Violence Against Children in Botswana

Violence against children is a profound violation of human rights that has far-reaching consequences for children's well-being. Experiences of violence can lead to lasting physical, mental, and emotional harm, regardless of whether a child is a direct victim or witness. Violence against children cuts across geographic boundaries, culture, race, class, religion, educational and socio-economic backgrounds. Yet, it is under- researched in the context of developing countries such as Botswana. Most research on interpersonal violence in developing countries has been conducted on women. This chapter analyses the complex and multifaceted issue of violence against children (VaC) in Botswana. It discusses the types and contexts of violence that children are exposed to; the effects of violence on children; the risk factors for VaC; and the existing approaches to addressing the issue. The chapter uses documents as source materials. It concludes by charting the way forward for research, practice, and policy.

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Violence Against Children in Botswana

Social Issues Surrounding Harassment and Assault ◽

10.4018/978-1-5225-7036-3.ch029 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 522-536

Author(s):

Odireleng Mildred Jankey ◽

Tapologo Maundeni

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Developing Countries ◽

Interpersonal Violence ◽

Well Being ◽

Research Practice ◽

Violence Against Children ◽

Geographic Boundaries ◽

Witness Violence ◽

Effects Of Violence ◽

Source Materials

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Prevalence and risk factors of depression among garment workers in Bangladesh

International Journal of Social Psychiatry ◽

10.1177/0020764017695576 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 63 (3) ◽

pp. 244-254 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Taylor Jennelle Fitch ◽

Jacxelyn Moran ◽

Gabriela Villanueva ◽

Hari Krishna Raju Sagiraju ◽

Mohammad Morshedul Quadir ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Developing Countries ◽

Life Events ◽

Working Women ◽

Well Being ◽

Health Issue ◽

Factory Workers ◽

Garment Workers ◽

Traumatic Life Events ◽

Prevalence Of Depression

Background: Depression is a growing health issue in both developed and developing countries. General unawareness at the population level, lack of training among health care providers and scarcity of resources including treatment opportunities may conceal the real burden of depression in developing countries, and more epidemiological studies on its prevalence and risk factors are critically needed. Aim: This study reports the prevalence of depression and its associated risk factors among female garment factory workers in Bangladesh – a major supplier country of clothes for the Western market. This research should generate useful evidence for national and international stakeholders who have an interest in improving health, safety and well-being of outsourced factory workers. Methods: A survey was conducted on a sample of 600 lower socio-economic status working women including garment workers. This survey collected data on demographic and health profile of these workers. The primary outcome was depression as measured by Patient Health Questionnaire 9. It also obtained data on traumatic life events and post-traumatic stress disorder. Results: The prevalence of depression was 23.5%: 20.9% among garment workers and 26.4% among others. Part-time employment (odds ratio-OR): 2.36, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.01–5.51), chronic pain (OR: 1.67, 95% CI: 1.01–2.78), two or more traumatic life events (OR: 6.43, 95% CI: 2.85–14.55) and dysuria (OR: 2.50, 95% CI: 1.02–6.15) were found to be significantly associated with depression among these workers in multivariate regression model. Depression prevalene lowered by 11% among these workers for every additional monthly earning of 1,000 taka (US$12). Conclusion: Depression is a multifaceted health issue with many personal, social, economic and health determinants and consequences. This study demonstrates that the prevalence of moderate-to-severe depression among working women in Bangladesh is quite high. Prevention and treatment of depression in developing countries and societies can reduce suffering, lower incidence of suicide, and prevent economic loss. Creating awareness on outsourced workers’ poor mental health may help in developing initiatives to protect and preserve their well-being.

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Psychological Resilience Provides No Independent Protection From Suicidal Risk

Crisis ◽

10.1027/0227-5910/a000364 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 37 (2) ◽

pp. 130-139 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Danica W. Y. Liu ◽

A. Kate Fairweather-Schmidt ◽

Richard Burns ◽

Rachel M. Roberts ◽

Kaarin J. Anstey

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Well Being ◽

Current Status ◽

Psychological Resilience ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Life Project ◽

Resilience Factors ◽

First Time

Abstract. Background: Little is known about the role of resilience in the likelihood of suicidal ideation (SI) over time. Aims: We examined the association between resilience and SI in a young-adult cohort over 4 years. Our objectives were to determine whether resilience was associated with SI at follow-up or, conversely, whether SI was associated with lowered resilience at follow-up. Method: Participants were selected from the Personality and Total Health (PATH) Through Life Project from Canberra and Queanbeyan, Australia, aged 28–32 years at the first time point and 32–36 at the second. Multinomial, linear, and binary regression analyses explored the association between resilience and SI over two time points. Models were adjusted for suicidality risk factors. Results: While unadjusted analyses identified associations between resilience and SI, these effects were fully explained by the inclusion of other suicidality risk factors. Conclusion: Despite strong cross-sectional associations, resilience and SI appear to be unrelated in a longitudinal context, once risk/resilience factors are controlled for. As independent indicators of psychological well-being, suicidality and resilience are essential if current status is to be captured. However, the addition of other factors (e.g., support, mastery) makes this association tenuous. Consequently, resilience per se may not be protective of SI.

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Family-, Media-, and School-Related Risk Factors of Video Game Addiction

Journal of Media Psychology Theories Methods and Applications ◽

10.1027/1864-1105/a000093 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 25 (3) ◽

pp. 118-128 ◽

Cited By ~ 53

Author(s):

Florian Rehbein ◽

Dirk Baier

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Video Game ◽

Age Groups ◽

Well Being ◽

Epidemiological Studies ◽

Prevention Measures ◽

School Life ◽

Video Game Addiction ◽

Effective Prevention ◽

Game Addiction

In recent years, a variety of epidemiological studies have provided empirical data on the prevalence of video game addiction (GA) in different age groups. However, few studies investigated the causes of GA and could explain why video game playing as a widespread phenomenon leads to a comparatively small percentage of addicted players. Additionally, the existing longitudinal studies mainly consider psychological trait variables and neglect the possible explanatory value of predictors in socialization regarding media availability, media use, and family and everyday school life. In this paper, the results of a two-wave longitudinal study comprising a sample of students from Grades 4 to 9 (N = 406) are presented. The data show that 15-year-old video game addicts had already exhibited a number of specific risk factors at the age of 10. Students from single-parent families seem to be particularly at risk, as are students with low experienced school well-being and with a weaker social integration in class. The data also indicate that problematic use of video games in childhood increases the risk of GA in adolescence. Male students are especially vulnerable for developing GA. The results of this study are an important contribution to understanding risk factors for GA in adolescents, thereby laying the groundwork for effective prevention measures.

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Studying the Birth Outcome in Tikrit Teaching Hospital

International Journal of Medical Sciences ◽

10.32441/ijms.v1i1.43 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 55-57

Author(s):

Areej Noaman

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Developing Countries ◽

Teaching Hospital ◽

Birth Outcome ◽

Morbidity And Mortality ◽

Healthy Baby ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Neonatal Deaths ◽

Healthy Mother

Background : A successful birth outcome is defined as the birth of a healthy baby to a healthy mother. While relatively low in industrialized world, maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality and neonatal deaths occur disproportionately in developing countries. Aim of the Study: To assess birth outcome and identify some risk factors affecting it for achieving favorable birth outcome in Tikrit Teaching Hospital

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Factors Contributing to Violence Against Children: Insights From a Multi-informant Study Among Family-Triads From Three East-African Refugee Camps

Journal of Interpersonal Violence ◽

10.1177/08862605211013960 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 088626052110139

Author(s):

Tobias Hecker ◽

Edna Kyaruzi ◽

Julia Borchardt ◽

Florian Scharpf

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Household Income ◽

Path Model ◽

Refugee Children ◽

Refugee Camps ◽

Childhood Victimization ◽

Ptsd Symptoms ◽

Parental Violence ◽

Psychosocial Impairment ◽

Violence Against Children

Parental violence poses a considerable, yet mitigable risk for the mental health and well-being of refugee children living in resource-poor refugee camps. However, little is known about potential risk factors for parental violence in these settings. Using an ecological systems perspective and a multi-informant approach, we investigated ontogenic (parental childhood experiences of violence), microsystem (parents’ and children’s psychopathology) and exosystem (families’ monthly household income) risk factors for child-directed parental violence in a sample of 226 Burundian families living in refugee camps in Tanzania. Data were collected through individual structured clinical interviews with mothers, fathers, and children. In the child-report path model [ χ2 (6) = 7.752, p = .257, comparative fit index (CFI) = 0.99, root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.036 ( p = .562)], children’s posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, externalizing symptoms and paternal PTSD symptoms were positively associated with violence by both parents. Maternal psychosocial impairment was positively associated with child-reported paternal violence. In the parent-report path model [ χ2 (6) = 7.789, p = .254, CFI = 0.97, RMSEA = 0.036 ( p = .535)], children’s externalizing problems as well as a lower monthly household income were positively related to maternal violence. Each parent’s childhood victimization was positively linked to their use of violence against children. Maternal psychosocial impairment and paternal alcohol abuse were positively associated with paternal violence. Child and paternal psychopathology, maternal psychosocial impairment, parents’ childhood victimization, and families’ socioeconomic status may be important targets for prevention and intervention approaches aiming to reduce parental violence against refugee children living in camps.

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The Use of Sonography in Pediatrics: The Bioethical Concerns in Clinical and Research Practice

Journal of Diagnostic Medical Sonography ◽

10.1177/87564793211035045 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 875647932110350

Author(s):

Nicole Weikle

Keyword(s):

Clinical Setting ◽

Imaging Modality ◽

Pediatric Population ◽

Well Being ◽

Ethical Principles ◽

Pediatric Care ◽

Research Practice ◽

Ethical Guidelines ◽

Non Invasive ◽

Clinical Pediatric

Sonography has been widely used in both a clinical and non-clinical setting. This imaging modality is a common tool of choice for both physicians and researchers. Although sonography is a non-ionizing and non-invasive tool for imaging, special considerations need to be made when working with the pediatric population. Ethical guidelines for clinical pediatric care and research need to consider the varying ethical guidelines and bioethical concerns in children. As sonographers, researchers, educators and clinicians, pediatric care and research must balance the protection of children and the need for imaging to improve pediatric well-being. The discussion of this paper will delve into The Principles Approach developed by Beauchamp and Childress. Each principle will be explored and how those ethical principles could be considered in pediatric care.

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Changes Induced by Mind–Body Intervention Including Epigenetic Marks and Its Effects on Diabetes

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22031317 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (3) ◽

pp. 1317

Author(s):

Hyun-Jeong Yang ◽

Eugene Koh ◽

Min-Kyu Sung ◽

Hojung Kang

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Well Being ◽

Epigenetic Modifications ◽

Cortisol Secretion ◽

Physiological Changes ◽

Epigenetic Marks ◽

Reduce Blood Glucose ◽

Early Life Events ◽

Mental Well Being

Studies have evidenced that epigenetic marks associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D) can be inherited from parents or acquired through fetal and early-life events, as well as through lifelong environments or lifestyles, which can increase the risk of diabetes in adulthood. However, epigenetic modifications are reversible, and can be altered through proper intervention, thus mitigating the risk factors of T2D. Mind–body intervention (MBI) refers to interventions like meditation, yoga, and qigong, which deal with both physical and mental well-being. MBI not only induces psychological changes, such as alleviation of depression, anxiety, and stress, but also physiological changes like parasympathetic activation, lower cortisol secretion, reduced inflammation, and aging rate delay, which are all risk factors for T2D. Notably, MBI has been reported to reduce blood glucose in patients with T2D. Herein, based on recent findings, we review the effects of MBI on diabetes and the mechanisms involved, including epigenetic modifications.

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Association of self-perceived income sufficiency with cognitive impairment among older adults: a population-based study in India

BMC Psychiatry ◽

10.1186/s12888-021-03257-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

T. Muhammad ◽

Shobhit Srivastava ◽

T. V. Sekher

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Older Adults ◽

Cognitive Impairment ◽

Activities Of Daily Living ◽

Psychological Health ◽

Daily Living ◽

Basic Needs ◽

Well Being ◽

Asset Ownership ◽

Increased Risk

Abstract Background Greater cognitive performance has been shown to be associated with better mental and physical health and lower mortality. The present study contributes to the existing literature on the linkages of self-perceived income sufficiency and cognitive impairment. Study also provides additional insights on other socioeconomic and health-related variables that are associated with cognitive impairment in older ages. Methods Data for this study is derived from the 'Building Knowledge Base on Population Ageing in India'. The final sample size for the analysis after removing missing cases was 9176 older adults. Descriptive along with bivariate analyses were presented to show the plausible associations of cognitive impairment with potential risk factors using the chi-square test. Also, binary logistic regression analysis was performed to provide the relationship between cognitive impairment and risk factors. The software used was STATA 14. Results About 43% of older adults reported that they had no source of income and 7.2% had income but not sufficient to fulfil their basic needs. Older adults with income but partially sufficient to fulfil their basic needs had 39% significantly higher likelihood to suffer from cognitive impairment than older adults who had sufficient income [OR: 1.39; OR: 1.21–1.59]. Likelihood of cognitive impairment was low among older adults with asset ownership than older adults with no asset ownership [OR: 0.83; CI: 0.72–0.95]. Again, older adults who work by compulsion (73.3%) or felt mental or physical stress due to work (57.6%) had highest percentage of cognitive impairment. Moreover, older adults with poor self-rated health, low instrumental activities of daily living, low activities of daily living, low subjective well-being and low psychological health were at increased risk for cognitive impairment. Conclusion The study highlights the pressing need for care and support and especially financial incentives in the old age to preserve cognitive health. Further, while planning geriatric health care for older adults in India, priority must be given to financially backward, with no asset ownership, with poor health status, older-older, widowed, and illiterate older individuals, as they are more vulnerable to cognitive impairment.

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Risk Factors for Interpersonal Violence in Prison: Evidence From Longitudinal Administrative Prison Data in Northern Ireland

Journal of Interpersonal Violence ◽

10.1177/08862605211006363 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 088626052110063

Author(s):

Michelle Butler ◽

Catherine B. McNamee ◽

Dominic Kelly

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Northern Ireland ◽

Interpersonal Violence ◽

Cultural Context ◽

Longitudinal Research ◽

Adult Males ◽

Prison Misconduct ◽

Medical Issues ◽

Services And Supports ◽

Prospective Longitudinal

The present study uses a prospective longitudinal research design to examine whether previously identified risk factors for prison interpersonal violence can predict violent prison misconduct in Northern Ireland (NI). Administrative data drawn from the records of 429 adult males imprisoned on November 22, 2017 were used to predict involvement in violent prison misconduct during a 1-year follow-up period. The results revealed that only a small number of previously identified risk factors were found to be significant in the NI context. Nationality, neighborhood deprivation, history of addiction, submission of prison complaints, past involvement in prison misconduct, and number of incarcerations emerged as significant, while religion, head injury/epilepsy, property offences, and prison visits were significant at the marginal level. Given the variation in risk factors identified as significant in the NI context compared to previous research, it is argued that cultural context matters when attempting to generalize the risk factors for prison interpersonal violence from one jurisdiction to another. These results offer some support for the importation theory, although it should be noted that the inclusion of prison environmental factors was limited due to the nature of the data. It is argued that specialist services and supports should be provided to address the factors contributing to interpersonal prison violence, including interventions to improve feelings of fairness, identify and treat underlying medical issues, as well as support visitation.

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