The segetal flora of Italy: an occurrence dataset from relevés in winter cereals and allied crop types

The segetal flora of winter crops includes mostly native or archaeophyte annual species that are often strong specialists of their habitats. Threatened by the intensification of agriculture, segetal flora is particularly valuable from a perspective of biodiversity conservation and evolution. Moreover, it contributes to maintain biodiversity in agroecosystems and provides several ecosystem services. The dataset here described was set up to provide the first inventory of the segetal flora of Italian winter cereal crops and allied crop types, the latter including flax and autumn-sown legumes. It includes 24,676 georeferenced occurrence data deriving from 1,240 floristic and phytosociological relevés. The data were collected from the greater part of Italian territory, in a temporal range spanning from 1946 to 2018.

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Segetal flora of the Wigry National Park

Acta Agrobotanica ◽

10.5586/aa.2011.039 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 64 (3) ◽

pp. 119-132 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Teresa Skrajna ◽

Helena Kubicka

Keyword(s):

Rare Species ◽

Native Species ◽

National Park ◽

Life Forms ◽

Cereal Crops ◽

Protected Species ◽

Number Of Species ◽

Phytosociological Relevés ◽

Centaurium Erythraea ◽

Segetal Flora

Segetal flora of the Wigry National Park (Poland) was studied in the period 2008-2010 within an area occupied by 33 villages. The analysis was based on 195 phytosociological relevés taken in fields of cereal crops, root plants and in stubble fields. The total number of species recorded in agrocenoses was 181 and they represented 36 botanical families. The most numerous families were Asteraceae, Fabaceae and Brasicaceae. The segetal flora of the Wigry National Park included mostly native species of apophytes (53.6%) that predominated over anthropophytes. Among apophytes, meadow apophytes (35 species) and those from waterside habitats (26 species) were noted most often, archaeophytes (74 species) were predominant among anthropophytes, while epecophytes (9 species) and ergasiophytes (1 species) were much less abundant. Among the life forms analysed, therophytes (61.9%) predominated over hemicryptophytes (27.1%) and geophytes (11%). The number of short-lived species in the flora of this Park was much greater (68.5%) than that of perennial ones (31.5%). The flora of the Park included 31 rare species classified in different categories of threat. Among them, Centaurium pulchellum and Centaurium erythraea belong to fully protected species (Dz.U. (Polish Journal of Laws) 2004 No. 168, item 1764).

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Aroma Profile, Microbial and Chemical Quality of Ensiled Green Forages Mixtures of Winter Cereals and Italian Ryegrass

Agriculture ◽

10.3390/agriculture11060512 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 512

Author(s):

Alemayehu Worku ◽

Tamás Tóth ◽

Szilvia Orosz ◽

Hedvig Fébel ◽

László Kacsala ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Winter Barley ◽

Italian Ryegrass ◽

Chemical Quality ◽

Winter Cereal ◽

Aroma Profile ◽

Winter Triticale ◽

Winter Cereals ◽

Mold And Yeast

The objective of this study was to evaluate the aroma profile, microbial and chemical quality of winter cereals (triticale, oats, barley and wheat) and Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam., IRG) plus winter cereal mixture silages detected with an electronic nose. Four commercial mixtures (mixture A (40% of two cultivars of winter triticale + 30% of two cultivars of winter oats + 20% of winter barley + 10% of winter wheat), mixture B (50% of two cultivars of winter triticale + 40% of winter barley + 10% of winter wheat), mixture C (55% of three types of Italian ryegrass + 45% of two cultivars of winter oat), mixture D (40% of three types of Italian ryegrass + 30% of two cultivars of winter oat + 15% of two cultivars of winter triticale + 10% of winter barley + 5% of winter wheat)) were harvested, wilted and ensiled in laboratory-scale silos (n = 80) without additives. Both the principal component analysis (PCA) score plot for aroma profile and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) classification revealed that mixture D had different aroma profile than other mixture silages. The difference was caused by the presence of high ethanol and LA in mixture D. Ethyl esters such as ethyl 3-methyl pentanoate, 2-methylpropanal, ethyl acetate, isoamyl acetate and ethyl-3-methylthiopropanoate were found at different retention indices in mixture D silage. The low LA and higher mold and yeast count in mixture C silage caused off odour due to the presence of 3-methylbutanoic acid, a simple alcohol with unpleasant camphor-like odor. At the end of 90 days fermentation winter cereal mixture silages (mixture A and B) had similar aroma pattern, and mixture C was also similar to winter cereal silages. However, mixture D had different aromatic pattern than other ensiled mixtures. Mixture C had higher (p < 0.05) mold and yeast (Log10 CFU (colony forming unit)/g) counts compared to mixture B. Mixture B and C had higher acetic acid (AA) content than mixture A and D. The lactic acid (LA) content was higher for mixture B than mixture C. In general, the electronic nose (EN) results revealed that the Italian ryegrass and winter cereal mixtures (mixture D) had better aroma profile as compared to winter cereal mixtures (mixture A and B). However, the cereal mixtures (mixture A and B) had better aroma quality than mixture C silage. Otherwise, the EN technology is suitable in finding off odor compounds of ensiled forages.

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Adaptation of winter cereal species to shade and competition in a winter/spring cereal forage mixture

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps96-045 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 76 (2) ◽

pp. 251-257 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

V. S. Baron ◽

E. A. de St Remy ◽

D. F. Salmon ◽

A. C. Dick

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Dark Respiration ◽

Dominant Factor ◽

Carbon Exchange ◽

Area Index ◽

Winter Cereal ◽

Winter Triticale ◽

Winter Cereals ◽

Cereal Species ◽

Shoot Weight

Spring planted mixtures of spring and winter cereals maximize dry matter yield and provide fall pasture by regrowth of the winter cereal. However, delay of initial harvest may reduce the winter cereal component and therefore subsequent regrowth yield. Research was conducted at Lacombe, Alberta to investigate the effect of time of initial cut (stage), winter cereal species (species) and cropping system (monocrop and mixture) on winter cereal shoot weight, leaf carbon exchange efficiency and shoot morphology. These parameters may be related to adaptation of winter cereals to growth and survival in the mixture. Winter cereal plants were grown in pails embedded in monocrop plots of fall rye (Secale cereale L.), winter triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and in binary mixtures with Leduc barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). The plants were removed when the barley reached the boot (B), heads emerged (H), H + 2, H + 4 and H + 6 wk stages. Shoot weight was generally smaller in the mixture than in the monocrop and wheat was reduced more than fall rye and triticale in the mixture compared to the monocrop. Dark respiration rate (r = −0.54) and carbon exchange (r = 0.36) under low light intensity were correlated (P < 0.05) to shoot size in the mixture. Fall rye and winter triticale had lower dark respiration rates than winter wheat. Leaf area index (LAI) was closely correlated (r = 0.83 and 0.84) with shoot weight in both the mixture and monocrop. While species failed to exhibit clear cut differences for LAI, fall rye and winter triticale were reduced less than winter wheat in the mixture relative to the monocrop. Stage was the dominant factor affecting winter cereal growth in both cropping systems, but fall rye and triticale exhibited superior morphological features, and their carbon exchange responses to light were more efficient than wheat, which should allow them to be sustained longer under the shaded conditions of a mixture. Key words: Delayed harvest, shade, spring and winter cereal mixtures, adaptation, carbon exchange, respiration

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Factors affecting the yield of winter cereals in crop margins

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s002185969900828x ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 135 (4) ◽

pp. 335-346 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

A. WILCOX ◽

N. H. PERRY ◽

N. D. BOATMAN ◽

K. CHANEY

Keyword(s):

Soil Compaction ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Polynomial Regression ◽

Negative Relationship ◽

Fertilizer Application ◽

Winter Cereal ◽

Edge Field ◽

Winter Cereals ◽

Non Linear

Yields of arable crops are commonly lower on the crop margins or headlands, but the nature of the relationship between yield and distance from the crop edge has not been clearly defined, nor have the reasons for lower marginal yields. Surveys of 40 winter wheat headlands were carried out in 2 years to determine how yield changed with distance, and what factors might influence this relationship. Two field experiments were also conducted over 3 years in winter cereal headlands, in which the effect of distance was measured under conservation headland and conventional (fully sprayed) management.Yields in the headland surveys varied from 0·8 to 10·2 t/ha. An inverse polynomial regression model was fitted to yield and weed data. Best fits were obtained by using separate parameters for each site. Adjusting yields to take account of weed dry matter improved the non-linear fit between yield and distance from crop edge. Field experiments provided similar results but the non-linear relationship was not as apparent.There was a negative relationship between soil compaction, as measured by a cone penetrometer, and yield in one field experiment, where soil density values were relatively constant. No relationship was found between pattern of nitrogen fertilizer application and yield. Conservation headland management resulted in lower yield at one experimental site, especially in the third year, but not at the other site. Where yields were affected, weed dry matter was higher in conservation headland plots than in fully sprayed plots.Although greater weed competition appears to account for at least part of the observed yield reductions on headlands, the role of other factors, particularly soil compaction, needs further study. Increased weed infestation may be an indirect result of reduced crop competition caused by other adverse conditions.

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Forage and grain yield of grazed or defoliated spring and winter cereals in a winter-dominant, low-rainfall environment

Crop and Pasture Science ◽

10.1071/cp14273 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 66 (4) ◽

pp. 308 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Alison. J. Frischke ◽

James R. Hunt ◽

Dannielle K. McMillan ◽

Claire J. Browne

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Cereal Crops ◽

Grain Production ◽

Forage Production ◽

Dual Purpose ◽

Winter Cereals ◽

Yield And Quality ◽

Eastern Australia ◽

Grain Yield And Quality

In the Mallee region of north-western Victoria, Australia, there is very little grazing of crops that are intended for grain production. The success of dual-purpose crops in other regions in south-eastern Australia with higher and more evenly distributed rainfall has driven interest in assessing the performance of dual-purpose cereals in the region. Five experiments were established in five consecutive years (2009–13) in the southern Mallee to measure the forage production and grain yield and quality response in wheat and barley to grazing by sheep or mechanical defoliation. The first three experiments focused on spring cultivars sown from late April to June, and the last two on winter cultivars planted from late February to early March. Cereal crops provided early and nutritious feed for livestock, with earlier sowing increasing the amount of dry matter available for winter grazing, and barley consistently produced more dry matter at the time of grazing or defoliation than wheat. However, the grain-production response of cereals to grazing or defoliation was variable and unpredictable. Effects on yield varied from –0.7 to +0.6 t/ha, with most site × year × cultivar combinations neutral (23) or negative (14), and few positive (2). Changes in grain protein were generally consistent with yield dilution effects. Defoliation increased the percentage of screenings (grains passing a 2-mm sieve) in three of five experiments. Given the risk of reduced grain yield and quality found in this study, and the importance of grain income in determining farm profitability in the region, it is unlikely that dual-purpose use of current cereal cultivars will become widespread under existing grazing management guidelines for dual-purpose crops (i.e. that cereal crops can be safely grazed once anchored, until Zadoks growth stage Z30, without grain yield penalty). It was demonstrated that early-sown winter wheat cultivars could produce more dry matter for grazing (0.4–0.5 t/ha) than later sown spring wheat and barley cultivars popular in the region (0.03–0.21 t/ha), and development of regionally adapted winter cultivars may facilitate adoption of dual-purpose cereals on mixed farms.

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Diversity of Segetal Flora in Salix viminalis L. Crops Established on Former Arable and Fallow Lands in Central Poland

Agriculture ◽

10.3390/agriculture11010025 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 25

Author(s):

Maria Janicka ◽

Aneta Kutkowska ◽

Jakub Paderewski

Keyword(s):

Native Species ◽

Life Form ◽

Arable Land ◽

Salix Viminalis ◽

Central Poland ◽

Plant Groups ◽

Fallow Lands ◽

Historical Group ◽

Phytosociological Relevés ◽

Segetal Flora

The flora of willow (Salix viminalis L.) plantations consists of various plant groups, including plants related to arable land, called segetal plants. Knowledge of this flora is important for maintaining biodiversity in agroecosystems. The aim of the study was to assess the segetal flora of the willow plantations in central Poland, depending on the land use before the establishment of the plantations (arable land or fallow) and the age of the plantations. Moreover, the aim was also to check for the presence of invasive, medicinal, poisonous and melliferous species. The vegetation accompanying willow was identified based on an analysis of 60 phytosociological relevés performed using the Braun-Blanquet method. For each species, the following parameters were determined: the phytosociological class; family; geographical and historical group; apophyte origin; biological stability; life-form; and status as an invasive, medicinal (herbs), poisonous or melliferous species. The results were statistically processed. Segetal species accounted for 38% of the flora accompanying willow. The plantations on former arable land were richer in segetal species than those on fallow. Mostly, short-lived and native species dominated. In line with the age of the plantations, the number of segetal species decreased. The share of apophytes increased, and anthropophytes decreased. Furthermore, many valuable plants were found among the flora accompanying willow.

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ASSESSMENT OF THE INFLUENCE OF THE MAIN CLIMATIC FACTORS ON THE YIELD OF WINTER CEREAL CROPS ON THE TERRITORY OF BELARUS FOR FORECASTING PURPOSES

Nature Management ◽

10.47612/2079-3928-2021-1-41-48 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 41-48

Author(s):

Halina A. Kamyshenka

Keyword(s):

Computational Models ◽

Climatic Factors ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Yield Variability ◽

Cereal Crops ◽

Winter Rye ◽

Statistical Assessment ◽

Winter Cereal ◽

Temperature And Precipitation

The results of a statistical assessment of the influence of changing weather and climatic conditions of the territory of Belarus on the productivity of the main winter cereal crops are presented in order to build computational models of productivity. The calculations were made with respect to the climatic component as a predictor, taking into account the deviations of air temperature and precipitation from the long-term climatic norm of months that have the most significant effect on the yield of the studied crops. For winter rye and wheat, adequate models of yield variability have been built. The research results are relevant for solving forecasting problems.

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Survey of Barley yellow dwarf virus incidence in winter cereal crops, and assessment of wheat and barley resistance to the virus

Crop and Pasture Science ◽

10.1071/cp16167 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 67 (10) ◽

pp. 1054 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Eva Beoni ◽

Jana Chrpová ◽

Jana Jarošová ◽

Jiban Kumar Kundu

Keyword(s):

Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus ◽

Rhopalosiphum Padi ◽

Wheat Breeding ◽

Yellow Dwarf ◽

Dwarf Virus ◽

Cereal Crops ◽

Winter Cereal ◽

Barley Yellow Dwarf ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Yellow Dwarf Virus

A survey of Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) incidence in cereal crops in the Czech Republic over 4 years showed, on average, 13.3% BYDV-positive, randomly tested wheat and barley samples. The cultivated wheat and barley cultivars had different levels of susceptibility to BYDV infection. Field trials were performed with different barley and wheat breeding lines and cultivars, and resistance traits were evaluated after artificial inculcation by the viruliferous aphid vector Rhopalosiphum padi L. with BYDV-PAV. Our results showed high variability of visual symptom score (VSS) and reduction in grain weight per spike (GWS-R) in trials within the tested lines and cultivars. The barley line (WBON 96-123) and cultivars (Wysor, Travira) that contained RYd2 differed significantly from other cultivars in VSS. Line WBON 96-123 and cvv. Wysor and Yatzi showed the lowest GWS-R. Wheat line PSR 3628 and cvv. Altigo, Elan, Sparta, Aladin and Hewit showed significant difference from other cultivars in VSS. PSR 3628, Sparta, and Elan showed the lowest GWS-R. Similar results were obtained from BYDV titre analysis by RT-qPCR corresponding to the VSS and GWS-R traits. A low virus titre corresponded to low VSS and GWS-R. Hence, our results suggest that laborious and time-consuming GWS-R analysis could be replaced in some cases by qPCR-based BYDV titre analysis and, together with VSS evaluation, could enhance the efficiency of resistance assessment.

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Production and nutritional value of the wheat silage managed with different cutting systems

Semina Ciências Agrárias ◽

10.5433/1679-0359.2017v38n1p335 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 38 (1) ◽

pp. 335 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Rodolfo Carletto ◽

Mikael Neumann ◽

Danúbia Nogueira Figueira ◽

Guilherme Fernando Mattos Leão ◽

Egon Henrique Horst ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mass Production ◽

Block Design ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Lower Amount ◽

Mineral Matter ◽

Winter Cereal ◽

Winter Cereals ◽

Cereal Species ◽

Significant Difference

Winter cereals are mainly used for human and animal nutrition and several studies are now exploring their potential as conserved forage (hay and silage). Among the winter cereal species available for cultivation in the south of Brazil, which is major winter cereals producer in the country, the wheat cv. BRS Umbu has attracted special attention. However, few studies have investigated the potential of this cultivar for silage production. The aim of this study was to evaluate the production and quality of silage from the dual-purpose wheat, BRS Umbu, subjected to different cut managements treatments: T1 - without cut (control), T2 - one cut and T3 - two cuts. Each plot represented an experimental unit in a randomized block design, with 5 replicates per treatment. Two representative samples were collected from each plot to determine morphological segmentation (stem, leaf and ear) and dry matter (DM) content of the whole plant and its morphological components. At the time of opening of the silos, food chemical analysis and pH determination were performed. Forage mass production decreased by 26.88% and 67.82%, respectively, with one and two cuts, compared to control. The DM content of the ensiled plant was 49.9 g kg-1 for the control, 54.7 g kg-1 with one cut and 63.2 g kg-1 with two cuts, at the time of ensiling. Management cuts changed the morphological components of the plants, with a lower proportion of stem (28%) in plants subjected to two cuts. The control treatment showed fewer leaves in ensiled plant (9.6%) and intermediate amount of stalk (52.8%), and was significantly different (p < 0.05) to treatment of a cut. Regarding feed chemistry evaluations, no significant difference (p > 0.05) was observed for mineral matter (MM), crude protein (CP) and hemicellulose (HEM) between the different cutting regimens. However, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) decreased (p < 0.05) as the number of cuts increased. The control treatment showed higher NDF and ADF content (563.2 and 357.9 g kg-1 DM, respectively) and lower amount of total digestible nutrients (TDN) and net energy of lactation (NEL). However, the estimated milk production (EMP) was superior for this treatment (22,447 l ha-1), demonstrating the high impact of reduced forage mass production with increased number of cuts.

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The effect of the application of the exact and approximate methods on values of selected ecological indices

Acta Agrobotanica ◽

10.5586/aa.2014.011 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 67 (1) ◽

pp. 39-46

Author(s):

Maria Ługowska ◽

Zofia Rzymowska

Keyword(s):

Wiener Index ◽

Ecological Indices ◽

Exact Methods ◽

Approximate Methods ◽

Winter Cereals ◽

Spring Cereals ◽

Phytosociological Relevés ◽

Exact And Approximate Methods ◽

Potato Crops ◽

Tuber Crops

The work presents the results of a study on the biodiversity of agrocenoses using ecological indices. In order to calculate the measures, phytosociological relevés were made and exact methods were applied in winter cereals, spring cereals, tuber crops and stubble fields. The objective of the work was to compare ecological indices (Simpson’s index of dominance C, Simpson’s index of species richness D, and Shannon-Wiener index of biodiversity H’) calculated using the number of plants and their cover determined based on the degree of presence. Moreover, correlation analysis was conducted between the indices computed using the two approaches applied.The results of the study revealed significant differences between all the indices calculated using the exact and approximate methods. In turn, comparisons of the measures computed for individual crops showed significant differences only for potato crops and winter cereals. No significant differences were found between the indicators calculated for spring cereals and stubble fields.

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