Systems Biology-Based Approaches Applied to Vaccine Development

Data Mining ◽  
2013 ◽  
pp. 1131-1148
Author(s):  
Patricio A. Manque ◽  
Ute Woehlbier
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Systems Biology ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Host Responses ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Antigen Discovery ◽  
Genomic Technologies ◽  
History Of ◽  
Genomic Revolution

Vaccines represent one of the most cost-effective ways to prevent and treat diseases. The use of vaccines in the control of viral diseases represents an important milestone in the history of medicine. The genomic revolution brought us the possibility to scan genomes in the search of new and more effective vaccine candidates and the advancement of bioinformatics provided the framework for the application of strategies that were focused not only on antigen discovery but also on comparative genomics, and pathogenic factor identification and data mining. In addition, the progress in post-genomic technologies including gene expression technologies such as microarray and proteomics gave us the opportunity to explore the host responses to vaccines leading to a better understanding of immune responses to pathogens and/or to vaccines, assisting in the development of new and better vaccines and adjuvants. This chapter will review how systems biology-based approaches including genomics, gene expression technologies, and bioinformatics have changed the way of thinking about antigen discovery and vaccine development. In addition, the chapter will discuss how the study of the host responses in combination with “in silico” approaches could help predict immunogenicity and improve the efficacy of vaccines.

Systems Biology-Based Approaches Applied to Vaccine Development

2011 ◽  
pp. 61-78
Author(s):  
Patricio A. Manque ◽  
Ute Woehlbier
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Systems Biology ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Host Responses ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Antigen Discovery ◽  
Genomic Technologies ◽  
History Of ◽  
Genomic Revolution

Vaccines represent one of the most cost-effective ways to prevent and treat diseases. The use of vaccines in the control of viral diseases represents an important milestone in the history of medicine. The genomic revolution brought us the possibility to scan genomes in the search of new and more effective vaccine candidates and the advancement of bioinformatics provided the framework for the application of strategies that were focused not only on antigen discovery but also on comparative genomics, and pathogenic factor identification and data mining. In addition, the progress in post-genomic technologies including gene expression technologies such as microarray and proteomics gave us the opportunity to explore the host responses to vaccines leading to a better understanding of immune responses to pathogens and/or to vaccines, assisting in the development of new and better vaccines and adjuvants. This chapter will review how systems biology-based approaches including genomics, gene expression technologies, and bioinformatics have changed the way of thinking about antigen discovery and vaccine development. In addition, the chapter will discuss how the study of the host responses in combination with “in silico” approaches could help predict immunogenicity and improve the efficacy of vaccines.

scholarly journals Viruses, Vaccines and the Race for a Covid-19 Vaccine: A Tutorial

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Subramani Mani
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
History Of ◽  
Development Methods

This tutorial is organized into three major sections—viruses, vaccines and the race for a Covid-19 vaccine. The goal is to provide enough background on viruses, history of vaccines, and the science of vaccinology founded on the principles of immunity. The hope is that this will enable us to understand the challenges, methods and prospects for developing a safe and effective vaccine against SARS-CoV-2. Many important viruses such as smallpox, HIV, HCV and SARS-CoV-2 which is responsible for causing the Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) are presented in detail, which is then followed by a description of different vaccine development methods and strategies. The tutorial then discusses different candidate SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and provides specific details of many of the prospective vaccines on the leader-board which are undergoing clinical trials. The tutorial concludes with a realistic projection for a safe and effective vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 based on the historical scientific record.

scholarly journals Overview of the Development, Impacts, and Challenges of Live-Attenuated Oral Rotavirus Vaccines

Vaccines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olufemi Samuel Folorunso ◽  
Olihile M. Sebolai
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Rotavirus Vaccines ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Infants And Young Children

Safety, efficacy, and cost-effectiveness are paramount to vaccine development. Following the isolation of rotavirus particles in 1969 and its evidence as an aetiology of severe dehydrating diarrhoea in infants and young children worldwide, the quest to find not only an acceptable and reliable but cost-effective vaccine has continued until now. Four live-attenuated oral rotavirus vaccines (LAORoVs) (Rotarix®, RotaTeq®, Rotavac®, and RotaSIIL®) have been developed and licensed to be used against all forms of rotavirus-associated infection. The efficacy of these vaccines is more obvious in the high-income countries (HIC) compared with the low- to middle-income countries (LMICs); however, the impact is far exceeding in the low-income countries (LICs). Despite the rotavirus vaccine efficacy and effectiveness, more than 90 countries (mostly Asia, America, and Europe) are yet to implement any of these vaccines. Implementation of these vaccines has continued to suffer a setback in these countries due to the vaccine cost, policy, discharging of strategic preventive measures, and infrastructures. This review reappraises the impacts and effectiveness of the current live-attenuated oral rotavirus vaccines from many representative countries of the globe. It examines the problems associated with the low efficacy of these vaccines and the way forward. Lastly, forefront efforts put forward to develop initial procedures for oral rotavirus vaccines were examined and re-connected to today vaccines.

scholarly journals Vaccine Development and Collaborations: Lessons from the History of the Meningococcal A Vaccine (1969–73)

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 435-453
Author(s):  
Baptiste Baylac-Paouly
Keyword(s):  
Social Factors ◽  
Golden Age ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
The Social ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of

Based on a wide range of historical sources, including published scientific literature and archives (Institut Mérieux, WHO and IMTSSA), this article examines the history of the development of the meningococcal A vaccine between 1969 and 1973. It explores the social factors of vaccine development including various collaborations, informal discussions, the circulation of products and materials, formal meetings, trials and setbacks to highlight the complex reality of the development, production and use of the vaccine. Inscribed in a ‘Golden Age’ of vaccine development and production, this episode not only adds to the scholarship on the history of vaccines, which has tended to focus on a narrative of progress, but also considers the sharing of knowledge through collaborations, and the risks involved in the development of a vaccine. Finally, this perspective reveals the uncertainties and difficulties underlying the production of an effective vaccine.

scholarly journals The risk factors of measles outbreak in Dollo zone Somali region, Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 5179
Author(s):  
Abdisalan M. Ali ◽  
Mohammed A. Maalin
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Age Group ◽  
African Region ◽  
Susceptible Population ◽  
Measles Outbreak ◽  
Viral Illness ◽  
History Of

Background: Measles is a highly contagious acute viral illness with the possibility of severe and dangerous complications. Measles occurrence is related to urbanization because of high entry of migrants and high population density; cities have become important hubs for the spread of infectious diseases. The African region is a crucial player in the global fight against measles and has made tremendous progress in its effort to immunize children and to control the disease. Despite the accessibility of safe and cost-effective vaccine, measles has remained endemic with persistent periodic outbreaks in the horn of Africa.Methods: We reviewed the measles cases line lists in Dollo zone from January 2017 to March 2018. There was a total of 771-line listed cases in 2017 and 326 line-listed in 2018. Measles case investigations on alerts were also reviewed when there is an alert rumors verification case investigation done. The line list included variables on vaccination status, age, sex, treatment modality, date of onset the rash, date seen health facility, diagnosis, outcome (alive or dead), locations from place cases came from, contact history and travel history were reviewed.Results: We found that the measles outbreak affected different age groups in Dollo zone and most affected age group were between the ages of 15 years to 30 years and most of the cases have no history of immunization.Conclusions: The outbreak affected all age groups, which may show the continuous low routine immunization coverage over several years and the gathering of the susceptible population in the older age group that may have led to the current outbreak.

Immune modulatory capacity of probiotic lactic acid bacteria and applications in vaccine development

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 213-226
Author(s):  
N. Mojgani ◽  
Y. Shahali ◽  
M. Dadar
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Vaccine Coverage ◽  
Oral Vaccine ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Vaccine Adjuvants ◽  
Probiotic Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽  
Effective Role

Vaccination is one of the most important prevention tools providing protection against infectious diseases especially in children below the age of five. According to estimates, more than 5 million lives are saved annually by the implementation of six standard vaccines, including diphtheria, hepatitis B, Haemophilus influenza type b, polio, tetanus and yellow fever. Despite these efforts, we are faced with challenges in developing countries where increasing population and increasing disease burden and difficulties in vaccine coverage and delivery cause significant morbidity and mortality. Additionally, the high cost of these vaccines is also one of the causes for inappropriate and inadequate vaccinations in these regions. Thus, developing cost-effective vaccine strategies that could provide a stronger immune response with reduced vaccination schedules and maximum coverage is of critical importance. In last decade, different approaches have been investigated; among which live bacterial vaccines have been the focus of attention. In this regard, probiotic lactic acid bacteria have been extensively studied as safe and effective vaccine candidates. These microorganisms represent the largest group of probiotic bacteria in the intestine and are generally recognised as safe (GRAS) bacteria. They have also attracted attention due to their immunomodulatory actions and their effective role as novel vaccine adjuvants. A significant property of these bacteria is their ability to mimic natural infections, while intrinsically possessing mucosal adjuvant properties. Additionally, as live bacterial vaccines are administered orally or nasally, they have higher acceptance and better safety, but also avoid the risk of contamination due to needles and syringes. In this review, we emphasise the role of probiotic Lactobacillus strains as putative oral vaccine carriers and novel vaccine adjuvants.

scholarly journals P. pastoris (Komagataella phaffii) as a Cost-Effective Tool for Vaccine Production for Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs)

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 119
Author(s):  
Salomé de Sá Magalhães ◽  
Eli Keshavarz-Moore
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Heterologous Proteins ◽  
Vaccine Production ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Komagataella Phaffii ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Vaccination is of paramount importance to global health. With the advent of the more recent pandemics, the urgency to expand the range has become even more evident. However, the potential limited availability and affordability of vaccines to resource low- and middle-income countries has created a need for solutions that will ensure cost-effective vaccine production methods for these countries. Pichia pastoris (P. pastoris) (also known as Komagataella phaffii) is one of the most promising candidates for expression of heterologous proteins in vaccines development. It combines the speed and ease of highly efficient prokaryotic platforms with some key capabilities of mammalian systems, potentially reducing manufacturing costs. This review will examine the latest developments in P. pastoris from cell engineering and design to industrial production systems with focus on vaccine development and with reference to specific key case studies.

scholarly journals FIGHTING AGAINST GLOBAL HIV EPIDEMIC: AVAILABLE OPTIONS TO FOCUS ON

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 102-105
Author(s):  
Homa Nath Sharma ‘Raju’ ◽  
Sagar Baral ◽  
Yadav Baral
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Great Progress ◽  
Made In

HIV continues to be a major global public health issue, having claimed more than 32 million lives so far. While great progress has been made in preventing and treating HIV, there is still much to do. A safe and cost-effective vaccine that prevents HIV infection is considered the best strategy for containing the epidemic. However; historically, the vaccine development for HIV prevention has been extremely difficult. Anti-Retroviral Therapy (ART) has improved the quality of life of Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients worldwide. This reality suggests that continuing on HIV vaccine research, now we should also consider applying other short-term available prevention and treatment strategies to mitigate the effect of the epidemic.

scholarly journals Are We Ready For Covid – 19 Vaccines? – A General Side Effects Overview

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (02) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr. Lipika Das ◽  
Dr. Meghana A ◽  
Dr. Prolay Paul ◽  
Dr. Sayantan Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Vaccination Strategy ◽  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Family Welfare ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The People ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
History Of

A vaccine is considered to be one of the best options in public health safety, specifically when there is no effective vaccine available against that infectious disease.6 Classic vaccine development often takes years, but developing a vaccine for the prevention of Covid- 19 has turned out to be a race between viruses and humans, and along with the identification of other similar strains has made it more difficult. COVID- 19 has serious and life-threatening complications and no one knows how COVID- 19 is affecting.13 Firstly vaccines are given to health care workers in public and private. The vaccine is first given to one crore healthcare workers around India working in both government and private hospitals according to the recommendation by NEGVAC. It is mandatory to monitor the patient for the next 15 minutes after taking the Covid 19 Vaccine shot. Most of the side effects occur within the next 3 days after vaccination. If someone has a history of allergic reactions which is not related to vaccines or injectable medications, they can still take Covid 19 Vaccine. If someone getting an immediate allergic reaction after getting the first dose of Covid 19 Vaccine, then he/she should not take the second dose of the vaccine. Even though the vaccination strategy throughout the globe is in peak, the people are asked to follow the similar guidelines to prevent the transmission of corona virus. Therefore throughout the world, several ministries of health and family welfare have asked people to maintain social distancing, wearing facemasks in public, using hand sanitizers, washing hands, avoid crowded places and maintain personal hygiene.

Systems Biology Using Host Responses To Diagnose Infections

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 478-479
Author(s):  
Shannon Weiman
Keyword(s):  
Systems Biology ◽  
Host Responses
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