scholarly journals An interactive online IT tool to aim the environmental surveillance of veterinary antibiotics in agriculture and pasture lands

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Rodríguez ◽  
Ana de la Torre
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Evaluation Procedure ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Environmental Surveillance ◽  
Veterinary Antibiotics ◽  
Administrative Unit ◽  
Vulnerability Map ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Stocking Rates

The undermining of the therapeutic effectiveness of antibiotics by their widespread use is causing the emergence of antimicrobial resistance, which is a major threat for both animal and human health. Since most veterinary antibiotics employed in livestock production are excreted essentially unaltered, they have been identified as major contributors of environmental contamination. However, the efforts of monitoring antimicrobial effects are focused on humans and livestock, neglecting the environment. The European Union institutions recognized this gap in the appreciation of the issue, and adopted an approach that includes to prioritize environmental tracking and to build the tools to make it economically accessible. This abstract has three main targets. Firstly, to fill the gap applying the IT methodological approach (the soil vulnerability map to antibiotic contamination) developed by De La Torre et al. (2012). Secondly, to identify the main livestock species and scenarios (agriculture and pasture) to be prioritized in surveillance efforts. Finally, to implement the code of agriculture practices and the stocking rates of grazing animals based on high vulnerability areas for antibiotic contamination. To facilitate the implementation of this risk evaluation procedure, we developed an interactive tool that allows to obtain downloadable maps of soil vulnerability to contamination for several land use (agriculture and pasture) and livestock (cattle, pig and chicken) scenarios for any veterinary antibiotics. Additionally, the tool allows to obtain a plot of the mean vulnerability of each considered administrative unit. We implemented the European Union countries as an example, but the tool could be applied to individual countries or even regional or sub-national scales.

scholarly journals Modelling the European Union Sustainability Transition: A Soft-Linking Approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 6303
Author(s):  
Andrea M. Bassi ◽  
Valeria Costantini ◽  
Elena Paglialunga
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Computable General Equilibrium ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Evaluation Process ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Spillover Effects ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Intrinsic Complexity

The European Green Deal (EGD) is the most ambitious decarbonisation strategy currently envisaged, with a complex mix of different instruments aiming at improving the sustainability of the development patterns of the European Union in the next 30 years. The intrinsic complexity brings key open questions on the cost and effectiveness of the strategy. In this paper we propose a novel methodological approach to soft-linking two modelling tools, a systems thinking (ST) and a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model, in order to provide a broader ex-ante policy evaluation process. We use ST to highlight the main economic feedback loops the EGD strategy might trigger. We then quantify these loops with a scenario analysis developed in a dynamic CGE framework. Our main finding is that such a soft-linking approach allows discovery of multiple channels and spillover effects across policy instruments that might help improve the policy mix design. Specifically, positive spillovers arise from the adoption of a revenue recycling mechanism that ensures strong support for the development and diffusion of clean energy technologies. Such spillover effects benefit not only the European Union (EU) market but also non-EU countries via trade-based technology transfer, with a net positive effect in terms of global emissions reduction.

scholarly journals Mycotoxins as a risk in the grain food

2009 ◽  
pp. 79-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jovana Matic ◽  
Jasna Mastilovic ◽  
Ivana Cabarkapa ◽  
Anamarija Mandic
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Toxic Effects ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Grain Foods

Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites of fungi that contaminate a large variety of foods and have toxic effects on humans. The best protection against mycotoxins is to monitor their presence in food. This paper shows the screening results of mycotoxins present in 76 samples of different groups of grain foods. Samples of grain food were analyzed for contamination with aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, zearalenone, fumonisins and deoxynivalenol. Analysis were conducted using competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). None of the samples was contaminated with aflatoxins. The most predominant mycotoxin was ochratoxin A with the mean level of 4.84 ? 4.49 ppb in 19.7% of the examined samples. Zearalenone, fumonisins, and deoxynivalenol were found in 9.21, 14.5 and 3.9% of the samples, respectively. Mycotoxin content in the investigated samples was compared with the regulations of Serbia and those of the European Union.

scholarly journals The migrant crisis in the Mediterranean: A multidimensional challenge for the European Union

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 617-629
Author(s):  
C Anguita Olmedo ◽  
P González Gómez del Miño
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Political Debate ◽  
Member States ◽  
Institutional Stability ◽  
Social Agenda ◽  
Illegal Migrants ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
The Eu

The European Union (EU) throughout its history has been the destination of diverse migratory flows. Therefore, migration has acquired special relevance by occupying a prominent position on the EU’s political, economic, cultural, and social agenda. The most recent migration crisis of 2015 represents a multidimensional challenge with severe consequences that affect, first, the institutional foundations of the EU (governance, security, solidarity of member states and institutional stability) and, second, the migratory policies of receiving states and the EU itself. This crisis is characterized, first, by the high number of illegal migrants that cross the Mediterranean, and, second, by the humanitarian tragedy and insecurity, which make the sea a grey area and an international reference in the migratory processes. The migration-security equation became a field of applied research and analysis, and at the same time a focus of political debate and public opinion. The article aims at analysing the crisis of 2015 and its consequences, which is done by means of the methodological approach based on the consequences that this phenomenon entails for the EU and for certain member states. The response of the EU is limited primarily to securitization by strengthening the external borders, turning towards internal security rather than respecting international and Community Treaties and promotion of their values, which contradicts the anticipated leadership of this global actor. The authors believe that it is necessary to implement new mechanisms in addition to ensuring greater effectiveness of the existing ones.

scholarly journals Understanding the European Union as a Global Gender Actor: The Holistic Intersectional and Inclusive Study of Gender+ in External Actions

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 410-425
Author(s):  
Petra Debusscher ◽  
Ian Manners
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Global Politics ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Gender Perspective ◽  
External Relations ◽  
Micro Analysis

This article assesses the study of gender equality policies in European Union external actions with a focus on the theoretical and empirical routes to understanding the field in times of crises. It argues that the emerging body of literature on gender in European Union external relations makes it possible to explain, understand, and judge the European Union in global politics by rethinking the nature of power from a gender perspective. The article then argues that to develop gender and European Union external relations in its next decade, it is necessary to rethink the study of the European Union as a global gender actor. This encompasses a reassessment of the ‘European Union’, ‘gender’, and the ‘global’, as well as the development of a holistic macro-, meso-, and micro-analysis. The article concludes by proposing a distinctive theoretical and methodological approach which involves a holistic intersectional and inclusive study of gender+ in European Union external actions.

scholarly journals An Analysis of Dynamic Changes in Selected Areas of Sustainable Development of the European Union Countries

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iwona Bąk ◽  
Katarzyna Cheba
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
The Individual

Abstract The aim of the study is to determine the pace and directions of changes (understood as: improvement or deterioration) occurring in selected areas of sustainable development of EU Member States. The paper analyzes dynamics of changes in selected areas of sustainable development monitored on the basis of headline indicators published by Eurostat from 2008 to 2015. In the paper, three variants of reference points of synthetic measure of development were considered. On the basis of the obtained results, the countries in which the improvement in the sustainable development and its deterioration can be observed were identified. The results have confirmed the existence of significant developmental disparities between EU Member States in this field, but it should be noted that the obtained results depend on the methodological approach both to the selection of features and the adoption of a specific standardization formula, as well as the considered variants of reference points. The results obtained can be utilized in subsequent years to examine the directions of change observed both from the point of view of European Union as one organization, and the individual EU Member States.

scholarly journals Forecasting Development of COVID-19 Epidemic in European Union Using Entropy-Randomized Approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 1010-1033
Author(s):  
Yuri Popkov ◽  
Yuri Dubnov ◽  
Alexey Popkov
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Least Squares Method ◽  
Probability Distributions ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Logistic Growth ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Infected People ◽  
Testing Dataset ◽  
The Mean

The paper is devoted to the forecasting of the COVID-19 epidemic by the novel method of randomized machine learning. This method is based on the idea of estimation of probability distributions of model parameters and noises on real data. Entropy-optimal distributions correspond to the state of maximum uncertainty which allows the resulting forecasts to be used as forecasts of the most "negative" scenario of the process under study. The resulting estimates of parameters and noises, which are probability distributions, must be generated, thus obtaining an ensemble of trajectories that considered to be analyzed by statistical methods. In this work, for the purposes of such an analysis, the mean and median trajectories over the ensemble are calculated, as well as the trajectory corresponding to the mean over distribution values of the model parameters. The proposed approach is used to predict the total number of infected people using a three-parameter logistic growth model. The conducted experiment is based on real COVID-19 epidemic data in several countries of the European Union. The main goal of the experiment is to demonstrate an entropy-randomized approach for predicting the epidemic process based on real data near the peak. The significant uncertainty contained in the available real data is modeled by an additive noise within 30%, which is used both at the training and predicting stages. To tune the hyperparameters of the model, the scheme is used to configure them according to a testing dataset with subsequent retraining of the model. It is shown that with the same datasets, the proposed approach makes it possible to predict the development of the epidemic more efficiently in comparison with the standard approach based on the least-squares method.

scholarly journals Global Threats and European security: Reassessing Pro-national European Nationalism

2021 ◽  
pp. 93-99
Author(s):  
Evanthia Balla
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Security Policy ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Global Strategy ◽  
Security Threats ◽  
The European Union ◽  
European Security ◽  
Security Strategy ◽  
Foreign And Security Policy ◽  
European Security Strategy

The European Union currently faces a plethora of security threats, which are global in nature, cause and treatment. This dangerous situation has not only put the key European humanistic and democratic values at risk, but also the European project in itself. Moreover, it has emphasised the need for redefining its ideological limitations. Under this prism, two main questions arise: How can one perceive Europeanism today, and to what extent can old European nationalist conceptions contribute to a better understanding of Europe’s current global security strategy? In this context, this work tests the demonstration and relevance of Giuseppe Mazzini’s pro-national European nationalism rhetoric in the current European security agenda. The methodological approach to this challenge is based on an essentially conceptual analysis of the European security strategy, focusing on ‘The Global strategy for the foreign and security policy of the European Union’, in light of Mazzini’s thoughts of nationalism and unity, as presented in his work. The main argument of this paper is that the concept of Pro-national European Nationalism is present in the current security documents. However, this seems to limit the ambition of the vision itself.

International Jurisdiction for Investor Claims Based on Prospectus Liability following CJEU 12.9.2018, C-304/17, Löber/Barclays

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-81
Author(s):  
Thomas Thiede ◽  
Steffen Lorscheider
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Financial Markets ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Case Law ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Related Case ◽  
Procedural Law ◽  
Court Of Justice ◽  
Domestic Courts ◽  
Prospectus Liability

Abstract Lately, the value of many products on foreign financial markets has dropped considerably. As a result, affected investors regularly strive to hold the issuers of these products liable before domestic courts. In the following, the relevant European rules of international civil procedural law and the related case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union will be examined. Thereafter, a fresh methodological approach to the questions at hand will be presented.

Potential Uses and Usefulness of Italian Local Government Consolidated Financial Reporting

2016 ◽  
pp. 68-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristian Carini ◽  
Claudio Teodori
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Public Sector ◽  
Local Government ◽  
Financial Reporting ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
The European Union ◽  
International Experiences ◽  
Points Of View

Debate on consolidated financial reporting has considerably increased over the years, also due to the various public sector accounting reforms. In this regard, Italy offers an important experience since it was one of the first countries in the European Union to expressly provide for compulsory adoption. The Legislative Decree no. 118/2011 will introduce consolidated financial reporting for local government as from 2017, after an initial “experimentation” period. In view of the recent adoption, the methodological approach implemented in the chapter is based on a case study. After discussion of the boundaries of the consolidation performed by comparison with international experiences – IPSAS 6, new IPSAS 35 and GASB 14 – a critical analysis of the Italian proposal is also provided. The chapter aims to contribute to the debate on consolidated financial reporting both from the theoretical and empirical points of view.

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