scholarly journals BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSES FOR THE EFFECTS OF ELBOW INITIAL FLEXION ANGLES ON UPPER EXTREMITY DURING A FALL

2002 ◽  
Vol 14 (01) ◽  
pp. 40-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
PEI-HSI CHOU ◽  
SHEN-KAI CHEN ◽  
YOU-LI CHOU ◽  
FONG-CHIN SU ◽  
YUNG-CHIN SHI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Upper Extremity ◽  
Elbow Joint ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Elbow Flexion ◽  
Elbow Injury ◽  
Upper Extremity Injury ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
Analysis System ◽  
Dangerous Knowledge ◽  
Kinematics And Kinetics

Elbow joint loading was evaluated during a forward fall at various elbow initial flexion angles, in order to determine which is the best elbow initial flexion angles to prevent the elbow injury during a fall. Subjects were asked to perform a forward fall and followed by a push-up motion in different elbow initial flexion angles: 0°, 20°, 40° and unrestricted group. Fall on the outstretched hand is the leading cause of upper extremity injury. There are far more extension type of supra-condylar fracture of the elbow than flexion type. Flexion of the elbow may represent the effects of damper and spring. Using the motion analysis system, the kinematics and kinetics of the elbow joint were investigated under various elbow initial flexion angles. The loading biomechanics of the elbow joint differed with various elbow initial flexion angles. The ground reaction forces decrease with increase of elbow flexion upon impact. Different initial elbow flexion angles would affect the biomechanics of upper extremities during falls. Forward fall with elbow in extension is more dangerous. Knowledge of elbow kinematics and kinetics may be helpful in preventing injuries by reducing the ground reaction force with changes of the elbow initial flexion angles during a fall.

scholarly journals Technique Selection ‘the Coaches Challenge’ Influencing Injury Risk During the First Contact Hand of the Round off Skill in Female Gymnastics

2017 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roman Farana ◽  
Daniel Jandacka ◽  
Jaroslav Uchytil ◽  
David Zahradnik ◽  
Gareth Irwin
Keyword(s):  
Elbow Joint ◽  
Injury Risk ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Joint Mechanics ◽  
Elbow Injury ◽  
3D Motion Analysis ◽  
Back Handspring ◽  
Analysis System ◽  
Female Gymnasts ◽  
First Contact

AbstractThe importance of technique selection on elbow injury risk has been identified for the key round off skill in female gymnastics, with a focus on the second contact limb. The aim of this study was to shift the focus to the first contact limb and investigate the biomechanical injury risk during parallel and T-shape round-off (RO) techniques. Seven international-level female gymnasts performed 10 trials of the RO to back-handspring with parallel and T-shape hand positions. Synchronized kinematic (3D motion analysis system; 247 Hz) and kinetic (two force plates; 1235 Hz) data were collected for each trial. The t-test with effect size statistics determined differences between the two techniques. No significant differences were found for vertical, anterior posterior and resultant ground reaction force, elbow joint kinematics and kinetics. Specifically, the results highlighted that change in technique in RO skills did not influence first contact limb elbow joint mechanics and therefore, injury risk. The findings of the present study suggest the injury potential of this skill is focused on the second limb during the parallel technique of this fundamental gymnastic skill.

scholarly journals Ground Reaction Forces and Kinematics of Ski Jump Landing Using Wearable Sensors

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (9) ◽  
pp. 2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bessone ◽  
Petrat ◽  
Schwirtz
Keyword(s):  
Wearable Sensors ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Inertial Motion ◽  
Jump Landing ◽  
The Past ◽  
Landing Biomechanics ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
The Hill ◽  
Kinematics And Kinetics

In the past, technological issues limited research focused on ski jump landing. Today, thanks to the development of wearable sensors, it is possible to analyze the biomechanics of athletes without interfering with their movements. The aims of this study were twofold. Firstly, the quantification of the kinetic magnitude during landing is performed using wireless force insoles while 22 athletes jumped during summer training on the hill. In the second part, the insoles were combined with inertial motion units (IMUs) to determine the possible correlation between kinematics and kinetics during landing. The maximal normal ground reaction force (GRFmax) ranged between 1.1 and 5.3 body weight per foot independently when landing using the telemark or parallel leg technique. The GRFmax and impulse were correlated with flying time (p < 0.001). The hip flexions/extensions and the knee and hip rotations of the telemark front leg correlated with GRFmax (r = 0.689, p = 0.040; r = −0.670, p = 0.048; r = 0.820, p = 0.007; respectively). The force insoles and their combination with IMUs resulted in promising setups to analyze landing biomechanics and to provide in-field feedback to the athletes, being quick to place and light, without limiting movement.

Reaction Force Generation and Mechanical Demand Imposed on the Shoulder When Initiating Manual Wheelchair Propulsion and at Self-Selected Fast Speeds

2019 ◽  
Vol 141 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marisa Papp ◽  
Ian Russell ◽  
Philip S. Requejo ◽  
Jan Furumasu ◽  
Jill L. McNitt-Gray
Keyword(s):  
Upper Extremity ◽  
Daily Living ◽  
Weight Bearing ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Joint Kinetics ◽  
Manual Wheelchair ◽  
Fast Speed ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
Load Exposure

Abstract Manual wheelchair (WC) users with spinal cord injury (SCI) experience shoulder pain and fatigue associated with their increased reliance on the upper extremity during activities of daily living (Bayley et al. 1987, “The Weight-Bearing Shoulder. The Impingement Syndrome in Paraplegics,” J. Bone Jt. Surg. Am., 69(5), pp. 676–678). We hypothesized that the mechanical demand imposed on the shoulder, represented as resultant shoulder net joint moment (NJM) impulse, would be greater when initiating manual WC propulsion from a stationary position without momentum than when manually propelling at speed on a level sidewalk. Thirty manual WC users with paraplegia participated. Each individual initiated manual WC propulsion from a stationary position and propelled on a level sidewalk at their self-selected fast speed. Upper extremity kinematics and pushrim reaction forces (RFs) were measured and upper extremity joint kinetics were calculated and compared (α = 0.05) between cycle 1, initiated without momentum, and cycle 3 with momentum. Results indicate that multiple factors contributing to the mechanical demand imposed on the shoulder were significantly greater when manual WC propulsion was initiated without momentum than with momentum. Significant differences in resultant shoulder NJM impulse, push duration, orientation of RF relative to forearm, and resultant average shoulder NJMs during push were observed between momentum conditions. No significant differences in average resultant RF during push were found. These results indicate that mechanical loading of the shoulder during manual WC propulsion differs between momentum conditions; these differences in resultant shoulder NJM impulse during push need to be considered when assessing shoulder load exposure in stop-and-start activities.

scholarly journals Rate of Upper Extremity Injury in High School Baseball Pitchers Who Played Catcher as a Secondary Position

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. 510-513 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth E. Hibberd ◽  
Sakiko Oyama ◽  
Joseph B. Myers
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Upper Extremity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Elbow Injury ◽  
Demographic Questionnaire ◽  
Male High School ◽  
Upper Extremity Injury ◽  
Physical Examinations ◽  
Baseball Pitchers ◽  
Extremity Injuries

Context:  Many high school pitchers play another position after they have finished pitching for the day or on their rest days from pitching. Because of the cumulative demands on the arm, pitchers who also play catcher may have a greater risk of developing a throwing-related shoulder or elbow injury. Objective:  To compare the rate of throwing-related upper extremity injuries between high school baseball pitchers who also played catcher as a secondary position and those who did not play catcher. Design:  Prospective cohort study. Setting:  Field laboratory. Patients or Other Participants:  A total of 384 male high school baseball pitchers were recruited from 51 high school teams. Pitchers who reported their secondary position as catcher were classified into the pitcher/catcher group and those who did not report playing catcher as a secondary position were classified into the other group. Main Outcome Measure(s):  Participants completed a demographic questionnaire preseason and then athlete participation and injury status were tracked during the subsequent season. Athlete-exposures were monitored and the shoulder and elbow injury proportion rates were calculated. Results:  Athlete-exposures did not differ between groups (P = .488). The pitcher/catcher group's risk of shoulder or elbow injury was 2.9 times greater than that of the other pitchers (15% versus 5%; injury proportion rate = 2.9; 95% confidence interval = 1.03, 8.12). Conclusions:  Pitchers who reported also playing catcher were at a greater risk of sustaining a throwing-related shoulder or elbow injury than the other pitchers. These findings suggest that pitchers should consider not playing catcher as their secondary position in order to allow adequate time for recovery and to decrease their overall throwing load. Serial physical examinations of pitchers/catchers during the season may be useful in determining if their physical characteristics are changing during the season because of the cumulative throwing load.

BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF THE ELBOW JOINT LOADING DURING PUSH-UP

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (04) ◽  
pp. 197-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pei-Hsi Chou ◽  
Shu-Zon Lou ◽  
Shen-Kai Chen ◽  
Hsin-Chieh Chen ◽  
Tsung-Hsien Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Axial Force ◽  
Elbow Joint ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Force Plate ◽  
Biomechanical Analysis ◽  
Male Students ◽  
Hand Position ◽  
Flexion Moment ◽  
Analysis System ◽  
Push Up

The purpose of this study was to investigate the static and dynamic forces within the joints during push-up loading of the upper extremity. Ten healthy male students volunteered for this study. They were asked to complete six sets of push-ups in five different hand positions. The Expert Vision Motion Analysis System with six CCD cameras, and a Kistler force plate was used to measure the relative joint position and ground reaction force. Hand position was found to have a statistically significant effect on the axial force. The maximum axial force decreased from "normal" when hands were placed "apart" (45.0% BW, p = 0.012) or "superior" (44.5% BW, p = 0.01). Hand position had a significant effect on the flexion moment of the elbow joint. A greater reduction of flexion torque at 997.3 N-cm (p = 0.001) was experienced with hands "apart." Greater flexion torque existed throughout the cycle with hands "together" and equaled 2301.4 N-cm (p = 0.002). This study provides information about the kinematic and kinetic patterns of the upper extremities, and how hand position affects intersegmental loading. Attention must be given to the valgus torque encountered during push-up exercises. Patients with medial collateral ligament repair and total elbow arthroplasty should be protected from such exercises immediately post-treatment.

scholarly journals Early Sport Specialization Linked to Throwing Arm Function and Upper Extremity Injury History in College Baseball Players

2021 ◽  
pp. 194173812098655
Author(s):  
Jason Croci ◽  
Jim Nicknair ◽  
John Goetschius
Keyword(s):  
Upper Extremity ◽  
Extremity Injury ◽  
Shoulder Injury ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Baseball Players ◽  
Elbow Injury ◽  
History Of ◽  
Upper Extremity Injury ◽  
Arm Function ◽  
College Baseball

Background: Evidence suggests that shoulder and elbow injuries account for 31% to 37% of all National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) baseball injuries, and up to 69% of NCAA baseball injuries are the result of noncontact and overuse mechanisms. Early sport specialization may contribute to the high rates of upper extremity injuries in college baseball players. Hypothesis: Higher specialization by age 13 years would be associated with worse subjective throwing arm function and a greater history of shoulder and elbow injury. Study Design: Cohort study. Level of Evidence: Level 2. Methods: Survey data were collected from college baseball players (N = 129) during midseason of the spring 2019 baseball season. Participants were stratified in low, moderate, and high specialization groups based on a 3-criteria sports specialization questionnaire. Participants’ throwing arm function was measured using the Functional Arm Scale for Throwers and the Kerlan-Jobe Orthopaedic Clinic shoulder and elbow questionnaires. Participants’ history of a shoulder or elbow injury that resulted in missing ≥2 weeks of baseball activity at any point in their baseball career was also collected. Results: The high specialization group reported worse subjective throwing arm function on the Functional Arm Scale for Throwers questionnaire than the low ( P = 0.03) and moderate ( P = 0.01) specialization groups. The high specialization group was over 5 times more likely to report a history of shoulder injury than the moderate (odds ratio [OR] = 5.42; 95% CI [1.71, 17.2]; P = 0.004) and low (OR = 5.20; 95% CI [1.87, 14.5]; P = 0.002) specialization groups, and over 3 times more likely to report a history of elbow injury than the moderate specialization group (OR = 3.77; 95% CI [1.05, 13.6]; P = 0.04). Conclusion: College baseball players that were highly specialized by age 13 years reported worse subjective throwing arm function and were more likely to have a history of upper extremity injury than players that were moderate or low specialization. Clinical Relevance: Early specialization in baseball may be detrimental to long-term upper extremity health in college baseball players.

Lower Extremity Biomechanical Demands During Saut de Chat Leaps

2016 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 211-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danielle N Jarvis ◽  
Kornelia Kulig
Keyword(s):  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Vertical Force ◽  
Dance Training ◽  
Chronic Injuries ◽  
Analysis System ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Kinematics And Kinetics

In dance, high demands are placed on the lower extremity joints during jumping tasks. The purpose of this study was to compare biomechanical demands placed on the lower extremity joints during the takeoff and landing phases of saut de chat leaps. METHODS: Thirty healthy, experienced dancers with 20.8±4.9 yrs of dance training performed 5 saut de chat leaps. A three-dimensional motion analysis system and force plates were used to collect kinematic and kinetic data. Ground reaction force (GRF) peaks and impulse and sagittal plane kinematics and kinetics of the hip, knee, ankle, and metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joints were calculated for the takeoff and landing phases of each leap. RESULTS: Saut de chat takeoffs demonstrated greater braking GRF impulse (p<0.001), while landings demonstrated greater peak vertical GRF (p<0.001). During takeoff, greater kinetic demands were placed on the MTP (p<0.001) and ankle (p<0.001) joints, while during landing greater kinetic demands were placed on the hip (p=0.037) joint. CONCLUSIONS: Both the takeoff and landing phases of saut de chat leaps place significant demands on a dancer’s body. Takeoff involves greater demands on the more distal joints and requires more braking forces, while the landing phase involves greater demands on the more proximal joints of the lower extremity and requires the dancer to absorb more vertical force. These demands, combined with extensive repetition of movements during training, may contribute to the high number of chronic injuries seen in dance.

Upper Extremity and Cue Kinematics, and Shoulder Muscle Electromyographic Activity of Novus Players of Different Skill Levels

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 124-129
Author(s):  
Viire Talts ◽  
Jaan Ereline ◽  
Tatjana Kums ◽  
Mati Pääsuke ◽  
Helena Gapeyeva
Keyword(s):  
Upper Extremity ◽  
Movement Analysis ◽  
Trapezius Muscle ◽  
Elbow Flexion ◽  
Surface Emg ◽  
Emg Activity ◽  
Electromyographic Activity ◽  
Recruitment Pattern ◽  
Skill Levels ◽  
Analysis System

Our aim with the current study was to compare upper extremity and cue kinematics, and electromyographic (EMG) activation of shoulder muscles during novus (a special form of billiards) shots of different difficulty levels. Ten proficient and 10 less-skilled novus players performed 3 types of novus shots (penalties, cuts, rebounds) 10 times each. During each shot, elbow flexion and cue–forearm angles (using a movement analysis system), and surface EMG activity of the trapezius, posterior, and lateral deltoid muscles of each subject’s dominant side, were measured. Data were compared between more- and less-skilled players, and successful compared with unsuccessful shots. Elbow flexion angle among the more-skilled players was 24.5% larger (P < .001) during unsuccessful cut shots than successful ones. The more-skilled players performed successful penalty and rebound shots with 26.8% and 49.8% lower (P < .01 and P < .001, respectively) EMG activity of the trapezius muscle than unsuccessful ones. Less-skilled players’ shots were characterized by higher EMG activity in the trapezius muscle. The obtained findings suggest that the more-skilled novus players had acquired a different muscle recruitment pattern than less-skilled players.

scholarly journals Running ground reaction forces across footwear conditions are predicted from the motion of two body mass components

2019 ◽  
Vol 126 (5) ◽  
pp. 1315-1325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew B. Udofa ◽  
Kenneth P. Clark ◽  
Laurence J. Ryan ◽  
Peter G. Weyand
Keyword(s):  
Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Lower Limb ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Vertical Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Time Patterns ◽  
Foot Strike ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
Vertical Ground ◽  
Force Time

Although running shoes alter foot-ground reaction forces, particularly during impact, how they do so is incompletely understood. Here, we hypothesized that footwear effects on running ground reaction force-time patterns can be accurately predicted from the motion of two components of the body’s mass (mb): the contacting lower-limb (m1 = 0.08mb) and the remainder (m2 = 0.92mb). Simultaneous motion and vertical ground reaction force-time data were acquired at 1,000 Hz from eight uninstructed subjects running on a force-instrumented treadmill at 4.0 and 7.0 m/s under four footwear conditions: barefoot, minimal sole, thin sole, and thick sole. Vertical ground reaction force-time patterns were generated from the two-mass model using body mass and footfall-specific measures of contact time, aerial time, and lower-limb impact deceleration. Model force-time patterns generated using the empirical inputs acquired for each footfall matched the measured patterns closely across the four footwear conditions at both protocol speeds ( r2 = 0.96 ± 0.004; root mean squared error  = 0.17 ± 0.01 body-weight units; n = 275 total footfalls). Foot landing angles (θF) were inversely related to footwear thickness; more positive or plantar-flexed landing angles coincided with longer-impact durations and force-time patterns lacking distinct rising-edge force peaks. Our results support three conclusions: 1) running ground reaction force-time patterns across footwear conditions can be accurately predicted using our two-mass, two-impulse model, 2) impact forces, regardless of foot strike mechanics, can be accurately quantified from lower-limb motion and a fixed anatomical mass (0.08mb), and 3) runners maintain similar loading rates (ΔFvertical/Δtime) across footwear conditions by altering foot strike angle to regulate the duration of impact. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Here, we validate a two-mass, two-impulse model of running vertical ground reaction forces across four footwear thickness conditions (barefoot, minimal, thin, thick). Our model allows the impact portion of the impulse to be extracted from measured total ground reaction force-time patterns using motion data from the ankle. The gait adjustments observed across footwear conditions revealed that runners maintained similar loading rates across footwear conditions by altering foot strike angles to regulate the duration of impact.

Lumbopelvic Control and the Development of Upper Extremity Injury in Professional Baseball Pitchers

2021 ◽  
pp. 036354652098812
Author(s):  
Kevin Laudner ◽  
Regan Wong ◽  
Daniel Evans ◽  
Keith Meister
Keyword(s):  
Upper Extremity ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Professional Baseball ◽  
Extremity Injury ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Balance Task ◽  
Upper Extremity Injury ◽  
Baseball Pitchers ◽  
Extremity Injuries

Background: The baseball-throwing motion requires a sequential order of motions and forces initiating in the lower limbs and transferring through the trunk and ultimately to the upper extremity. Any disruption in this sequence can increase the forces placed on subsequent segments. No research has examined if baseball pitchers with less lumbopelvic control are more likely to develop upper extremity injury than pitchers with more control. Purpose: To determine if baseball pitchers who sustain a chronic upper extremity injury have less lumbopelvic control before their injury compared with a group of pitchers who do not sustain an injury. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods: A total of 49 asymptomatic, professional baseball pitchers from a single Major League Baseball organization participated. Lumbopelvic control was measured using an iPod-based digital level secured to a Velcro belt around each player’s waist to measure anteroposterior (AP) and mediolateral (ML) deviations (degrees) during single-leg balance with movement and static bridge maneuvers. During a competitive season, 22 of these pitchers developed upper extremity injuries, while the remaining 27 sustained no injuries. Separate 2-tailed t-tests were run to determine if there were significant differences in lumbopelvic control between groups ( P < .05). Results: There were no significant between-group differences for the stride leg (nondominant) during the bridge test in either the AP ( P = .79) or the ML ( P = .42) directions, or either direction during the drive leg bridge test ( P > .68). However, the injured group had significantly less lumbopelvic control than the noninjured group during stride leg balance in both the AP ( P = .03) and the ML ( P = .001) directions and for drive leg balance in both the AP ( P = .01) and the ML ( P = .04) directions. Conclusion: These results demonstrate that baseball pitchers with diminished lumbopelvic control, particularly during stride leg and drive leg single-leg balance with movement, had more upper extremity injuries than those with more control. Clinicians should consider evaluating lumbopelvic control in injury prevention protocols and provide appropriate exercises for restoring lumbopelvic control before returning athletes to competition after injury. Specific attention should be given to testing and exercises that mimic a single-limb balance task.

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