Enzyme Use and Production in Industrial Biotechnology

2018 ◽  
pp. 341-350
Author(s):  
Subir Kumar Nandy
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Production ◽  
Industrial Biotechnology ◽  
View Point ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Different Sources

This chapter demonstrates the bioprocess strategies involved in the application and production of enzymes from an industrial view point. Moreover, bottlenecks in enzyme production and novel strategies to overcome the barriers are demonstrated here. Enzymes are produced from different sources of microorganisms and mostly all biological reactions happen due to the help of enzymes within a very short time. The different uses of enzymes are discussed in this chapter.

scholarly journals THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PRODUCTION OF PROTEIN A, CAPSULE STRUCTURE AND SOME ENZYMES OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS ISOLATED FROM INFECTIONS OF HUMAN AND ANIMALS

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 169-174
Author(s):  
Safana, A. S. AL-Taan ◽  
ASMAA, H. Al-Jobori
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Enzyme Production ◽  
Protein A ◽  
Capsule Formation ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Best Value ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Different Sources ◽  
Positive Results

Thirty-five isolates of Staphylococcus were isolated out of 100 clinical specimens were collected from different infections of human and animals. These isolates were identified as Staphylococcus aureus, 15 of them isolated from human, 15 from cows and only 5 isolates from poultry. Twenty-five (71.4%) isolates of different sources revealed positive results for the detection of protein A, capsule formation and enzyme production of phosphatase, DNase and haemolysin. Seven (20 %) isolates showed negative results for both protein A and capsule as well as for the production of enzymes while only three (8.5%) isolates were not capsulated but able to produce protein A and the enzymes. During the detection of protein A, capsule structure and production of some enzymes, we found that the best value of pH used was the range of 7-7.5. The present study indicated that the presence of protein A and capsule structure is highly associated with the virulence of isolates, and loss of protein A doesn't necessary mean loss of capsule as well. The ability of the isolates to produce their essential enzymes to induct the infection is highly correlated with the ability to produce protein A, without considering the source of the isolates.

Synthesis of Thermostable Amylase Enzyme from Bacillus licheniformis and it's Optimization to Different Sources

2013 ◽  
Vol 760 ◽  
pp. 73-78
Author(s):  
Anima Nanda ◽  
T. Sudhakar ◽  
B.K. Nayak ◽  
J. Prem Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Licheniformis ◽  
Enzyme Production ◽  
Organic Nitrogen ◽  
Sodium Dodecyl ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Enzyme Productivity ◽  
Amylase Production ◽  
Organic Nitrogen Source ◽  
Different Sources ◽  
Thermostable Amylase

S: - Among the six isolated amylase producing strains,Bacillus licheniformis(B1), the thermostable strain was selected from the soil of a paddy field. Its enzyme productivity and activity were evaluated. The activity of enzyme was calculated as 27.77 IU/ml. Effects of various carbon and organic nitrogen sources, and C/N ratio on enzyme production were examined. Maximum α - amylase production was obtained in medium containing 1% starch. Fructose supported the maximum amylase production among all the sugar studied. Of the organic nitrogen sources tested, peptone was found to be the best organic nitrogen source for excess yield of the enzyme. The optimum C/N ratio was found to be 1:1. The α amylase exhibited activity at a wide pH and temperature range and activity were found to be optimal at pH 6 and 40 °C respectively. The molecular weight of α amylase was calculated by sodium dodecyl sulphate gel electrophoresis and found to be around 29,000 Daltons.

scholarly journals 5-Azacytidine: A Promoter of Epigenetic Changes in the Quest to Improve Plant Somatic Embryogenesis

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (10) ◽  
pp. 3182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro Osorio-Montalvo ◽  
Luis Sáenz-Carbonell ◽  
Clelia De-la-Peña
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Culture Conditions ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Time Frames ◽  
Different Sources

Somatic embryogenesis (SE) is a widely studied process due to its biotechnological potential to generate large quantities of plants in short time frames and from different sources of explants. The success of SE depends on many factors, such as the nature of the explant, the microenvironment generated by in vitro culture conditions, and the regulation of gene expression, among others. Epigenetics has recently been identified as an important factor influencing SE outcome. DNA methylation is one of the most studied epigenetic mechanisms due to its essential role in gene expression, and its participation in SE is crucial. DNA methylation levels can be modified through the use of drugs such as 5-Azacytidine (5-AzaC), an inhibitor of DNA methylation, which has been used during SE protocols. The balance between hypomethylation and hypermethylation seems to be the key to SE success. Here, we discuss the most prominent recent research on the role of 5-AzaC in the regulation of DNA methylation, highlighting its importance during the SE process. Also, the molecular implications that this inhibitor might have for the increase or decrease in the embryogenic potential of various explants are reviewed.

The Application of Power Assistance to the Steering of Wheeled Vehicles

1953 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. H. Heacock ◽  
Harold Jeffery
Keyword(s):  
American Literature ◽  
Public Service ◽  
Practical Interest ◽  
Road Performance ◽  
General Demand ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Wheeled Vehicles ◽  
Different Sources ◽  
General Service ◽  
Power Assistance

The object of this paper is to survey the rapidly broadening range of vehicle types to which power assisted steering is being fitted, to give descriptions of some of the various approaches to the problem of making such provision and to comment on particular features of systems using alternative installation layouts and/or different sources of power. Emphasis has been given to the problems of applying power assistance to the steering of the General Service or Public Service classes of vehicle, since it is felt that in these spheres the higher road performance attainable with the aid of such assistance may give rise to operating troubles with designs that previously have proved satisfactory over a long period of development and usage. Special purpose vehicles would normally be expected to go through a proving period, while the steering of private cars up to the limit of road adhesion is possible without power assistance. It is considered that it is in recent months rather than in recent years, a marked practical interest in steering assistance has developed in Great Britain, and although this ground has been largely covered previously in published articles and particularly in American literature, some recapitulation should prove of interest and, it is hoped, of value, to those who, until a comparatively short time ago, had not given very serious thought to the likelihood of a more general demand arising, but who are now attempting to judge the strength of the present trend. Brief remarks are made regarding the history and development of powered steering installations, but such observations that are made are not intended to present a full story. The MS. of this paper was received at the Institution on 23rd December 1953, and in its revised form, as accepted for publication on 5th January 1954. For the Report of the meeting at which this paper was presented, see p. 94.

scholarly journals Highly Efficient Production of Transfructosylating Enzymes Using Low-Cost Sugarcane Molasses by A. Pullulans FRR 5284

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Most Sheauly Khatun ◽  
Morteza Hassanpour ◽  
Mark Harrison ◽  
Robert Speight ◽  
Ian O'Hara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Production Process ◽  
Enzyme Production ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Extracellular Enzyme ◽  
Efficient Production ◽  
Sugarcane Molasses ◽  
Shake Flasks ◽  
Different Sources

Abstract In this study, sugarcane molasses was used to produce transfructosylating enzymes by A. pullulans FRR 5284. It was found that NaNO3 was a better nitrogen source than yeast extract while exogeneous phosphorous was not needed. Adding only 4.4 g/L NaNO3 into the molasses medium containing 100 g/L sugars led to the highest total transfructosylating activity of 123.8 U/mL. Scale-up of the enzyme production process from shake flasks to 1 L reactor improved the enzyme activity and productivity to 171.7 U/mL and 3.58 U/mL/h, 39% and 108% higher than the corresponding activity and productivity from shake flasks, respectively. FOS production from 500 g/L sucrose led to the highest yields of ~ 61% using intracellular, extracellular, and total enzymes from shake flasks and the reactor. Enzymes from different sources led to very different FOS profiles, indicating that FOS profiles can be controlled by adjusting intracellular and extracellular enzyme ratios to adjust prebiotic activity.

scholarly journals Optimization of fermentation condition for cellulase enzyme production from Bacillus sp.

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 19-24
Author(s):  
Maidul Islam ◽  
Palash Kumar Sarkar ◽  
A.K.M. Mohiuddin ◽  
Md. Suzauddula
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Production ◽  
Production Condition ◽  
Fermentation Medium ◽  
Cellulase Production ◽  
Shake Flask Culture ◽  
Industrial Biotechnology ◽  
Bacillus Sp ◽  
Cellulase Enzyme ◽  
Optimization Of Fermentation

AbstractCellulase is an important enzyme in present-day of industrial biotechnology. The current study is concerned with the production and partial characterization of cellulase enzyme from Bacillus sp. The effect of various fermentation conditions for cellulase production through shake-flask culture was investigated. Maximum enzyme production was obtained after 24 hours of incubation in fermentation medium with pH 3.5 at 35°C under having agitation at 150 rpm while inoculums volume 1% was applied. Enzyme production was 1.91 times higher after optimizing the production condition as compared to the basal media. Cellulase characterization revealed that optimum activity was at pH 5.5 and 50°C for 50 minutes. About 68% of the activity retained after heating the crude enzyme solution at 50°C for 30 minutes. This nature makes cellulase a suitable candidate for current mainstream biomass conversions for sustainable agriculture and industrial processes.

scholarly journals On the Effect of the Respiratory Droplet Generation Condition on COVID-19 Transmission

Fluids ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 113
Author(s):  
Ali Hosseinpour Shafaghi ◽  
Farzad Rokhsar Talabazar ◽  
Ali Koşar ◽  
Morteza Ghorbani
Keyword(s):  
Social Distance ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Droplet Generation ◽  
Single Droplet ◽  
The Social ◽  
Global Health Issue ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Respiratory Droplets ◽  
Different Sources

Coronavirus (COVID-19) is a highly infectious viral disease and first appeared in Wuhan, China. Within a short time, it has become a global health issue. The sudden emergence of COVID-19 has been accompanied by numerous uncertainties about its impact in many perspectives. One of major challenges is understanding the underlying mechanisms in the spread of this outbreak. COVID-19 is spread similar to the majority of infectious diseases through transmission via relatively large respiratory droplets. The awareness of the dispersal of these droplets is crucial in not only improving methods for controlling the dispersion of COVID-19 droplets, but also in discovering fundamental mechanisms of its transmission. In this study, a numerical model is developed to study the motion of droplets expelled through the respiratory system. Based on the source of these droplets, different sizes of droplets such as large ones and aerosols, which behave differently in the environment, can be generated. In this regard, diverse sources of droplets, namely breathing, coughing, and sneezing, are considered in this analysis. Besides, the time for a single droplet to fall from a height of 1.8 m is also obtained. The results reveal that the traditional distances suggested by different sources for keeping the social distance are not enough, which is linked to different nature of the droplet generation.

scholarly journals O POTENCIAL DO STREPTOMYCES ISOLADOS NA REGIÃO DE MAUÉS NA PRODUÇÃO DE ENZIMAS HIDROLÍTICAS

2017 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 202
Author(s):  
Leila Viviane Araujo Coelho ◽  
Camila Beatriz Atanásio Borba ◽  
Erik Jonne Vieira de Melo ◽  
Leonor Alves de Oliveira Da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Production ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Hydrolytic Enzymes ◽  
Industrial Biotechnology ◽  
Streptomyces Sp ◽  
Brazil Nuts ◽  
Production Area ◽  
Semi Solid ◽  
Micro Organisms

The enzymes of microbial production area has grown in the last decades due to use in various industrial fields, and with that the research needs to innovations of existing products. The hydrolytic enzymes are biological catalysts of great commercial importance for low cost and high availability. This enzyme class has received special attention about his versatility in several areas of industrial biotechnology. The Brazil-nuts is a possible source of nutrients for the growth of micro-organisms in search of effective enzyme production and low cost. Were used two strains of Streptomyces sp. or production of protease, lipase, amylase and alkaline phosphatase using the residue Brazil-nut as carbon source in fermentation, semi-solid and liquid for the medium ISP-2 at pH 7.2 at a temperature 37°C for 15 days. The results showed that the best enzymatic activity was to protease secreted by Streptomyces sp. (1N) in semi solid fermentation. Concomitantly, was carried out an enzyme production kinetics with peak activity of 0.196 U / ml activity for 144 hours. The specific activity was observed a value of 2.17 U / mg protein for 240 hours. The production of enzymes excreted by Streptomyces sp. using the residue of Brazil-nuts is a resource for obtaining enzymes with high potential for solid state fermentation.

What the replication reformation wrought

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara A. Spellman ◽  
Daniel Kahneman
Keyword(s):  
Reform Movement ◽  
Short Time

AbstractReplication failures were among the triggers of a reform movement which, in a very short time, has been enormously useful in raising standards and improving methods. As a result, the massive multilab multi-experiment replication projects have served their purpose and will die out. We describe other types of replications – both friendly and adversarial – that should continue to be beneficial.

Periodic Variations in the Coronal Green Line Intensity and their Connection with the White-light Coronal Structures

2000 ◽  
Vol 179 ◽  
pp. 197-200
Author(s):  
Milan Minarovjech ◽  
Milan Rybanský ◽  
Vojtech Rušin
Keyword(s):  
Time Resolution ◽  
White Light ◽  
Short Time Scale ◽  
High Time Resolution ◽  
Green Line ◽  
Periodic Intensity ◽  
Coronal Green Line ◽  
Significant Intensity ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Coronal Structures

AbstractWe present an analysis of short time-scale intensity variations in the coronal green line as obtained with high time resolution observations. The observed data can be divided into two groups. The first one shows periodic intensity variations with a period of 5 min. the second one does not show any significant intensity variations. We studied the relation between regions of coronal intensity oscillations and the shape of white-light coronal structures. We found that the coronal green-line oscillations occur mainly in regions where open white-light coronal structures are located.

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