

Double Ring ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Single Ring

Abstract Background To study optic disc features of premature infants and compare to that of term infants to explore the pattern and features of newborn optic disc development and provide the basis for the diagnosis of newborn optic disc disease. Methods This is a prospective clinical research. Newborns underwent newborn fundus disease screening from January 1st, 2016 to October 31st, 2016 in the neonatal ward of Ruian City Maternal and Child Health Hospital were selected. RetCam 3 Version6.1.25.0 Wide-Field Digital Pediatric Retinal Imaging System developed by Clarity Medical Systems, Inc was adopted to conduct fundus examination on both eyes, 130 degree wide-angle lens was used to film the images centering optic disc. Results For both premature infants and term infants, vertical diameter of the optic disc to lateral diameter of the optic disc ratio was > 1, and the shape of the optic disc was a vertical oval. The difference of each optic disc parameter between premature infants and term infants was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). There’s a difference of constitution of sclerotic ring type on optic disc between premature infants and term infants. Among which, the proportion of single ring type and double ring type in premature infants was higher than that in term infants (P < 0.05). The proportion of no ring type in term infants was higher than that in premature infants (P < 0.05). The proportion of mixed type had no significant difference (P > 0.05) between premature infants and term infants. Conclusions We found that The proportion of mature types (single ring type and double ring type) in term infants was higher than that in premature infants. While there’s no statistical difference of the proportion of mixed types between premature infants and term infants.Double ring type is a normal stage of the development of optic disc.

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Study of Neuropeptide Substance P as A Marker of Pain in Newborn Infant

Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences ◽

10.3889/oamjms.2021.7444 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (B) ◽

pp. 1615-1620

Author(s):

Safaa ELMeneza ◽

Iman ElBagoury ◽

Enas Tawfik ◽

Amel Tolba

Keyword(s):

Substance P ◽

Pain Score ◽

Newborn Infant ◽

Newborn Infants ◽

Arm Movement ◽

Full Term ◽

Physiological Parameter ◽

Invasive Procedures ◽

Term Infants ◽

Significant Difference

BACKGROUND: Prolonged and repeated untreated pain in newborn infant may produce a relatively permanent adverse long-term sequela. AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential role for neuropeptides substance P (SP) as neurochemical pain marker in newborn infants in order to decrease unnecessary use of analgesics and protect the developing brain. METHODS: This case-control study was conducted on 60 newborn infants. They were assigned to four groups, control preterm, sick preterm, control full term, and sick full term. All neonates were subjected to estimation of pain through neonatal infants pain score (NIPS) as well as Neuropeptide SP on the 1st and 5th day of life. The NIPS addresses five behavioral parameters (facial expression, crying, arm movement, leg movement, and state arousal) and one physiological parameter (breathing pattern). Results were further evaluated according to nature of the procedures; invasive and non-invasive procedures. RESULTS: There was a significant increase in the severity of pain score among the sick preterm and full-term infants after invasive procedures. There was a significant increase in SP in the sick preterm group than the control preterm on the 1st and 5th day of life; p were =0.003 and = 0.037, while full-term infants showed significant increase on the 5th day; p = 0.005. Furthermore, there was no significant difference in SP values between the preterm and full-term infants on the 1st and 5th day of life. SP increased significantly after invasive procedures than noninvasive procedures in the sick full-term and sick preterm infants weather in the 1st or 5th day of life. There was a significant correlation between the pain score NIPS and SP level on the 1st day of life. CONCLUSION: SP can be used as pain marker in sick preterm and full-term newborn infants. It showed increase with invasive procedures, acute and chronic pain.

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Axial Length and Ocular Development of Premature Infants without ROP

Journal of Ophthalmology ◽

10.1155/2017/6823965 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2017 ◽

pp. 1-4 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Yi Zha ◽

Guangdong Zhu ◽

Jinfei Zhuang ◽

Haihua Zheng ◽

Jianqiu Cai ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Preterm Infants ◽

Premature Infants ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Axial Length ◽

Growth Parameters ◽

Anterior Chamber Depth ◽

Term Infants ◽

Ocular Development ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Preterm Group

Purpose. To investigate the ocular parameters of premature infants without ROP at gestational age (GA) more than 28 weeks and their relationship with growth parameters. Methods. 76 preterm infants without ROP and 65 term infants were involved to undergo portable slit lamp, RetCam3, ultrasonic A-scan biometry, and cycloplegic streak examination at their 40 weeks’ postconceptional ages (PCA). Ocular parameters of infants’ right eye and growth parameters were used for analysis. Results. All the infants were examined at 40 weeks’ PCA. No significant difference was found between male and female in axial length of preterm infants (p = 0.993) and term infants (p=0.591). Significant differences were found in axial length (AL), anterior chamber depth (ACD), lens thickness (LT), and vitreous depth (VD) between preterm and term infants. No significant correlation was found between AL and spherical equivalent in preterm infants’ group. In preterm group, AL was significantly correlated with gestational age (GA), birth weight (BW), and head circumference (HC). Conclusions. Preterm infants had shorter AL, shallow ACD, thicker LT, and thinner VD compared to term infants. Refractive error in preterm infants at GA between 28 to 37 weeks was not related to axial length. Among all the growth parameters of preterm infants, GA, BW, and HC had effect on axial length.

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Comparative Investigation of Maternal Health and Reha of the Mothers with Low Birth Premature Bilitation Infant, and Term Infants

European Psychiatry ◽

10.1016/s0924-9338(09)71104-6 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 24 (S1) ◽

pp. 1-1

Author(s):

S. Dabirzadeh ◽

A. Kermani ◽

S. Kermani ◽

A. Kermani

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Maternal Health ◽

Premature Infants ◽

Comparative Investigation ◽

Physical And Mental Health ◽

Close Attention ◽

Term Infants ◽

Pregnancy Anxiety ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The One

Introduction:The future of a society depends on children's health. Children's growth and health is directly influenced with mother's health. This study has targeted on defining and comparison of maternal health of mother's with low birth and premature with the one of mothers with term infants.Materials and methods:This descriptive analytic study was carried out on 200 mothers with low birth and premature infants selected by target focused sampling. The date were collated related to maternal health concerning weight, age, smoking, taken drugs pre delivery weight, times of pregnancy, anxiety due to crisis and maternal health care. The data were analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics.Results:The findings related to mothers weigh before pregnancy showed that there was not a significant difference between most of the mothers with low birth and premature infants aged between 45 to 54 weight years and mothers with term infants of birth than 105kg (P< 0/01, DF= 182). Regarding maternal health in both groups there was a significant difference between taken drugs and duration and dosage, maternal health and anxiety.And restlessness.Since mothers play a major role in care of children and their own mental health influences their children physical and mental health, health team should play close attention to mothers mental physical and social health preservation in order to enhance their children physical and mental health as well.

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VARIATIONS IN PLASMA THYROXINE DURING LABOUR AND EARLY PUERPERIUM

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/acta.0.0600423 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 60 (3) ◽

pp. 423-432 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

K. Siersbæk-Nielsen ◽

J. Mølholm Hansen

Keyword(s):

Cord Blood ◽

Premature Infants ◽

Perinatal Period ◽

Maternal Blood ◽

Mean Value ◽

Rapid Decrease ◽

Term Infants ◽

Mean Values ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Mean

ABSTRACT Repeated determinations of plasma T4, PBI, dialysable T4 and free T4 were undertaken on 31 mothers of full-term infants and ten mothers of premature infants in the perinatal period. The blood samples were obtained 2–7 hours before delivery, at delivery, 3–6 hours after delivery, 6–12 hours after delivery and on the 2nd, 3rd–4th and 5th–6th day after birth. Similar investigations were also undertaken on cord blood. A significant increase in the mean value for plasma T4 of approximately 25 % was found from before delivery to the time of delivery. This was followed by a rapid decrease, so that a return to values observed before delivery occurred on the 2nd day after delivery. Dial. T4 did not alter during the rapid variations in the plasma T4. Plasma T4 was found to be significantly increased in maternal blood at delivery as compared with cord blood but there was no significant difference in the mean values for free T4 in the cord blood and the maternal blood at delivery, suggesting a free passive passage of T4 via the placenta. The variations found have not been described previously and they provide a possible explanation for the disagreements between the results of previous investigators. The reason for the variations and their significance in assessing possible equilibrium between free T4 in the maternal blood and cord blood are discussed.

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Comparison of Feeding Behaviors in Term and Preterm Infants at Six Months Corrected Age

Jundishapur Journal of Medical Sciences ◽

10.32598/jsmj.20.2.5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

pp. 140-149

Author(s):

Mohadese Gholamiyan Arefi ◽

◽

Nasrin Shahouzaei ◽

Zahra Esmaeili ◽

Aliye Abedini ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Weight Gain ◽

Preterm Infants ◽

Premature Infants ◽

Neonatal Intensive Care ◽

P Value ◽

Feeding Problems ◽

Speech And Language ◽

Feeding Behaviors ◽

Term Infants ◽

Significant Difference

Background and Objectives: This study compares feeding behaviors and problems of in term Infants and preterm infants at 6 months corrected age. Subjects and Methods The study was of observational-sectional type (descriptive and analytic) and sampling was one-step cluster probability of the available population in the form of the whole number. Feeding behaviors of 90 infants, including 60 term infants and 30 preterm infants, were assessed by speech and language pathologists through interviews with parents and recorded in a questionnaire. The information in this questionnaire includes feeding behaviors, feeding problems, feeding period, infant weight at 2, 4, 6 months and the age of the child to start complementary feeding, SPSS software version 24 was used to analyze the data. In all the present study, P-value less than 5% was considered as a significant level. Results The results showed that the two groups were significantly different in the mean score of feeding behavior (P= 0.001), feeding problems (P= 0.047) and weight gain (P<0.001). While in feeding duration (P= 0.53) and Frequency of feeding (P= 0.1) there was no significant difference. Of the 90 infants studied, more than 80% of them started feeding in the form of puree in the age group of 4-6 months. Conclusion Premature infants have more feeding problems and less weight gain than normal infants. It is recommended that the speech and language pathologist evaluate and intervene appropriately for oral skills and nutrition of premature infants admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit.

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SERUM LEVELS OF METHICILLIN AND AMPICILLIN IN NEWBORN AND PREMATURE INFANTS IN RELATION TO POSTNATAL AGE

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.39.2.194 ◽

1967 ◽

Vol 39 (2) ◽

pp. 194-201

Author(s):

Roger W. Boe ◽

Christopher P. S. Williams ◽

John V. Bennett ◽

Thomas K. Oliver

Keyword(s):

Premature Infants ◽

Excretion Rate ◽

Single Injection ◽

Serum Levels ◽

Hepatic Function ◽

Assay Method ◽

Clinical Use ◽

Term Infants ◽

Rapid Changes ◽

Bio Assay

Serum levels of methicillin and ampicillin are reported in 82 term and premature infants in groups of increasing postnatal age. During the first day of life, term infants showed high and sustained serum levels following a single injection of either agent. When methicillin was given to groups of term infants beyond the first day of life, rapid changes in excretion rate occurred with increasing postnatal age. Premature infants showed similar changes in excretion rate with age, with higher levels at any given age than the term infants. These findings are discussed in relation to neonatal renal and hepatic function and suggestions are made regarding clinical use of these drugs. A brief description is given of a highly accurate bio-assay method for the penicillins which can be adapted for most antibiotics and is suitable for investigational and clinical use in small infants.

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