Understanding Consumer Behavior through Mental Accounting

2014 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Tugba Ucma ◽  
Ali Naci Karabulut ◽  
Ali Caglar Uzun
Keyword(s):  
A Priori ◽  
Mental Accounting ◽  
Sunk Costs ◽  
International Literature ◽  
Purchasing Decisions ◽  
Consumer Market ◽  
Cultural Variables ◽  
International Theory ◽  
Study Support ◽  
Age Range

By setting out from similar studies, this study falls within international literature. The intention is to measure, in connection with Turkey’s consumer market, in order to understand the behaviors of the Turkish consumers that are different in terms of cultural variables. The operability of this international theory is achieved by taking advantage of mental accounting. In seeking the essential objective of the research, a working group formed from two subgroups in order to manifest the decisiveness in the purchasing decisions of individuals, as well as the effects of the mental accounting theories. The first subgroup is formed by 100 university students whose ages are varied between 18 and 30. The second group forms from the same number of students at the same age range. According to the results of analysis carried out in the direction of the collected data from the sub groups, the consequences of this study support the results of the other a priori study in the literature. The greatest consequence of this research is the reactions developed in the expenditures and savings of the consumers subsequent to the formed sunk costs become varied with in terms of the independent “budget” variable.

Turning Discounts Into Profits: Factors Influencing Online Purchasing Decisions for Hotel Add-on Items

2020 ◽  
pp. 193896552093539 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esther L. Kim ◽  
Sarah Tanford
Keyword(s):  
Process Model ◽  
Mental Accounting ◽  
Thinking Styles ◽  
Impulse Buying ◽  
Purchasing Decisions ◽  
Price Discount ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Impulse Buying Tendency

A hotel website exclusive discount is widely adopted by major chain hotels to increase the volume of direct bookings. Although the traditional purpose of a discount promotion is to attract customers to the business, this research suggests that a hotel website exclusive price discount can induce consumers’ additional spending. Principles of mental accounting and two thinking styles (analytic vs. holistic) predict different effects of a price discount and the add-on product type by individual thinking styles. A quasi-experiment investigated the effect of an unexpected discount, relatedness of add-on item to a hotel stay, and individual thinking styles on add-on purchasing. The mediating role of impulse buying was subsequently examined using the PROCESS model. The effect of a price discount and the relatedness of add-on item are significant for analytic thinkers, whereas holistic thinkers report higher likelihood to purchase add-on items regardless of relatedness. Holistic thinkers’ likelihood to purchase is enhanced through an impulse buying tendency. The findings provide further evidence for the role of individual differences in response to pricing tactics by suggesting that a price promotion increases add-on purchases for analytic thinkers, whereas promoting a sense of impulsiveness can be more effective for holistic thinkers.

scholarly journals Estimation of Cephalometric Norm for Bangladeshi Children (Steiners Method)

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
M Sajedeen ◽  
HM Rizvi ◽  
MZ Hossain
Keyword(s):  
Facial Asymmetry ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Racial Group ◽  
Linear Measurements ◽  
Facial Height ◽  
Normal Occlusion ◽  
Study Support ◽  
Comparison Of The Results ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Bimaxillary Protrusion

Objective: The objective of this study was to establish cephalometric norms of Bangladeshi children age range (10-13years) and to compare it with accepted standards for the Caucasian population according to Steiner analysis. Methods: Fifty healthy Bangladeshi children both male and female, with a mean age of 12.3 years, were selected from different schools of Dhaka. Selection was made on the basis of normal occlusion, balanced and pleasing profile with no obvious facial asymmetry. None of the children have undergone orthodontic treatment prior to this study. Lateral skull cephalograms were taken and traced using a standardized technique. Each cephalogram was traced twice with a one week interval by the authors. All angular and linear measurements were calculated to the nearest 0.5 degree and 0.5 mm, respectively. Steiner's method of cephalometric analysis was used to establish cephalometric norms. Results: A comparison of the results with the Steiner standards showed that the Bangladeshi children were more protrusive skeletally and dentally with a greater tendency towards bimaxillary protrusion. Further, there was a decrease in the lower facial height. Conclusion: The results of the study support the fact that norms and standards of one racial group could not be used without modification for other racial group and each different racial group would have to be treated according to its individual characteristics. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjodfo.v1i1.15970 Ban J Orthod & Dentofac Orthop, October 2010; Vol-1, No.1, 1-4

Assessment of Psychopathic Traits in Children and Adolescents

2009 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 157-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Bijttebier ◽  
Stef Decoene
Keyword(s):  
Problem Behaviors ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Antisocial Process Screening Device ◽  
Screening Device ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Childhood Psychopathy ◽  
Internalizing Problem

The study examined the reliability and validity of the Antisocial Process Screening Device (APSD) and the Childhood Psychopathy Scale (CPS) in a community sample of 182 Flemish adolescents in the age range of 9 to 19 years. Data were gathered by means of parent, teacher, and self-report, and the factor structure was examined by means of confirmatory factor analysis. Internal consistencies of the resulting scales and associations with measures of disruptive behavior disorders and internalizing problem behaviors were explored. Results confirmed the underlying a priori structure of both APSD and CPS.

The Influence of Culture and Lifestyle on Purchasing Decisions of Women's Clothing at Matahari Department Store, Palopo City

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 14-25
Author(s):  
Rudianto Rudianto
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Influences ◽  
Department Store ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Purchasing Decisions ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Women's Clothing ◽  
Simultaneous Test ◽  
Cultural Variables ◽  
Cultural Variable ◽  
Positive Effect

This study aims to determine, the influence of culture and lifestyle on purchasing decisions for women's clothing at Matahari Department Store Palopo City, cultural influences on purchasing decisions for women's clothing at Matahari Department Store Palopo City, and the influence of lifestyle on purchasing decisions for women's clothing at Matahari Department Store. Palopo City. The method used is multiple regression analysis method with a sample size of 30 respondents. The focus of the research determined by the researcher was only on women's clothing products, so the researcher only chose female respondents. The characteristics of the respondents analyzed in this study were based on age and occupation. The research data was obtained by distributing questionnaires to respondents. The results showed that the t value of cultural variables was 3.446 with a significant level of 0.002. Because 3.446 > 2.051 and 0.002 < 0.05, the hypothesis is accepted. This shows that the cultural variable (X1) has a positive and significant effect on purchasing decisions. While the t value of the lifestyle variable (X2) is 2.537 with a significant level of 0.017. Because 2.537 > 2.051 and 0.017 < 0.05, the hypothesis is accepted. This shows that lifestyle variables have a positive and significant effect on purchasing decisions. The simultaneous test results show that the cultural variables (X1) and lifestyle (X2) together have a positive effect on purchasing decisions (Y) as evidenced by the calculated F value of 17.055 with a significant level of 0.000, where F count > F table (17.055 > 3.35) with a significance level less than 0.05 (0.000 < 0.05).

Neuropsychological responses of consumers to promotion strategies and the decision to buy sports products

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Behzad Izadi ◽  
Ali Ghaedi ◽  
Mohammadreza Ghasemian
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Data ◽  
Purchasing Decisions ◽  
Self Assessment ◽  
Consumer Decision ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Traditional Research ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Promotion Strategies ◽  
Promotional Strategies ◽  
Age Range

PurposeNeuromarketing is a science that can examine human subconscious decisions and activities. The study aimed to investigate the neuropsychological responses of consumers to promotion strategies and the decision to buy sports products, in order to determine the more effective strategy.Design/methodology/approachAn experimental design clarifies whether there is a significant difference between the neuropsychological responses resulting from selective promotional strategies (charity, endorsement, advertising and discount). The authors conducted the research with 40 young adults (20 males and 20 females; age range 25–35 years). The Enobio 20-channel electroencephalograph (EEG) is used to record waves, a two-item questionnaire is used to measure purchasing decisions and self-assessment forms are used to measure arousal and pleasure. Data analysis performed by Friedman's statistical methods and logistic regression using SPSS 22 software.FindingsBased on the alpha wave, the results showed the two charity and endorsement strategies had the highest effect on consumer attentions. The pleasure had the highest value in the discount, and the arousal had the highest value in the charity strategy. Neuropsychological responses also explain a significant percentage of the consumer decision to buy.Research limitations/implicationsAccess to research samples is difficult due to the ignorance of the samples as well as the fear of possible harm from imaging and brain scanning methods.Practical implicationsNeuromarketing is a science that can examine human subconscious decisions and activities.Social implicationsThe information obtained neural methods are more accurate than traditional research methods.Originality/valueThis study showed the alpha brainwave (attention), arousal and pleasure explain a significant part of the consumer decision to buy. More scientific data can be obtained through new scientific approaches such as neuromarketing, which has a great impact on understanding consumer behavior. Therefore, marketers and researchers can make their promotional activities more effective in terms of them.

Validation of Multigenerational Interconnectedness Scale among Arab Adolescents

2003 ◽  
Vol 93 (3) ◽  
pp. 697-704 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marwan Dwairy
Keyword(s):  
Adolescent Girls ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Varimax Rotation ◽  
External Criterion ◽  
Good Convergence ◽  
Arab Students ◽  
Good Internal Consistency ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Larger Sample ◽  
Effect Of Age

This study intends to validate the Multigenerational Interconnectedness Scale among Arab adolescents. The Arabic version of the scale was administered to 224 male and 294 female Arab students in Grades 10 and 12. Principal factor analysis with a priori three factors and varimax rotation was conducted. This showed good convergence of the items into three subscales: Emotional, Financial, and Functional. Coefficient alpha was .80, indicating good internal consistency. Adolescent girls scored significantly higher on Connectedness to their families than the boys. Given the restricted age range, the effect of age was not significant. Further validation studies are needed with an external criterion for construct validity and a larger sample to cover the older age range of adolescence.

Reliability of pressure pain threshold testing in healthy pain free young adults

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Waller ◽  
Leon Straker ◽  
Peter O’Sullivan ◽  
Michele Sterling ◽  
Anne Smith
Keyword(s):  
Lumbar Spine ◽  
Interrater Reliability ◽  
Statistical Power ◽  
Pain Threshold ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Pressure Pain Threshold ◽  
Systematic Bias ◽  
Pressure Pain ◽  
Study Support

AbstractBackground and aimsInvestigation of the multidimensional correlates of pressure pain threshold (PPT) requires the study of large cohorts, and thus the use of multiple raters, for sufficient statistical power. Although PPT testing has previously been shown to be reliable, the reliability of multiple raters and investigation for systematic bias between raters has not been reported.The aim of this study was to evaluate the intrarater and interrater reliability of PPT measurement by handheld algometer at the wrist, leg, cervical spine and lumbar spine. Additionally the study aimed to calculate sample sizes required for parallel and cross-over studies for various effect sizes accounting for measurement error.MethodsFive research assistants (RAs) each tested 20 pain free subjects at the wrist, leg, cervical and lumbar spine. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), standard error of measurement (SEM) and systematic bias were calculated.ResultsBoth intrarater reliability (ICC = 0.81–0.99) and interrater reliability (ICC = 0.92–0.95) were excellent and intrarater SEM ranged from 79 to 100 kPa. There was systematic bias detected at three sites with no single rater tending to consistently rate higher or lower than others across all sites.ConclusionThe excellent ICCs observed in this study support the utility of using multiple RAs in large cohort studies using standardised protocols, with the caveat that an absence of any confounding of study estimates by rater is checked, due to systematic rater bias identified in this study.ImplicationsThorough training of raters using PPT results in excellent interrater reliability. Clinical trials using PPT as an outcome measure should utilise a priori sample size calculations.

Equivalence of symptom dimensions in females and males with autism

Autism ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 749-759 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas W Frazier ◽  
Antonio Y Hardan
Keyword(s):  
A Priori ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Measurement Bias ◽  
Social Responsiveness ◽  
Restricted Interests ◽  
Symptom Dimensions ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Mean Differences ◽  
Age Range

This study investigated equivalence of autism symptom domains in males and females with autism. Symptom data were obtained from 2643 children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (352 females, 2291 males; age range = 4–17 years) included in the Simons Simplex Collection. Items from the Social Responsiveness Scale and Autism Diagnostic Interview–Revised were mapped to nine a priori symptom dimensions. Multi-group confirmatory factor models, including measurement equivalence and item response theory analyses, examined whether males and females showed measurement or structural differences in autism symptom constructs. Results indicated mean differences in restricted interests that were not due to measurement bias. No other symptom dimension showed evidence of measurement bias and autism symptom structure was highly similar between males and females. Future studies are needed to carefully estimate any sex differences in the content, frequency, or intensity/severity of restricted interests in females and males.

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF INITIAL AGE AND WEIGHT ON TEST DAILY GAINS OF STATION-TESTED BULLS

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 671-678 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. K. W. TONG
Keyword(s):  
Compensatory Growth ◽  
Genetic Parameters ◽  
Performance Test ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Environmental Correlation ◽  
Initial Weight ◽  
Environmental Correlations ◽  
Study Support ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Daily Gain

Average daily gain (ADG) of 8620 bulls of the Angus, Charolais, Hereford, Limousin, Simmental and Shorthorn breeds, tested during 1969–1980 from 15 performance test stations across Canada was used to assess the effects of initial age and weight on test ADG and to estimate the environmental correlations between pretest and on-test ADG. From a linear model which included effects of station-years, breeds and the within-breed linear covariates of initial age and weight, the linear partial regressions for initial age were only significant for Angus (P < 0.05) and Limousin (P < 0.01), suggesting initial age has little effect on on-test ADG within the age range covered by these data. The linear partial regression values of on-test ADG on initial weight, ranging from 0.30 (for Charolais) to 0.86 (for Angus) g/kg were significant for all breeds, except for Simmental, indicating bulls with the highest initial weight for a given age would be expected to make the greatest gain on test. The phenotypic correlations between pretest and on-test ADG were low with values ranging from 0.02 to −0.15. Highly significant (P < 0.01) environmental correlations were found, ranging from −0.27 for Angus to −0.62 for Limousin when the same set of genetic parameters was assumed for all breeds, ranging from −0.22 for Shorthorn to −0.52 for Charolais when breed-specific genetic parameters were used. These environmental correlations suggest that differential degrees of compensatory growth likely occurred during the test period and bulls from a poor pretest environment tended to gain more than bulls from a better pretest environment. Results of this study support frequently expressed concern about the existence of pretest farms effects. Key words: Station test, gain on test, age, weight, environmental correlation

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