scholarly journals The risk factors of measles outbreak in Dollo zone Somali region, Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 5179
Author(s):  
Abdisalan M. Ali ◽  
Mohammed A. Maalin
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Age Group ◽  
African Region ◽  
Susceptible Population ◽  
Measles Outbreak ◽  
Viral Illness ◽  
History Of

Background: Measles is a highly contagious acute viral illness with the possibility of severe and dangerous complications. Measles occurrence is related to urbanization because of high entry of migrants and high population density; cities have become important hubs for the spread of infectious diseases. The African region is a crucial player in the global fight against measles and has made tremendous progress in its effort to immunize children and to control the disease. Despite the accessibility of safe and cost-effective vaccine, measles has remained endemic with persistent periodic outbreaks in the horn of Africa.Methods: We reviewed the measles cases line lists in Dollo zone from January 2017 to March 2018. There was a total of 771-line listed cases in 2017 and 326 line-listed in 2018. Measles case investigations on alerts were also reviewed when there is an alert rumors verification case investigation done. The line list included variables on vaccination status, age, sex, treatment modality, date of onset the rash, date seen health facility, diagnosis, outcome (alive or dead), locations from place cases came from, contact history and travel history were reviewed.Results: We found that the measles outbreak affected different age groups in Dollo zone and most affected age group were between the ages of 15 years to 30 years and most of the cases have no history of immunization.Conclusions: The outbreak affected all age groups, which may show the continuous low routine immunization coverage over several years and the gathering of the susceptible population in the older age group that may have led to the current outbreak.

Systems Biology-Based Approaches Applied to Vaccine Development

Data Mining ◽  
2013 ◽  
pp. 1131-1148
Author(s):  
Patricio A. Manque ◽  
Ute Woehlbier
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Systems Biology ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Host Responses ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Antigen Discovery ◽  
Genomic Technologies ◽  
History Of ◽  
Genomic Revolution

Vaccines represent one of the most cost-effective ways to prevent and treat diseases. The use of vaccines in the control of viral diseases represents an important milestone in the history of medicine. The genomic revolution brought us the possibility to scan genomes in the search of new and more effective vaccine candidates and the advancement of bioinformatics provided the framework for the application of strategies that were focused not only on antigen discovery but also on comparative genomics, and pathogenic factor identification and data mining. In addition, the progress in post-genomic technologies including gene expression technologies such as microarray and proteomics gave us the opportunity to explore the host responses to vaccines leading to a better understanding of immune responses to pathogens and/or to vaccines, assisting in the development of new and better vaccines and adjuvants. This chapter will review how systems biology-based approaches including genomics, gene expression technologies, and bioinformatics have changed the way of thinking about antigen discovery and vaccine development. In addition, the chapter will discuss how the study of the host responses in combination with “in silico” approaches could help predict immunogenicity and improve the efficacy of vaccines.

scholarly journals Trends in Poliovirus Seroprevalence in Kano State, Northern Nigeria

2018 ◽  
Vol 67 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. S103-S109
Author(s):  
Harish Verma ◽  
Zubairu Iliyasu ◽  
Kehinde T Craig ◽  
Natalie A Molodecky ◽  
Utibeabasi Urua ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Old Age ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Parental Consent ◽  
Population Immunity ◽  
Antibody Titres ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Kano state has been a protracted reservoir of poliovirus in Nigeria. Immunity trends have been monitored through seroprevalence surveys since 2011. The survey in 2015 was, in addition, intended to assess the impact of use of inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV). Methods It was a health facility based seroprevalence survey. Eligible children aged 6-9, 12-15 and 19-22 months of age brought to the paediatrics outpatient department of Murtala Mohammad Specialist Hospital between 19 October and 6 November 2015, were screened for eligibility. Eligible children were enrolled after parental consent, history taken, physical examination conducted, and a blood sample collected to test for neutralizing antibody titres against the three poliovirus serotypes. Results Overall, 365 results were available in the three age groups. In the 6-9-month-old age group, the seroprevalence was 73% (95% confidence interval [CI] 64-80%), 83% (95% CI 75-88%), and 66% (95% CI 57-73%) for serotypes 1, 2, and 3, respectively. In the 12-15- and 19-22-month-old age groups, seroprevalence was higher but still remained <90% across serotypes. Seroprevalence to serotypes 1 and 3 in 2015 was similar to 2014; however, for serotype 2 there was a significant improvement. IPV received in supplemental immunization activities was found to be a significant predictor of seropositivity among 6-9-month-old infants for serotypes 1 and 2. Conclusions Seroprevalence for serotypes 1 and 3 remains low (<80%) in 6-9-month-olds. This poses a significant risk for poliovirus spread if reintroduced into the population. Efforts to strengthen immunization coverage are imperative to secure and sustain high population immunity.

FC13-04 - Suicide risk in relation to age and psychiatric hospitalization

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S2) ◽  
pp. 1885-1885
Author(s):  
J. Reutfors ◽  
L. Brandt ◽  
K. Sparring Björkstén ◽  
A. Ekbom ◽  
U. Ösby
Keyword(s):  
Suicide Risk ◽  
Psychiatric Hospitalization ◽  
Conditional Logistic Regression ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Post Discharge ◽  
History Of ◽  
Control Study

IntroductionSuicide risk is increased in patients with a history of psychiatric hospitalization.AimTo explore how suicide risk varies by age during psychiatric hospitalization and in the year post-discharge.MethodsThis is a population-based case-control study of all suicides (n = 20,675; 70% male) in Sweden aged ≥18 years during 1991–2003. Each suicide was individually matched to 10 population controls by age, sex, and county of residence. Discharge diagnoses of a mental disorder (except dementia and other organic disorders) in the year prior to suicide were identified by register linkage. Odds ratios (OR) were calculated by conditional logistic regression to estimate the relative risk of suicide in those with psychiatric diagnoses compared to the general population. ORs were estimated by age group (18–34 years, 35–49 years, 50–64 years, and ≥ 65 years) and timing of the suicide in relation to discharge.ResultsDuring hospitalization, the youngest age group had the greatest suicide risk elevation [OR 64 (95% CI 44-92)]. In the first month post-discharge, the oldest age group had the highest suicide risk elevation [OR 162 (95% 66–399) in the first week and OR 127 (95% 67–242) in the second to fourth weeks]. In the remaining eleven months, suicide risk elevation was lower and relatively similar in different age groups.ConclusionsDuring the year following psychiatric hospitalization, an especially high attention should be paid to the suicide risk of the elderly patients in the first month post-discharge.

scholarly journals Assessment of immunization coverage and associated factors among children in Paravur Taluk of Ernakulam district, Kerala

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (8) ◽  
pp. 3594
Author(s):  
Anuradha Kizhatil ◽  
Reshma . ◽  
Harsha Chollankil Hariharan ◽  
Alexander John ◽  
Ann Mary Thomas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Child Protection ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Group 5

Background: Immunization is one of the most cost-effective interventions averting countless childhood deaths and protecting millions of children from disability and illness. The objective of the current study was to assess the immunization coverage and associated factors among children aged 12-23 months and 5-7 years in Paravur Taluk of Ernakulam district, Kerala.Methods: A community based cross sectional study was done. Cluster sampling method of WHO was used for evaluation of immunization coverage.300 children in the age group of 12–23 months and 300 children in the age group 5-7 years were selected from each of the 30 clusters. Crude coverage details for each vaccine were estimated using percentages. Bivariate analysis was conducted to identify independent predictors of immunization coverage.Results: Among the children 12-23 months old, eleven (3.7%) children were partially immunized, while everybody had received at least one vaccine. The proportion of children fully immunized was 96.3%. Among the children 5-7 years old 55 (18.3%) were partially immunized. Belonging to Muslim religion, fathers’ occupation i.e. who were labourers/unskilled workers, mother’s education less than 12th standard and not possessing the mother and child protection card were found to be factors associated with partial immunization.Conclusions: This study shows that full immunization has not reached all children.

scholarly journals A study on epidemiological and clinical characteristics of measles patients admitted to Sir Ronald Ross institute of tropical and communicable diseases, Hyderabad, India

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 1345
Author(s):  
Asma . ◽  
Anupama Pulla ◽  
Vimala Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
Childhood Mortality ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Measles Outbreak ◽  
History Of ◽  
Study Population ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Disease Hospital

Background: Measles is an acute infectious exanthematous disease of childhood caused by paramyxovirus. With increase in immunization coverage levels, the intensity of measles outbreak has decreased in the country. In some parts of India, measles is still a major cause of morbidity and childhood mortality. Objective of the study was to determine the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of patients with macular/maculo-papular rash.Methods: A cross sectional record based retrospective study was carried out at Sir Ronald Ross institute of tropical and communicable diseases, Hyderabad. All the cases admitted in year 2016 with history of fever and macular/maculo-papular rash were included in the study. The study was carried out for 2 months.Results: A total of 639 cases were admitted to infectious disease hospital during the year 2016 with history of fever and rash. The mean age of study population was 6.08±4.9 years. Around 43.7% of cases were in the age group of 1–5 years. The disease was slightly higher among boys (52.3%) as compared to girls (47.7%). Amongst the clinical features, fever and rash were seen in 100%, coryza in 80%, and conjunctivitis in 63.3% of study population.Conclusions: Majority of the children suffering from measles was not vaccinated and the most common reason for failure to immunize children was lack of awareness. There is a need to increase awareness about importance of measles immunization to reduce under five mortality.

scholarly journals Changes in corneal thickness after vitrectomy—Implications for glaucoma practice

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. e0249945
Author(s):  
Lisika Gawas ◽  
Aparna Rao
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Regression ◽  
Corneal Thickness ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Multivariate Regression Analysis ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Elevated Intraocular Pressure ◽  
History Of ◽  
Aphakic Eyes ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Contralateral Eye

Purpose To evaluate changes in central corneal thickness (CCT) following vitrectomy. Methods All consecutive old and new patients referred to glaucoma services for possible secondary glaucoma after vitrectomy and who had undergone corneal pachymetry between July 2013 to June 2020, were included. The eye that developed elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) and was diagnosed clinically as glaucoma after vitrectomy, was labelled as the “affected” eye. The contralateral eye of the patient with normal IOP and no history of vitrectomy was labelled as the “control” eye. The difference in CCT in the affected eye and the contralateral control eye (ΔCCT) and CCT were compared between different age groups. Correlation of CCT in the affected eye with age, diagnosis, type of surgery done, lens status and pre-existing glaucoma was done using multivariate regression analysis. Results Of 127 eyes of 120 patients (M:F = 85:35), the average CCT in the affected eye was significantly higher than the unaffected contralateral control eye (p<0.0001). The ΔCCT in eyes presenting at an age <25 years was higher (median 582, 497–840) than those that presented later (median 518, 384–755), p <0.0001, with maximum ΔCCT seen in eyes that had undergone vitrectomy at age<12 years. The CCT in the affected eye was significantly higher in aphakic eyes (588±81.6 microns) than in pseudophakic eyes (552±79.03 microns), p = 0.03. On multivariate analysis, age<25 years remained as a significant influencer of CCT in the affected eye (β = -1.7, p<0.001, R2 = 28.3%). Conclusions Young age group<25 years are more prone to corneal remodelling and CCT changes after vitrectomy.

scholarly journals Prospective study of patients with membranous patch over the tonsil at GIMS, Kalaburagi

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (12) ◽  
pp. 2194
Author(s):  
Renuka S. Melkundi ◽  
Siddaram Patil
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Clinical Aspects ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Adult Age ◽  
Health Agencies ◽  
Infected Adult ◽  
Paediatric Age ◽  
The Government

<p><strong>Background:</strong> Current study was done to know various clinical aspects of membranous patch over the tonsil.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data for the study were collected from patients who presented with membranous patch over the tonsil in the department of ENT at GIMS, Kalaburagi from January 2019 to December 2019. This is a prospective case study. 225 patients were included in the study. Once patient was presented to us detailed history, examination and necessary investigations were done.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> The present study included 225 patients out of which out of which females were 132 (59%) and males were 93 (41%). The predominant clinical features were sore throat (225 cases), fever (212 cases), dysphagia (90 cases) and bull neck (45 cases). The most common cause of membranous patch over tonsil was found to be diphtheria (68%) followed by streptococcal tonsillitis (30%) and others (2%). In our study microbiological investigations like Albert stain was positive in 153 cases and culture was positive in 140 cases.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>It was observed in our study that diphtheria constitutes the majority (68%) and the incidence of adult is almost on par with paediatric age group. Despite of UIP we have seen increased incidence in the adult age group. Hence it requires the health agencies and the Government to increase immunization coverage, as India has witnessed the highest number of cases in the world for the year 2015. As evident from the shift in age groups being infected, adult booster dose has to be introduced at 10 years interval.</p>

PREVALENCE OF OSTEOPOROSIS IN SUB-URBAN POPULATION OF CHENNAI USING QUS (QUANTITATIVE ULTRASOUND) OF CALCANEUM -A CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY

2021 ◽  
pp. 43-44
Author(s):  
S. Balameena ◽  
R Agavendra ◽  
Karthikeyan Karthikeyan ◽  
Sujatha Sujatha ◽  
Sabarish Sabarish ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Screening Test ◽  
Past History ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Study Results ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ultrasound Score

Background:Burden of Osteoporosis and its related fractures are enormous and growing public health concern. Worldwide, an estimated 200 million adults suffer from osteoporosis. Vertebral and non-vertebral fractures are the most clinically relevant osteoporotic fracture because they are expensive to treat and have severe consequences for middle aged and elderly population.(1 ,2) The purpose of our study was to assess calcaneal ultrasound score as a screening test for osteoporosis. Material and Methods: Fifty patients above the age of 40 years who attended a health checkup camp conducted by our institute in a suburban population base of Chennai,Tamilnadu was subjected for noninvasive QUS of calcaneum bone as a screening test for osteoporosis. They were divided into different age groups ,co-morbid conditions noted and BMD scores from QUS was assessed. Statistical method were used with SPSS Version .It was a cross sectional descriptive study. Results: A total of 50 patients underwent QUS of calcaneum bone in our study , all of them above the age of 40 years. 33(66%) of them were females and 17(34%) were males. Eight patients( 16% ) had T score < -2.5 out of which 1 was male. 26 patients(52%) had T scores in the osteopenic range (-1>Tscore>-2.5).16 patients(32%) had T scores in the normal range. 40 % of patients had associated osteoarthritis and four patients had diabetes. 2 patients who underwent screening had past history of nontraumatic fractures. Conclusion: QUS of calcaneum is a good screening tool for assessing bone density in our country since its cost effective and can be used in various screening camps. The machine is portable and can be used with minimal training making it easier for the primary caregiver. It has reasonably good sensitivity and fair specicity when using Tscore of -2.5 as the cut off point. However DEXAis the gold standard for treatment and followup of patients with osteoporosis.

scholarly journals Antimeasles antibodies in children submitted to different vaccination schedules

1993 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 77-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Solange Artimos de Oliveira ◽  
Akira Homma ◽  
Léa Camillo-Coura ◽  
Maria Lucília P. Loureiro ◽  
Maria Teresa G. N. de Almeida
Keyword(s):  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Age Group ◽  
The Past ◽  
Measles Antibodies ◽  
History Of ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B ◽  
Group D

ln order to study the measles antibody behavior of three vaccination schedules, 684 children were divided into 4 Groups: Group A (341 vaccinated children under the age of one); Group B (101 children at the age of one); Group C (74 children under the age of one and one at the age of one); Group D (163 unvaccinated children with a history of measles in the past - Group control). Children of Group A presented lower rates and 25.9% of the age group under two did not show any measles antibodies. In Group B, all the children presented antibodies. In Group C onby 4.0% did not. In all age groups, the geometric mean HI antibody titers of Group A were lower than the valuesfound in the other groups. The age at vaccination was the factor of greater influence on the results of this study.

scholarly journals Clinical and epidemiological findings during a measles outbreak occurring in a population with high vaccination coverage

1995 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 339-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Solange Artimos de Oliveira ◽  
Walquíria Nascimento Soares ◽  
Marcos Olivier Dalston ◽  
Maria Teresa G.N. de Almeida ◽  
Antonio José L. Costa
Keyword(s):  
Age Distribution ◽  
Vaccination Status ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
School Age ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Measles Vaccine ◽  
Measles Outbreak ◽  
Teenagers And Young Adults ◽  
History Of ◽  
Children Exposure

From March 1991 to April 1992, 250 measles suspected cases were studied in the Municipality of Niterói, State of Rio de Janeiro. The median age found was 11 years and 76.0% of the cases were in school age children. Exposure histories were present in 149 patients and schools were the most frequent sites of transmission (45.0%). Vaccination status was known for 127 studied cases and 76.4% of them had received measles vaccine before their first birthday. One or more complications were reported for 68 cases aitd in 8.9% of the studied cases hospitalization was required. Frequency of complications varied according to each age group studied and were more commonly encountered among children < 1 year of age (55.6%). The history of previous vaccination did not diminish the number of complications of the cases studied. The results of this work show changes in age distribution of measles leading to sizeable outbreaks among teenagers and young adults.

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