Institution and Governmental Support

2020 ◽  
pp. 41-58
Keyword(s):  
Community Colleges ◽  
Research Universities ◽  
Local State ◽  
State Universities ◽  
Creative Economy ◽  
Academic Institutions ◽  
Governmental Agencies ◽  
State Initiatives ◽  
Governmental Support ◽  
The U.S

Our great academic institutions have come under attack in recent years. Often accused of being biased, unethical, and producing inferior academic standards, our universities are a tremendous resource for community and state initiatives. Those areas where the creative economy is strong, research universities and community colleges are actively involved. Our academic institutions create wealth and a sense of place. Many state universities and community colleges have seen the need and have responded with unique specialized programs, not just in the U.S. but globally. The same can be said of local, state, and national governmental agencies, who have supported the creative economy with programs and funding. The most successful creative economies happen when a group of state holders come together to collaborate and network to build a unique disruptive initiative. There are small disruptors who are building disruptive communities and companies globally. This chapter explores institution governmental support.

Facts Between Pictographs and Photographs in Lester Beall's Rural Electrification Posters, 1937-1941

2015 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-38
Author(s):  
Michael J. Golec
Keyword(s):  
Social Reality ◽  
Rural Electrification ◽  
Art And Design ◽  
Photographic Images ◽  
Governmental Agencies ◽  
Works Of Art ◽  
The Future ◽  
The U.S

In analysing Lester Beall's posters for the U.S. government between 1937-1941, Michael Golec demonstrates the twofold character of facts in art and design appearing even when they are applied to guarantee distinct messages. Commissioned by the governmental agencies to develop a series of posters to increase the electrification of rural farms, Beall introduces pictograms in his first series to represent electrification as “facts of the future.” Its simple forms facilitate the travelling of this facts without loss of their integrity. The same holds true for the use of photographic images for the second campaign of 1939. Following the revaluation of photography as a means for the documentation of social reality, as represented by the FSA photographers under the guidance of Roy Stryker, the medium served here as the authentication of facts. Golec holds, that Beall by reducing the complexity of the photographic images, to create a pictorial integrity of his posters, even despite of the use of a seemingly documentary medium, reinforces the ambivalent factual character of the pictures. So, paradoxically by heightening the communicative character of the design and hence stressing the idea of facts as integral realities outside of artworks, Beall's posters reveal the ambiguous character of pictorial facts creating their own specific qualities. Golec concludes, that facts in works of art and design have a twofold character resulting from their belonging to different spaces, which although meant to accomplish and address different facts, inevitably travel, overlap and bleed into each other. Thus oddly these facts refer or represent reality and simultaneously are a thing made (factum) that present and hold their own pictorial reality.

Evaluation of Orphan Products by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration

1992 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 647-657 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marlene E. Haffner ◽  
John V. Kelsey
Keyword(s):  
Drug Administration ◽  
Rare Diseases ◽  
Food And Drug Administration ◽  
Orphan Drugs ◽  
Marketing Approval ◽  
Drug Products ◽  
Governmental Agencies ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
The U.S

AbstractOrphan drug products generally are used in treating or preventing rare diseases. The small number of patients available for study may create special problems in the evaluation of these products. This paper examines some of the special problems that are associated with the design and implementation of studies to evaluate the safety and efficacy of orphan drugs. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not established special criteria for evaluating orphan drugs per se, but the FDA has been flexible in evaluating drug products that present special problems, especially when these products are for treatment of serious of life-threatening illnesses. The FDA and other U.S. governmental agencies also have taken steps to promote the development and availability of drugs for rare diseases, including making these products available to patients who are in need, even before the drugs have full FDA marketing approval.

The gastrointestinal clinical trial landscape: A cross-sectional analysis of clinicaltrials.gov from 2007-2019.

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 468-468
Author(s):  
Nirosha Perera ◽  
Marija Kamceva ◽  
Jolie Z. Shen ◽  
Siyou Song ◽  
Jessica Steinberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Study Design ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Academic Institutions ◽  
Early Discontinuation ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Methodological Rigor ◽  
Results Reporting ◽  
The U.S

468 Background: The burden of gastrointestinal (GI) disease is high, costing over $97 billion annually in the United States (U.S.) alone. Yet the methodological rigor and characteristics of trials leading to guideline development are rarely explored. In 2007, the U.S. mandated that all interventional studies (Phase II-IV) register with ClinicalTrials.gov, the largest international clinical trial database. We characterized registered GI trials to identify features associated with early discontinuation, results reporting and increased methodological rigor. Methods: We employed a cross-sectional study design with descriptive, logistic regression, cox regression, time series and survival analyses. We downloaded data for 327 075 studies registered on the Aggregate Analysis of the ClinicalTrials.gov database from October 1, 2007 to December 31, 2019. Trials were excluded if registered prior to 2007 (n=38 111) or for non-interventional study design (n=69 233). After applying GI specific Medical Subject Heading terms to the remaining 219 731 trials, 22 339 trials were identified for manual review. 20 548 trials were found to contain true GI content, representing over seven million patients. Primary exposure variables were trial focus (disease process, anatomical location) and funding (industry, U.S. government, academic). Results: Of the 20 548 GI trials, 6.1% were funded by the U.S. government, 35.6% by industry, and 58.3% by academic institutions. The most studied disease process was neoplasia (42.6% of trials), followed by viral hepatitis (10.8%). The majority of neoplasia trials were funded by academic institutions (60.3%) and studied colorectal neoplasms (31.5%), followed by hepatic (17.9%), pancreatic (15.5%), gastric (12.8%), esophageal (10.6%) and biliary tract (4.9%) neoplasms. U.S. government funded trials had the lowest risk of early discontinuation (adjusted Hazard Ratio 0.63, 95% CI: 0.48-0.83, p<0.001) and the highest rates of results reporting (25%, X2 p<0.001). Among all trials, the majority did not report Data Monitoring Committee (DMC) oversight (58.6%). Only 12% of phase III trials employed a rigorous methodology, which we defined as being randomized, double blinded, multi-site, overseen by a DMC, and having enrolled ≥50 patients. Government sponsored trials had the highest proportion of trials meeting this definition (19%). Academic sponsored trials, constituting the majority of trials overall, had the lowest proportion (5.3%), in part due to not meeting the multi-site criteria. Conclusions: Despite constituting the minority of trials overall, U.S. government funded trials displayed the highest methodological rigor. Stakeholders can look to U.S. government funded trials as a model of improvement, but nevertheless must commit to increasing methodological rigor and results dissemination to strengthen trial findings that guide GI clinical recommendations.

scholarly journals 141 The Alliance for Grassland Renewal presents workshops to enhance the understanding and adoption of Novel Endophyte Tall Fescue

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 8-9
Author(s):  
Matthew H Poore ◽  
Tony Stratton ◽  
Craig A Roberts ◽  
S Ray Smith ◽  
John G Andrae ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tall Fescue ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Fescue Toxicosis ◽  
First Year ◽  
Academic Institutions ◽  
Governmental Agencies ◽  
The Past ◽  
Stocker Cattle ◽  
Second Year

Abstract The Alliance for Grassland Renewal (the Alliance) is a collaborative multi-state effort to enhance the understanding of fescue toxicosis and the adoption of Novel Endophyte Tall Fescue (NETF). The Alliance includes academic institutions, companies marketing NETF, allied companies, governmental agencies, and non-profits. The Alliance initially focused on the state of Missouri. After 2014, it expanded efforts with one-day workshops in MO, KY, OK, KS and UKY joined the board in 2017. In 2018, Clemson and NCSU joined the board, and workshops were expanded to the east coast, with five workshops in MO, KY, SC, NC and VA. In 2019, workshops will repeated in those states in addition GA. Key presentations included managing fescue toxicosis, establishment and first year management, second year management, and economics of conversion. Additionally the agenda included microscope viewing of the endophyte, quality control and endophyte testing, industry update, drill calibration, producer panel, and a tour of NETF plots. There were 214 paid attendees in 2018 (locations ranged 26 to 59; 75% farmers), and 146 evaluations were submitted. Attendees owned 9592 beef or dairy cows, 1997 stocker cattle, 121 horses, 545 sheep and goats, and 151 alpacas. Thirty percent of the audience had planted NETF in the past, while 55% intended to plant NETF in the future. Reasons given for not planting included: unclear cost/benefit (9%), limited financial resources (4%), lack of knowledge (5%), rented or unsuitable land (15%) and forage reserves lacking (5%). Registration fee was $60, and 45% of the audience said they would have paid $95, suggesting the registration fee was appropriate. The Alliance is a growing and successful partnership between academic institutions and industry. This approach is a model that could be applied to adoption of other new technologies.

The U.S. National Disaster Medical System

1986 ◽  
Vol 2 (1-4) ◽  
pp. 149-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis E. Mahoney ◽  
Victor H. Esch
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Medical System ◽  
Local State ◽  
Health Care Professions ◽  
National Disaster ◽  
The U.S

SUMMARYWe believe the National Disaster Medical System is of benefit to each participant, to his community, and to the nation. The National Disaster Medical System will enhance local, State, and national ability to respond to emergencies. The system is now under development with the support of the health care professions and institutions of the country.

The Community College at the Crossroads: The Need for Structural Reform

1991 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 311-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Dougherty
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Community College ◽  
Community Colleges ◽  
Educational Aspirations ◽  
Family Background ◽  
Baccalaureate Degree ◽  
State Universities ◽  
Alternative Route ◽  
Bachelor's Degrees ◽  
Four Year Colleges

Community colleges offer many students an alternative route to achieving a baccalaureate degree. In this article, Kevin Dougherty analyzes data on these institutions to see how effective they are in helping students transfer to and succeed in four-year colleges. After controlling for differences in family background, high school record, and educational aspirations of students entering two- and four-year colleges, the author finds that community college entrants receive fewer bachelor's degrees. While finding a strong case for reform, Dougherty argues that present reformers need to keep in mind the comprehensive nature of the community college and be sure that their reform proposals will preserve rather than diminish the services it offers students. Dougherty then discusses two sweeping reforms: transforming community colleges into four-year colleges, and converting them into two-year branches of state universities.

The geographical foundations of local state initiatives: globalizing Tianjin, China

Cities ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yehua Dennis Wei ◽  
Yanjie Jia
Keyword(s):  
Local State ◽  
State Initiatives

scholarly journals Global Studies Certificates As An Instrument for Building Capacity for Community College Internationalization

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6S1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stacye Fraser Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Community College ◽  
Community Colleges ◽  
International Education ◽  
College Campus ◽  
Global Studies ◽  
Capital Theory ◽  
Building Capacity ◽  
Education Model ◽  
Campus Internationalization ◽  
The U.S

Community college campus internationalization is only represented in a small portion of the institutions in the U.S.  Global Studies Certificates (GSC) are in an even smaller proportion of community colleges, but offers a credentialed program for curricular and co-curricular activities to be used to work with campus internationalization. This pilot study looks at 23 community colleges with established GSC programs.  Building capacity for campus internationalization cannot be just a tiny effort, it must be a comprehensive effort involving administration, faculty, staff and students. Utilizing Raby’s (2012) International Education model and Schultz’s (1960) Human Capital Theory in education, GSC’s will be examined to determine the effectiveness to establish pathways for integration of campus internationalization into the mission, outcomes, and culture of the campuses examined.

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