Glyphosate Toxicology

2019 ◽  
pp. 343-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheldon Krimsky
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Health Assessment ◽  
Carcinogenic Risk ◽  
International Agency ◽  
The Political ◽  
Chemical Risk Assessment ◽  
Human Carcinogen ◽  
Carcinogenic Risk Assessment ◽  
The U.S

This chapter explores the glaring scientific differences in the human health assessment of the popular herbicide glyphosate between European and American institutions. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified glyphosate as a probable human carcinogen, while the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) concluded that glyphosate is not likely to be carcinogenic to humans. Both IARC's and the EPA's carcinogenic risk assessment processes are discussed. This work reveals uncertainties in the sciences of toxicology and epidemiology, as well as assumptions made in their applications for evaluating glyphosate. These uncertainties, along with the political context of chemical risk assessment, are at the root of the divergent findings on the carcinogenic risks of glyphosate.

scholarly journals An Overview of the U.S. EPA Proposed Amendments to the Guidelines for the Health Assessment of Suspect Developmental Toxicants

1990 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carole A. Kimmel ◽  
Gary L. Kimmel ◽  
Elaine Z. Francis ◽  
Laurence D. Chitlik
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Developmental Toxicity ◽  
Health Assessment ◽  
Weight Of Evidence ◽  
New Information ◽  
Short Term Exposure ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The U.S

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has recently proposed amendments to the Guidelines for the Health Assessment of Suspect Developmental Toxicants. These amendments expand and clarify points made in the original guidelines, and add new information based on advances in the field. For example, the original risk assessment guidance was developed around several basic assumptions that were implicit in the earlier document, but that are clearly stated in the proposed amendments. Also, several consensus workshops were held following the completion of the 1986 guidelines, and the conclusions of these workshops have been incorporated. These include workshops dealing with the relationship of maternal and developmental toxicity, and with the development of an approach for a weight-of-evidence classification. In addition, a reference dose for developmental toxicity (RfDT) is proposed, based on short-term exposure, to distinguish it from the Rf D for chronic exposure. Other proposed changes include the expansion of the functional developmental toxicity section to reflect the Agency's testing guidelines for developmental neurotoxicity, and the human studies section which now gives more guidance on the use of human data in risk assessment. A number of other minor proposed changes are discussed. The final amended guidelines are currently undergoing Agency review and should be completed within the next year.

scholarly journals Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risk assessment of air pollutant in a steel industry

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (7) ◽  
pp. 1950-1955
Author(s):  
Ameneh Golbaghi ◽  
Leila Nematpour ◽  
Zabiholah Damiri ◽  
Behzad Fouladi Dehaghi
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Steel Industry ◽  
Carcinogenic Risk ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Chemical Risk Assessment ◽  
Hazardous Pollutants ◽  
Risk Of Cancer

Background: Chemical risk assessment is one of the major strategies that can help prioritize hazardous pollutants and decide on appropriate control measures. Objective: This study aim was evaluating carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic effects of chemical and fume compounds in a steel industry in South Iran. Methods: This study conducted in one of the steel industry with 1600 workers. After sampling the inhalation air of workers exposed to various chemicals, the method provided by risk assessment information system (RAIS) was used to assess cancer carcinogenic and non-Carcinogenic risk based on the findings. Results: Asbestos with the content of 1.5×10-10, chromium 1.36×10-2, and lead 5.38×10-5 definitive cancer and definite cancer are in the category of minor cancer effects, respectively. In calculating the non-cancer risk, the risk factor for Quotient Hazard Non-cancer (HQ) in hydrogen sulfide, chromium, and manganese were 3.08×102, 5.71×10-2, and 9.13×102 respectively, indicating non-cancer risk in them. Conclusion: Based on the values provided by the environmental protection agency, it is observed that some pollutants in the steel industry during the study period will increase the risk of cancer and non-cancerous diseases for steel industry workers. Therefore, considering appropriate engineering and management controls can help prevent these effects. Keywords: Carcinogenic risk, Chemical contaminants, Non-carcinogenic risk.

scholarly journals Risk assessment of Ni, Cr, and Si release from alkaline minerals during enhanced weathering

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 166-175
Author(s):  
Fatima Haque ◽  
Yi Wai Chiang ◽  
Rafael M. Santos
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Hazard Index ◽  
Carcinogenic Risk ◽  
Contamination Level ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
Silicate Minerals ◽  
Guideline Value ◽  
Quality Guideline ◽  
Index Value

AbstractCalcium- and magnesium-rich alkaline silicate minerals, when applied to soil, can aid in carbon dioxide sequestration via enhanced weathering. The weathering of these silicate minerals is also associated with the release of heavy metals such as Ni and Cr, depending on the composition of the parent rock, and also labile Si. This paper critically analyses the risk associated with the release of Ni, Cr, and Si from alkaline silicate minerals as a result of enhanced weathering to evaluate its potential to be applied as a soil amendment. Based on the available data in the literature, this study evaluates the soil contamination level and quantifies the risk these elements pose to human health as well as the environment. To assess these potential threat levels, the geoaccumulation index was applied, along with the method recommended by the US Environmental Protection Agency for health risk assessment. The main findings of this study indicate the potential release of Ni, Cr, and Si to exceed the soil quality guideline value. The geochemical index suggests that the analyzed samples are in the class 0–3 and represents sites that lie between uncontaminated zones to highly contaminated zones. The hazard index value for Ni and Cr is greater than unity, which suggests that Ni and Cr release poses a non-carcinogenic risk. The probability of labile Si concentration in the soil to exceed the critical value is found to be 75%.

Carcinogenic Risk Assessment of Complex Mixtures

1989 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 851-867 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Krewski ◽  
T. Thorslund ◽  
J. Withey
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Carcinogenic Risk ◽  
Complex Mixtures ◽  
Multiple Exposures ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Carcinogenic Substances ◽  
Carcinogenic Risk Assessment ◽  
Potential Use

Although procedures for assessing the carcinogenic risks associated with exposure to individual chemicals are relatively well developed, risk assessment methods for mixtures of chemicals are still in the developmental stage. In this paper, we examine the difficulties in assessing the risks of exposure to complex mixtures, with special reference to the potential for synergistic effects among the compo nents of the mixture. Statistical models for describing the joint action of multiple exposures are reviewed, and their implications for low-dose risk assessment are examined. The potential use of pharmacokinetic models to describe the metabolism of mixtures is also considered. Application of these results in regulating mixtures of carcinogenic substances is illustrated using examples involving multiple contaminants in drinking water and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons produced from combustion sources.

scholarly journals Source Apportionment of Heavy Metal Contaminated Soil Around a Urea Fertilizer Factory and Probabilistic Risk Assessment of Human Health

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shirin Akter ◽  
Mohammad Obidur Rahman ◽  
Mehedi Hasan ◽  
Saiful Islam Tushar ◽  
Mottalib Hossain Sarkar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Enrichment Factors ◽  
Potential Ecological Risk ◽  
Pollution Load Index ◽  
Carcinogenic Risk ◽  
Pollution Load ◽  
Carcinogenic Risk Assessment ◽  
Grade Ii ◽  
The Mean

Abstract The mean concentrations of heavy metals viz: K, Ca, Mg, Ti, Fe, Co, Cu, As, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Pb and Th were measured in soil samples using Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (EDXRF) technique and sampling sites as a whole were found highly contaminated by Zn, considerably contaminated by Mg and Pb, while moderately contaminated by Fe, Co, Cu, Rb, Sr, As, Rb, Y, Th. The sampling sites are moderate to strongly polluted by heavy metals according to Enrichment factors value, whereas, Pollution Load Index values for 95% of the sample sites were ≥ 1.5, indicating deterioration of soil quality. Potential Ecological risk (RI) value followed the increasing sequence of Pb > As > Co > Zn > Cu. Non-carcinogenic exposure found higher in children compared to adults,however carcinogenic risk assessment revealed that both groups (adult and children) lied within Grade II category (10− 5 to 10− 6) and considered to be at no risk.

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