Understanding the Relationship Between the State and Markets in Public Administration

Author(s):  
Jyldyz T. Kasymova

This chapter evaluates several theoretical perspectives to examine the role of the state and its relationship with markets. It divides theories into two groups: macro and micro. The macro theories covered in the chapter include Adam Smith's approach, Keynesian views, the Austrian school of thought, Marxism, pluralist theory, public choice approach, and elite theory. The selected macro theories provide an elaborate perspective on the relationship between markets and the state. In order to have a holistic picture the chapter also discusses several micro theories, which effectively depict the relationship between markets and the state from the budgetary perspective. Incrementalism and punctuated equilibrium are included in the evaluation. The application of theories in relation to specific public policies is provided.

Author(s):  
Andrew S Gold

This chapter discusses how the ‘stickler-enjoining’ account of equity has important limits. While many distinctive doctrines of equity can be understood to limit stickler behaviour, equity in fact often turns a blind eye to, and sometimes even enables, stickler behaviour. One can sort cases in which equity restrains sticklers from those in which it is indifferent to stickler behaviour if one attends to the role of the state in private litigation. Sometimes the state’s responsibilities require it to protect plaintiffs against sticklers. Other times, it requires it to protect the stickler, as a means, for example, of keeping as open as possible each person’s sphere of choices. Ultimately, the self-regarding account of equity sheds light on the question of the relationship between equity and justice: from the distinct perspective of the judgment, sometimes equitable justice is better than legal justice and sometimes legal justice is better than equitable justice.


Author(s):  
Emek Yıldırım

By the 1980s and 1990s, neoliberal policies such as privatizations and deregulations transforming the minimal state model to regulative state model from the Keynesian social welfare state system made some structural and functional changes in the state mechanism, and the public administration has been in the first place due to the changing relationship between the state and the market. In fact, within this context, the new institutional economics (NIE) had a remarkable influence upon the debates upon the altering role of the state. Hence, the transformation of the state in this regard also revealed the argumentations on the governance paradigm along with the doctrinaire contributions of the new institutional economics. Therefore, this chapter will discuss the transformation of the state and the political economy of the governance together with a critical assessment of the new institutional economics in the public administration.


1986 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 287-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodore J. Eismeier ◽  
Philip H. Pollock

The current American debate about the relationship between business and government represents the most significant reopening of that issue since the New Deal. The debate is in part about government's role in the economy, but the issue of business's role in politics is being joined as well, joined in fact on several fronts. There are, of course, the polemics of corporations and their critics, in which business is cast alternately as victim and villain. The issue also divides more serious students of American politics and has fostered a wealth of theorizing about the role of the state. Finally, the issue of business influence pervades discussions about campaign finance.


2017 ◽  
Vol 230 ◽  
pp. 348-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine R. Schenk

AbstractSince colonial times to the present day, Hong Kong's position as a global financial centre is one of the enduring economic strengths of the territory. This success is often attributed to the distinctive role of the state, coined in the 1970s by the-then financial secretary, Sir Philip Haddon-Cave, as “positive non-interventionism.” The relationship between the market and the state has also been characterized as a form of corporatism, particularly in the financial sector as bankers were able to influence policy. However, closer examination of the behind-the-scenes relations between bankers and the state reveals a much more complex relationship, with the banks seeking protection that the government was not willing to provide. Moreover, the reluctance to regulate financial markets resulted in piecemeal interventions and weak implementation that undermined the stability of this sector and of the economy as a whole. This paper demonstrates the confusion over the concept and practicalities of positive non-interventionism, even for Haddon-Cave, and how the concept evolved towards a policy of “when in doubt, do nothing” during a period of financial instability. Along the way, the paper presents new evidence about the origins of Hong Kong's current banking structure.


2018 ◽  
pp. 45-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zoryana LOBODINA

Introduction. The need to neutralize the threats to Ukraine's national security requires review of the priorities of public administration. Given the leading role of the budget as the imperative dominant of the system of state regulation of socio-economic development, the use of which is linked to the practical application of the budget mechanism of the socio-economic development of the state, the feasibility of modernizing the said mechanism is beyond doubt. The above circumstances determine the indisputable relevance of the study of the architecture of the budget mechanism and the search for ways to improve its structure, the integration of financial methods, forms, tools and instruments. Purposes. The purpose of the article is to formulate its own scientific approach to the structuring of the budget mechanism of the socio-economic development of the state, the characteristics of its elements and the relationship between them. Results.The result of the study proved that the optimal combination of elements of the budget mechanism allows the state to effectively influence the socio-economic processes, ensuring the functioning and development of the national economy, affordable and quality public services to the population, solving social problems and others. So in terms of transformation of budgetary relations and orientation of public finance to economic growth and improving public welfare scientific approaches to structuring the budget mechanism require revisionand clarification. Conclusion. Taking into account the directions of budget resources movement, the budget mechanism of the socio-economic development of the state proposes to distinguish two main subsystems: the mechanism of budget funds formation and the mechanism of using budget funds. In each of the subsystems, financial methods, forms, tools, levers are distinguished and characterized in the context of providing the architectural budget mechanism.


2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 8
Author(s):  
Kilza Fernanda Moreira de Viveiros

Artigo trata na construção de reflexões e proposições sobre a relação da educação, direitos humanos e formação de professores para atuarem na educação básica. Aborda a relação entre o poder político e a sociedade a partir da análise do Estado como instância promotora de direitos e pelos mecanismos que o mesmo se apodera para forjá-los na educação. Analisa o papel das reformas curriculares em conformidade às políticas dominantes. Discute a formação de professores e sua relação com a pobreza, com as desigualdades sociais e direitos humanos. Os fundamentos que norteiam as análises são do campo de conhecimento educacional e pedagógico. Para elucidações contextuais apropria-se de referencial sócio histórico, das políticas educacionais e políticas curriculares. Permite o diálogo com o objeto da formação e atuação de professores na área dos direitos humanos. Artigo se organiza metodologicamente em cinco tópicos a saber: Introdução, O Estado e a promoção de direitos, Currículo enquanto princípio político, Formação de professores para os direitos humanos e Considerações. Conclui ponderando a importância do papel do Estado na promoção dos direitos humanos a partir de políticas públicas comprometidas com a educação e com a formação de professores para o trabalho com os vulneráveis, as desigualdades sociais e os direitos humanos. Também chama a atenção da educação para os direitos humanos nos diferentes níveis e modalidades de ensino, expansiva à comunidade escolar.Palavras-chave: Educação. Direitos humanos. Formação de Professores. Estado. Currículo.EDUCATION, HUMAN RIGHTS AND TEACHER TRAINING: reflections and propositions.AbstractArticle deals in the construction of reflections and propositions on the relationship of education, human rights and teacher training to work in basic education. It addresses the relationship between political power and society based on the analysis of the State as a promoter of rights and the mechanisms it takes to forge them in education. It analyses the role of curricular reforms in line with dominant policies. It discusses teacher education and its relation to poverty, social inequalities and human rights. The foundations that guide the analyses are the field of educational and pedagogical knowledge. For contextual elucidations it appropriates the socio-historical reference, educational policies and curricular policies. It allows dialogue with the subject of the training and action of teachers in the area of human rights. Article is organized methodologically in five topics: Introduction, The State and the promotion of rights, Curriculum as a political principle, Training of teachers for human rights and Considerations. He concludes by considering the importance of the role of the State in the promotion of human rights from public policies committed to education and teacher training for working with the vulnerable, social inequalities and human rights. It also draws the attention of education for human rights in the different levels and modalities of education, expansive to the school community.Keywords: Education. Human rights. Teacher Training. State. Curriculum.EDUCACIÓN, DERECHOS HUMANOS Y FORMACIÓN DE PROFESSORES: reflexiones y proposicionesResumenArtículo trata en la construcción de reflexiones y proposiciones sobre la relación de la educación, derechos humanos y formación del professora do para actuar en la educación básica. Aborda la relación entre el poder político y la sociedad a partir del análisis del Estado como instancia promotora de derechos y por los mecanismos que el mismo se apodera para forjarlos en la educación. Analiza el papel de las reformas curriculares en consonancia con las políticas dominantes. Discute la formación de profesores y su relación con la pobreza, con las desigualdades sociales y derechos humanos. Los fundamentos que guían los análisis son del campo de conocimiento educativo y pedagógico. Para aclaraciones contextuales se apropia de un marco socio histórico, políticas educativas y políticas curriculares. Permite el diálogo con el objeto de formar y actuar a los docentes en el área de derechos humanos. El artículo se organiza metodológicamente en cinco temas, a saber: Introducción, El Estado y la promoción de los derechos, El currículo como principio político, La formación del profesorado en derechos humanos y Consideraciones. Se concluye considerando la importancia del papel del Estado en la promoción de los derechos humanos a partir de políticas públicas comprometidas con la educación y la formación de docentes para trabajar con las personas vulnerables, las desigualdades sociales y los derechos humanos. También llama la atención de la educación en materia de derechos humanos en los diferentes niveles y modalidades de educación, expandiéndose a la comunidad escolar.Palabras clave: Educación. Derechos humanos. Formación del profesorado. Estado. Plan de estudios.


2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 73
Author(s):  
Fabiana Martins Pinto

O presente estudo analisa a relação entre educação, formação humana e Estado. O recorte histórico abrange a segunda metade do século XX até a contemporaneidade. Entendendo haver forte interligação nesta tríade e indagamo-nos sobre como tem ocorrido a referida relação. Qual o papel do Estado e da educação na formação humana? Quais ideologias têm influenciado o tipo de educação ofertada? A partir deste tema e questionamentos o artigo foi estruturado em quatro seções. Na primeira delas, discutimos sobre como as relações humanas ocorrem na sociedade atual. Após, analisamos o papel assumido pelo Estado perante a economia e as suas influências na educação, perscrutando a formação humana neste processo. Na terceira seção, abordamos o modo como a educação tem sido apropriada por grupos hegemônicos, os quais assumem as técnicas próprias do mercado e os valores da ideologia liberal para organizar a estrutura e as práticas educacionais. Na última seção, abordamos os sentidos dados pelos atores educacionais às suas práticas, dadas as influências externas ao campo educacional. Em meio a essas transformações, os referidos sentidos estão relacionados à capacidade de resposta daqueles sujeitos educacionais. A finalização aponta para o fato de que a tríade educação, Estado e formação humana tem sido ressignificada de forma cíclica, influenciando a direção para a formação humana inscrita nos processos de oferta da educação formal. No contexto complexo de influências liberais e luta pela hegemonia, os reflexos exteriores à essência dessa formação humana podem ser interpretados e adequados para que a educação não seja alterada.Palavras-chave: Formação humana. Educação. Estado. Education, human formation and state in the contemporaneity: brief reflectionsABSTRACTThe present study analyzes the relationship among education, human formation and State. The historical cut spans the second half of the 20th century until the contemporaneity. Understanding that there is a strong interconnection in this triad, we wonder how has been occurring the cited relationship. Which is the role of the State and of the education in the human formation? Which ideologies have been influencing the type of education to be offered? From this theme and questionings, the article was structured in four sections. In the first we report how the human relationships occur in today’s society; in the second, we analyze the role taken by the State in front of the economy and its influences in education, peering the human formation in this process. In the third we approach the way how the education has been appropriated by hegemonic groups, which take their own techniques of the marketing and the values of this liberal ideology to organize the structure and the educational practices. In the last and fourth section, we approach the question of the meanings given by the educational actors to their practices due to external influences and to the educational field. In the midst to these transformations the cited meanings are related to the capacity of answer of those educational subjects. The conclusion points to the fact that the triad – education, State and human formation – has been given new meaning in a cyclic way, influencing the direction to the human formation inscribed in the processes of offer of formal education. In the complex context of liberal influences and fight by hegemony, the external refl exes to the essence of this human formation can be interpreted and suitable in order that the education does not be altered.Keywords: Human formation. Education. State. Educación, formación humana y estado en la contemporaneidad: breves reflexionesRESUMENEl presente estudio analiza la relación entre educación, formación humana y Estado. El recorte histórico abarca desde la segunda mitad del siglo XX hasta la contemporaneidad. Dada la fuerte interrelación em esta tríada, nos cuestionamos sobre cómo ha ocurrido dicha relación. ¿Cuál es el papel del Estado y de la educación en la formación humana? ¿Cuáles son las ideologías que han influenciado el tipo de educación ofertada? A partir de este tema y estos cuestionamientos, el artículo fue estructurado en cuatro apartados. En el primero discutimos sobre cómo las relaciones humanas ocurren en la sociedad actual. Después, analizamos el rol desempeñado por el Estado ante la economía y sus influencias en la educación, averiguando la formación humana em este proceso. En el tercer apartado abordamos el modo en que la educación ha sido apropiada por grupos hegemónicos, los cuales asumen las técnicas propias del mercado y los valores de la ideologia liberal para organizar la estructura y las prácticas educacionales. Em el último apartado, abordamos los sentidos dados por los actores educacionales a sus prácticas considerando las influencias externas al campo educacional. En medio de estas transformaciones, los sentidos referidos están relacionados con la capacidad de respuesta de los sujetos educacionales. La conclusión apunta para el hecho de que la triada educación, Estado y formación humana ha sido resignificada de forma cíclica, influenciando la dirección para la formación humana inscrita en los procesos de oferta de la educación formal. En el complejo contexto de influencias liberales y la lucha por la hegemonía, los reflejos exteriores a la esencia de esta formación humana pueden ser interpretados y adecuados para que la educación no sea alterada.Palabras clave: Formación humana. Educación. Estado


2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-60
Author(s):  
Pavel Ondrejek

Abstract: Positive obligations of States to protect and implement human rights are considered a part of various effects of human rights in legislations. In this article, it is argued that a crucial problem arises from the inconsistent practice of addressing violations of human rights committed by juristic persons together with a lack of underlying general theory of liability for human rights violations committed by private entities. Without a major change in the legal doctrine and case-law, we will need to remain focused on the role of the State as a guarantor of human rights, rather than on the imposition of human rights obligations on private-law entities. In this article, it is argued that the nature of the relationship between a juristic person and the State is not the only relevant aspect, as we should also examine the activity of the juristic person in question.Keywords: Positive obligations of States. Juristic persons. State-juristic person nexus. Fundamental rights. Horizontal effect.Resumo: Obrigações estatais positivas de proteger e de implementar direitos humanos são parte dos vários efeitos dos direitos humanos nas legislações nacionais. Neste artigo, argumenta-se que um problema crucial decorre da prática de abordar violações de direitos humanos cometidas por pessoas jurídicas sem uma teoria geral da responsabilidade por violações de direitos humanos cometidas por entidades privadas. Sem uma mudança importante na doutrina e na jurisprudência será preciso permanecer olhando apenas para o papel do Estado como garantidor de direitos humanos. Neste artigo argumenta-se que a natureza da relação entre uma pessoa jurídica e o Estado não é o único aspecto relevante. É preciso examinar também a atividade da pessoa jurídica em questão.Palavras-chave: Obrigações positivas dos Estados. Pessoas jurídicas.


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