Nanotechnology for Filtration-Based Point-of-Use Water Treatment

2016 ◽  
pp. 27-49
Author(s):  
Kathryn Gwenyth Nunnelley ◽  
James A Smith
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Home Treatment ◽  
New Method ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
New Development ◽  
Treatment Technologies ◽  
Infrastructure Investments ◽  
Filter Papers ◽  
Antimicrobial Effectiveness

With significant infrastructure investments required for centralized water treatment, in home treatment technologies, known as point-of-use, have become a popular solution in the developing world. This review discusses current filtration-based point-of-use water treatment technologies in three major categories: ceramics, papers and textiles. Each of these categories has used silver for added antimicrobial effectiveness. Ceramics have had the most development and market infiltration, while filter papers are a new development. Textiles show promise for future research as a cheap, socially acceptable, and effective method. Also, a new method of silver incorporation in ceramics is explored.

Nanotechnology for Filtration-Based Point-of-Use Water Treatment

2020 ◽  
pp. 1603-1625 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn Gwenyth Nunnelley ◽  
James A Smith
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Home Treatment ◽  
New Method ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
New Development ◽  
Treatment Technologies ◽  
Infrastructure Investments ◽  
Filter Papers ◽  
Antimicrobial Effectiveness

With significant infrastructure investments required for centralized water treatment, in home treatment technologies, known as point-of-use, have become a popular solution in the developing world. This review discusses current filtration-based point-of-use water treatment technologies in three major categories: ceramics, papers and textiles. Each of these categories has used silver for added antimicrobial effectiveness. Ceramics have had the most development and market infiltration, while filter papers are a new development. Textiles show promise for future research as a cheap, socially acceptable, and effective method. Also, a new method of silver incorporation in ceramics is explored.

scholarly journals Methods, Protocols, Guidance and Standards for Performance Evaluation for Point-of-Use Water Treatment Technologies: History, Current Status, Future Needs and Directions

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1094
Author(s):  
Emily S. Bailey ◽  
Nikki Beetsch ◽  
Douglas A. Wait ◽  
Hemali H. Oza ◽  
Nirmala Ronnie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Enteric Bacteria ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Produce Water ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Treatment Technologies ◽  
Injury And Repair ◽  
Testing Protocols

It is estimated that 780 million people do not have access to improved drinking water sources and approximately 2 billion people use fecally contaminated drinking water. Effective point-of-use water treatment systems (POU) can provide water with sufficiently reduced concentrations of pathogenic enteric microorganisms to not pose significant health risks to consumers. Household water treatment (HWT) systems utilize various technologies that physically remove and/or inactivate pathogens. A limited number of governmental and other institutional entities have developed testing protocols to evaluate the performance of POU water treatment systems. Such testing protocols are essential to documenting effective performance because inferior and ineffective POU treatment technologies are thought to be in widespread use. This critical review examines specific practices, procedures and specification of widely available POU system evaluation protocols. Testing protocols should provide standardized and detailed instructions yet be sufficiently flexible to deal with different treatment technologies, test microbe priorities and choices, testing facility capabilities and public health needs. Appropriate infectivity or culture assays should be used to quantify test enteric bacteria, viruses and protozoan parasites, or other appropriate surrogates or substitutes for them, although processes based on physical removal can be tested by methods that detect microbes as particles. Recommendations include further research of stock microbe production and handling methods to consistently yield test microbes in a realistic state of aggregation and, in the case of bacteria, appropriately physiologically stressed. Bacterial quantification methods should address the phenomenon of bacterial injury and repair in order to maximally recover those that are culturable and potentially infectious. It is only with harmonized national and international testing protocols and performance targets that independent and unbiased testing can be done to assure consumers that POU treatment technologies are able to produce water of high microbial quality and low health risk.

scholarly journals Recent advances, influencing factors, and future research prospects using photocatalytic process for produced water treatment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kingsley Tamunokuro Amakiri ◽  
Athanasios Angelis-Dimakis ◽  
Anyela Ramirez Canon
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Environmental Remediation ◽  
Produced Water ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Quality Level ◽  
Adequate Treatment ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Produced Water Treatment ◽  
Treatment Technologies ◽  
Oilfield Produced Water

Abstract Oilfield-produced water is the primary by-product generated during oil and gas extraction operations. Oilfield-produced water is often severely toxic and poses substantial health, safety, and environmental issues; adequate treatment technologies must bring these streams to a quality level. Photocatalysis is a photochemical catalytic reaction that is a highly promising tool for environmental remediation due to its efficiency in mineralizing persistent and potentially toxic contaminants. However, there is limited understanding of its application to treating oilfield-produced water with a complex and highly variable water composition. This review article discusses the mechanisms and current state of heterogeneous photocatalytic systems for oilfield-produced water treatment, highlighting impediments to knowledge transfer, including the feasibility of practical applications and the identification of essential research requirements. Additionally, the effects of significant variables such as catalyst quantity, pH, organic compound concentration, light intensity, and wavelength were discussed in detail. Some solutions are proposed for scientists and engineers interested in advancing the development of industrial-scale photocatalytic water treatment technologies.

scholarly journals Advancing performance evaluation standards for household water treatment technologies

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 266-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Brown ◽  
C. Farrow ◽  
E. A. McBean ◽  
B. Gharabaghi ◽  
J. Beauchamp
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Influent Concentration ◽  
Point Of Entry ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Household Water ◽  
Treatment Technologies ◽  
Regulatory Bodies

Abstract Diarrheal illnesses and fatalities continue to be major issues in many regions throughout the world. Household water treatment (HWT) technologies (including both point-of-use (POU) and point-of-entry (POE) treatment solutions) have been shown as able to deliver safe water in many low-income communities. However, as shown herein, there are important inconsistencies in protocols employed for validating performance of HWTs. The WHO does not stipulate influent concentration as a parameter that could influence removal efficacy, nor does it indicate an influent concentration range that should be used during technology evaluations. A correlation between influent concentration and removal is evidenced herein (R2 = 0.88) with higher influent concentrations resulting in higher log-removal values (LRVs). The absence of a recommended standard influent concentration of bacteria (as well as for viruses and protozoa) could have negative consequences in intervention efforts. Recommendations are provided that regulatory bodies should specify an influent concentration range for testing and verification of HWT technologies.

Natural Resources for Sustainable Water Treatment - A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-54
Author(s):  
Manoj Kumar Karnena ◽  
Vara Saritha
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Manganese Oxides ◽  
Colloidal Particles ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Coagulation And Flocculation ◽  
Treatment Technologies ◽  
Natural Coagulants ◽  
Temporal And Spatial

Background: Purification and remediation of water remain to be a mammoth challenge for environmental engineers, continuously mounting pressure on providing safe water for consumers. Nevertheless, care has to be taken to avoid chemicals in treatment, which could prove to be toxic. One of the most prominent stages in treating water for human consumption is clarification through coagulation and flocculation to remove colloidal particles including silt, clay, precipitated iron or manganese oxides along with bacteria and algae. Objective: In order to achieve sustainability, the only possible way is to use innate materials in combination with inherent technologies. Considering this, the present review will appraise the efficiency of natural coagulants in treating surface water. Several researchers have tested numerous natural coagulants for clarification of water. Nevertheless, information on various natural coagulants and their efficiency has not yet been presented. Methods: Hence, an attempt is made to bring about a comprehensive account of various natural coagulants and also to understand their properties and efficiencies in treating water. Results: Cumulative information regarding natural coagulants presented in this review will add to the database of natural coagulants and can be adopted at various temporal and spatial levels according to the availability of these coagulants to treat water. Nevertheless, precise research on coagulation parameters and shelf life of treated water will enhance the opportunities for point of use water treatment technologies. Conclusion: The current review presents natural coagulants having the potential to treat surface water as sustainable alternatives to point of use treatment.

scholarly journals Impact of Low-Cost Point-of-Use Water Treatment Technologies on Enteric Infections and Growth among Children in Limpopo, South Africa

2020 ◽  
Vol 103 (4) ◽  
pp. 1405-1415 ◽  
Author(s):  
Courtney L. Hill ◽  
Kelly McCain ◽  
Mzwakhe E. Nyathi ◽  
Joshua N. Edokpayi ◽  
David M. Kahler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Enteric Infections ◽  
Treatment Technologies

scholarly journals Evaluation of Rural Household Drinking Water Treatment: A Case Study of Rajaf Payam Central Equatoria State, Juba-South Sudan

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Wani Jube Gore ◽  
Yulin Tang ◽  
Harrison H. Boying
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Rural Regions ◽  
Treatment Methods ◽  
Solar Disinfection ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Treatment Technologies ◽  
Uv C

The supply of clean drinking water is one of the most critical facets of primary health care, the main challenges of sustainable development in rural regions. However, Rajaf Payam experiences significant challenges in accessing clean and safe water. The study is designed to explore drinking water treatment methods in Rajaf Payam. Questionnaire was designed to conduct survey on sources of drinking water and drinking water treatment methods in the area, published articles included reports from the national government and some NGOs working in the rural drinking water sector were collected. So far 200 people participated in this study, from whom 60% were male, 40% female. However, 50 critical informant interviews and surveys were conducted, with 150 participants filling out questionnaires. The results show that 66% of the community use chlorine for drinking water treatment. Nonetheless, 19% are using boiling method, 10% using normal filtration (Water settling). At the same time, 5% know nothing about drinking water treatment. Therefore, this study recommending the Point-of-use (POU) of drinking water treatment technologies such as boiling, slow sand filtration, chemical disinfection, flocculation and coagulation, UV-C disinfection, and solar disinfection to the community of Raja Payam to enable them to access high quality drinking water and to avoid chronic drinking water related disease.

scholarly journals Willingness of boarding school students in Tanzania to employ point-of-use water treatment: a case study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Getrude A. Felix ◽  
Tula. M. Ngasala ◽  
Geophrey Mbatta
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Secondary Schools ◽  
Boarding School ◽  
Water Disinfection ◽  
New Method ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
School Students ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Before And After

Abstract Access to safe drinking water is a challenge for students in primary and secondary schools in Tanzania. Only 32.7% of primary and secondary schools in Tanzania have access to safe drinking water and the point-of-use water treatment is rarely used. The traditional water disinfection method by boiling is often limited in boarding schools due to cost and time constraints. The objectives were to assess the willingness and attitude of boarding school students toward the use of the alternative water treatment method and determine the quality of drinking water before and after the introduction of the new method. Chlorine tablets were used due to their availability, ease of use, cost, and effectiveness. Weekly evaluations on usage, performance, and acceptability of chlorine tablets were assessed on 42 randomly selected students over a 3-week period in parallel with water sampling and testing before and after using chlorine tablets. Before the introduction of chlorine, only 17% of the students were aware of chlorine tablets, and water sources tested positive for fecal coliform. After introducing the new method, there was a significant increase (p<0.05) in the attitude of students toward water treatment (100%), water quality (78%), and water consumption (67%). The work demonstrates the need to provide access to cost-effective household water treatment methods, especially in public schools that lack access to safe water.

scholarly journals Micro–nanobubble technology and water-related application

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 2021-2035
Author(s):  
Palwasha Khan ◽  
Wenjing Zhu ◽  
Feng Huang ◽  
Wanlin Gao ◽  
Nasir Abbas Khan
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Fundamental Properties ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Global Environmental ◽  
Treatment Technologies ◽  
Related Application ◽  
Physical Features

Abstract Currently, there is a growing demand for water treatment technologies considering global environmental challenges such as degradation and depletion of water resources. Micro- and nanobubble (MNB) technology and its application for wastewater treatment has emerged as a problem-solving alternative for such challenges. This paper reviews the important studies on water treatment in the areas of MNBs and discusses their fundamental properties, such as bubble stability (as tiny entities in water solutions), generation methods, and various chemical and physical features. The paper further overviews the current status of MNB application in water treatment processes such as flotation, aeration, and disinfection and its uses in various sectors, including agriculture, aquaculture, medical, and industry. Based on this review, studies regarding MNBs' basic properties, generation, and application are identified and recognized for future research. This study concludes that despite the promising role of MNBs in water-related application, the current status of research has not reached its true potential. Specifically, there is a need to enhance MNB application at a broader scale.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document