Artificial Ethics

2018 ◽  
pp. 88-97
Author(s):  
Laura L. Pană
Keyword(s):  
Social Environment ◽  
Intelligent Agents ◽  
Artificial Agents ◽  
Intelligent Environment ◽  
Artificial Intelligent ◽  
Moral Agents ◽  
Artificial Moral Agents ◽  
The Social ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Complex Activities

We live today in a partially artificial intelligent environment in which human intelligent agents are accompanied and assisted by artificial intelligent agents, continually endowed with more functions, skills and even competences, and having a more significant involvement and influence in the social environment. Therefore, artificial agents need to become and moral agents. Human and artificial intelligent agents are cooperating in various complex activities and thus they develop some common characteristics and properties. These features, in turn, are changing and progressing together with several increasing requirements of the different types of activities. All these changes produce a common evolution of human and artificial intelligent agents. Under these new conditions, human and artificial agents need and a shared ethics. Artificial ethics can be philosophically grounded, scientifically developed and technically implemented, it will be a more clear, coherent and consistent ethics, suitable for both human and artificial moral agents, and will be the first effective ethics.

Artificial Ethics

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Laura L. Pană
Keyword(s):  
Social Environment ◽  
Intelligent Agents ◽  
Artificial Agents ◽  
Intelligent Environment ◽  
Artificial Intelligent ◽  
Moral Agents ◽  
Artificial Moral Agents ◽  
The Social ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Complex Activities

We live in a partially artificial intelligent environment in which human intelligent agents are accompanied and assisted by artificial intelligent agents, continually endowed with more functions, skills, and even competences, and having a more significant involvement and influence in the social environment. Therefore, artificial agents need to become and moral agents. Human and artificial intelligent agents are cooperating in various complex activities, and thus, they develop some common characteristics and properties. These features, in turn, are changing and progressing together with several increasing requirements of the different types of activities. All these changes produce a common evolution of human and artificial intelligent agents. Under these new conditions, human and artificial agents need a shared ethics. Artificial ethics can be philosophically grounded, scientifically developed, and technically implemented, and it will be a more clear, coherent, and consistent ethics, suitable for both human and artificial moral agents, and will be the first effective ethics.

scholarly journals Artificial moral agents: an intercultural perspective

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 129-134
Author(s):  
Michael Nagenborg
Keyword(s):  
Poor Countries ◽  
Moral Agents ◽  
Artificial Moral Agents ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Good Starting Point ◽  
Cultural Dialogue ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

In this paper I will argue that artificial moral agents (AMAs) are a fitting subject of intercultural information ethics because of the impact they may have on the relationship between information rich and information poor countries. I will give a limiting definition of AMAs first, and discuss two different types of AMAs with different implications from an intercultural perspective. While AMAs following preset rules might raise con-cerns about digital imperialism, AMAs being able to adjust to their user‘s behavior will lead us to the question what makes an AMA ?moral?? I will argue that this question does present a good starting point for an inter-cultural dialogue which might be helpful to overcome the notion of Africa as a mere victim.

Artificial Moral Agency in Technoethics

2009 ◽  
pp. 205-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
John P. Sullins
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Moral Agency ◽  
Artificial Life ◽  
Moral Concern ◽  
Artificial Agents ◽  
Moral Agents ◽  
Artificial Moral Agents ◽  
Traditional Notion

This chapter will argue that artificial agents created or synthesized by technologies such as artificial life (ALife), artificial intelligence (AI), and in robotics present unique challenges to the traditional notion of moral agency and that any successful technoethics must seriously consider that these artificial agents may indeed be artificial moral agents (AMA), worthy of moral concern. This purpose will be realized by briefly describing a taxonomy of the artificial agents that these technologies are capable of producing. I will then describe how these artificial entities conflict with our standard notions of moral agency. I argue that traditional notions of moral agency are too strict even in the case of recognizably human agents and then expand the notion of moral agency such that it can sensibly include artificial agents.

scholarly journals Informar y contar comunicación y narración en la escritura periodística de Jorge Carrión

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 107-122
Author(s):  
Valeria Cavazzino
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Social Environment ◽  
New York Times ◽  
The New York Times ◽  
Cultural Productions ◽  
The Social ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Hybrid Texts

In recent years, due to the rise of cultural productions through different media, an increase in the number of journalistic publications of hybrid texts has been observed, which results from the fusion of the narrative and informative functions. The spaces traditionally devoted to different types of journalistic texts which – apart from those merely informative, may include cultural-related and opinion articles – make possible the appearance of articles which distinguish themselves trough entailing both characteristics. Therefore, this paper analyses two articles written by J. Carrion and published in the Spanish edition of The New York Times in 2018. The articles will be scrutinised in relation to the narrative and essayistic works of the author. We illustrate some characteristics of what is generally referred to as narrative journalism, as defined by Herrscher (2012) and Casals Carro (2005), among others. This will allow us to trace a profile of the author, journalist and writer which is linked to the social environment and of his work.

scholarly journals The Effect of the Social and Physical Environment on Children’s Independent Mobility to Neighborhood Destinations

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (s1) ◽  
pp. S84-S93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hayley E. Christian ◽  
Charlotte D. Klinker ◽  
Karen Villanueva ◽  
Matthew W. Knuiman ◽  
Sarah A. Foster ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Environment ◽  
Physical Environment ◽  
Green Space ◽  
Independent Mobility ◽  
Large Size ◽  
The Social ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Social And Physical Environment ◽  
Context Specific ◽  
The Impact

Background:Relationships between context-specific measures of the physical and social environment and children’s independent mobility to neighborhood destination types were examined.Methods:Parents in RESIDE’s fourth survey reported whether their child (8–15 years; n = 181) was allowed to travel without an adult to school, friend’s house, park and local shop. Objective physical environment measures were matched to each of these destinations. Social environment measures included neighborhood perceptions and items specific to local independent mobility.Results:Independent mobility to local destinations ranged from 30% to 48%. Independent mobility to a local park was less likely as the distance to the closest park (small and large size) increased and less likely with additional school grounds (P < .05). Independent mobility to school was less likely as the distance to the closest large park increased and if the neighborhood was perceived as unsafe (P < .05). Independent mobility to a park or shops decreased if parenting social norms were unsupportive of children’s local independent movement (P < .05).Conclusions:Independent mobility appears dependent upon the specific destination being visited and the impact of neighborhood features varies according to the destination examined. Findings highlight the importance of access to different types and sizes of urban green space for children’s independent mobility to parks.

scholarly journals Family Environment of Individuals with Oral Clefts in Argentina

2005 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego F. Wyszynski ◽  
Claudia Perandones ◽  
Patricia Yannibelli ◽  
Ricardo D. Bennun
Keyword(s):  
Cleft Palate ◽  
Social Environment ◽  
Family Environment ◽  
Cleft Lip ◽  
Family Relationship ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Oral Clefts ◽  
Recreational Activities ◽  
The Social ◽  
Different Types

Objective The purpose of this investigation was to study the social environment of families of children with different types of nonsyndromic oral clefts (OC) and to compare these groups with a control population of families of children without clefts. Design The study compared three nonsyndromic oral cleft groups and the control group using the Moos Family Environment Scale, which examines cohesion, expressiveness, conflict, independence, achievement-orientation, intellectual-cultural orientation, active-recreational orientation, moral-religious emphasis, organization, and control. Setting All parents of children with nonsyndromic oral clefts from a large craniofacial clinic in Buenos Aires, Argentina, were identified and were enrolled in this study between June 2000 and August 2001. Control families were ascertained from the pediatrics service of a hospital located in the vicinity of the craniofacial clinic. Participants One hundred and sixty-five parents were selected, based on having a child with nonsyndromic unilateral cleft lip with or without cleft palate (UCL/P), bilateral cleft lip with or without cleft palate (BCL/P), or isolated cleft palate (ICP). One hundred and eighty control parents with no family history of congenital anomalies were selected, as well. Results There was no major difference in the social environment of families of children with different types of nonsyndromic oral clefts. When compared with families in the control group, families of children with nonsyndromic oral clefts scored better in all three subdimensions of family relationship, revealed a high level of independence, and showed better structure and organization than control families did; however, families of children with nonsyndromic oral clefts reported participating in fewer recreational activities. Conclusions Overall, families of children with nonsyndromic oral clefts displayed a good social environment. Efforts should be focused to involve them in recreational activities.

scholarly journals From Automation to Autonomous Systems: A Legal Phenomenology with Problems of Accountability

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ugo Pagallo
Keyword(s):  
Social Cohesion ◽  
Autonomous Systems ◽  
Cognitive Tasks ◽  
Artificial Agents ◽  
The Past ◽  
Lethal Force ◽  
The Social ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Levels Of Automation ◽  
The Law

Over the past decades a considerable amount of work has been devoted to the notion of autonomy and the intelligence of robots and of AI systems: depending on the application, several standards on the “levels of automation” have been proposed. Although current AI systems may have the intelligence of a fridge, or of a toaster, some of such autonomous systems have already challenged basic pillars of society and the law, e.g. whether lethal force should ever be permitted to be “fully automated.” The aim of this paper is to show that the normative challenges of AI entail different types of accountability that go hand-in-hand with choices of technological dependence, delegation of cognitive tasks, and trust. The stronger the social cohesion is, the higher the risks that can be socially accepted through the normative assessment of the not fully predictable consequences of tasks and decisions entrusted to AI systems and artificial agents.

Artificial Moral Agency in Technoethics

2012 ◽  
pp. 1767-1783
Author(s):  
John P. Sullins
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Moral Agency ◽  
Artificial Life ◽  
Moral Concern ◽  
Artificial Agents ◽  
Moral Agents ◽  
Artificial Moral Agents ◽  
Traditional Notion

This chapter will argue that artificial agents created or synthesized by technologies such as artificial life (ALife), artificial intelligence (AI), and in robotics present unique challenges to the traditional notion of moral agency and that any successful technoethics must seriously consider that these artificial agents may indeed be artificial moral agents (AMA), worthy of moral concern. This purpose will be realized by briefly describing a taxonomy of the artificial agents that these technologies are capable of producing. I will then describe how these artificial entities conflict with our standard notions of moral agency. I argue that traditional notions of moral agency are too strict even in the case of recognizably human agents and then expand the notion of moral agency such that it can sensibly include artificial agents.

scholarly journals Breves consideraciones sobre el retrato en la pintura virreinal peruana

2019 ◽  
pp. 28-45
Author(s):  
Jaime Mariazza Foy
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Social Environment ◽  
The Other ◽  
Social Characteristics ◽  
The Social ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The One ◽  
Social Consideration

ResumenEste artículo propone el estudio de la pintura virreinal peruana desde el enfoque de las características sociales bajo las cuales se formaban los aprendices de pintor, sus alcances como estudiosos del natural y sus habilidades para reproducir diferentes tipos de texturas. De igual manera, se señala el grado de consideración social que las imágenes pintadas recibieron, por un lado, de parte de un estamento social culto y, por otro, como síntesis votiva y piadosa de un imaginario popular que alcanzaba a la mayor parte de la población. Hemos empleado el género del retrato como vía para explorar tentativamente las particularidades de la pintura durante los siglos XVI al XVIII.Palabras clave: pintura, virreinato, entorno social, estilo. AbstractThis article proposes the study of the Peruvian viceroyalty painting from the approach of the social characteristics under which the apprentices of the painter were formed, their scopes as studious of the natural one and their abilities to reproduce different types of textures. Similarly, the degree of social consideration that the painted images received, on the one hand, from an educated social class and, on the other, as a votive and pious synthesis of a popular imaginary that reached the majority of the population. We have used the genre of portraiture as a way to tentatively explore the particularities of painting during the 16th to 18th centuries.Keywords: painting, viceroyalty, social environment, style.

Impact of the Locus of Causality and Internal Control on the Social Utility of Causal Explanations

2010 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 173-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha Perrin ◽  
Benoît Testé
Keyword(s):  
Internal Control ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Social Utility ◽  
External Control ◽  
Job Interview ◽  
Locus Of Causality ◽  
Causal Explanations ◽  
Professional Success ◽  
The Social ◽  
Different Types

Research into the norm of internality ( Beauvois & Dubois, 1988 ) has shown that the expression of internal causal explanations is socially valued in social judgment. However, the value attributed to different types of internal explanations (e.g., efforts vs. traits) is far from homogeneous. This study used the Weiner (1979 ) tridimensional model to clarify the factors explaining the social utility attached to internal versus external explanations. Three dimensions were manipulated: locus of causality, controllability, and stability. Participants (N = 180 students) read the explanations expressed by appliants during a job interview. They then described the applicants on the French version of the revised causal dimension scale and rated their future professional success. Results indicated that internal-controllable explanations were the most valued. In addition, perceived internal and external control of explanations were significant predictors of judgments.

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