Non-Tsetse-Transmitted Animal Trypanosomosis (NTT)

2021 ◽  
pp. 122-142
Author(s):  
William Olaho-Mukani
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Trypanosoma Evansi ◽  
Global Distribution ◽  
Trypanosome Species ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Animal Industry ◽  
Animal Trypanosomosis ◽  
National Economies

The non-tsetse-transmitted animal trypanosomoses are infections caused by three main mammalian trypanosome species, namely Trypanosoma evansi, T. equiprdum, and T. vivax. Their global distribution is much wider than tsetse-transmitted trypanosomoses and includes Africa and Latin America, Asia, and Euro-Asia. These trypanosomoses affect a very wide range of domestic animals and game and negatively impact on the development of the animal industry, thus directly affecting national economies and people's livelihoods.

scholarly journals Molecular characterization of pathogenic African trypanosomes in biting flies and camels in surra-endemic areas outside the tsetse fly belt in Kenya

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Merid N. Getahun ◽  
Jandouwe Villinger ◽  
Joel L. Bargul ◽  
Abel Orone ◽  
John Ngiela ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Trypanosoma Evansi ◽  
Tsetse Fly ◽  
16S Rrna Genes ◽  
Rrna Genes ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Host Feeding ◽  
Trypanosome Species ◽  
African Trypanosomes ◽  
Northern Kenya

AbstractBackgroundAfrican animal trypanosomosis is becoming prevalent beyond its traditionally defined geographical boundaries and is a threat to animals beyond the tsetse belts in and outside Africa. However, knowledge of infections with clinically important trypanosome species and their diversity among field-collected hematophagous biting flies and domestic animals is limited mainly to tsetse and their mammalian hosts in tsetse-infested areas. This study aimed to examine the presence of trypanosomes in both biting flies and domestic animals outside the tsetse belt in northern Kenya, potential mechanical vector species, and their host-feeding profiles.MethodsWe screened for pathogenic African trypanosomes in blood samples from domestic animals and field-trapped flies by microscopy and sequencing of internal transcribed spacer (ITS1) gene PCR products. We sequenced kinetoplast maxicircle genes to confirm Trypanosoma brucei detection and the RoTat 1.2 and kinetoplast minicircle genes to differentiate type-A and type-B Trypanosoma evansi, respectively. Further, we identified the hosts that field-trapped flies fed on by PCR-HRM and sequencing of 16S rRNA genes.ResultsHippobosca camelina, Stomoxys calcitrans, Tabanus spp., and Pangonia rueppellii are potential vectors of trypanosomes outside the tsetse belt in Marsabit County, northern Kenya. We identified Trypanosoma spp., including Trypanosoma vivax, T. evansi, T. brucei, and T. congolense in these biting flies as well as in camels (Camelus dromedarius). Trypanosomes detected varied from single up to three trypanosome species in H. camelina and camels in areas where no tsetse flies were trapped. Similar trypanosomes were detected in Glossina pallidipes collected from a tsetse-infested area in Shimba Hills, coastal Kenya, showing the wide geographic distribution of trypanosomes. Furthermore, we show that these biting flies acquired blood meals from camels, cattle, goats, and sheep. Phylogenetic analysis revealed diverse Trypanosoma spp. associated with variations in virulence and epidemiology in camels, which suggests that camel trypanosomosis may be due to mixed trypanosome infections rather than only surra (T. evansi), as previously thought.

Latin American Connections: Recent Work on German Interactions with Latin America

2013 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 362-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Glenn Penny
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
South America ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Mining Operations ◽  
Almost Everywhere ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
German Speaking

German interactions with Latin America have a long history. Indeed, early modern historians have demonstrated that people from German-speaking central Europe took part in all aspects of the European conquest of Central and South America. They have shown that these people were critical to mining operations and publishing in sixteenth-century Mexico; they have found them among Portuguese and Spanish sailors and soldiers almost everywhere; and they have located them playing important roles in a wide range of professions from Mexico to the south of Chile.

Amaranthus blitum (livid amaranth).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Parker ◽  
Duilio Iamonico
Keyword(s):  
Global Distribution ◽  
Herbaceous Vegetation ◽  
Horticultural Crops ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Usa

Abstract A. blitum is a monoecious annual weed with a near global distribution. It grows between 10 and 80 cm tall, sometimes reaching 90 cm.It was listed by Holm et al. (1979) as a serious or principal weed in ten countries, mainly across Europe and Asia but also including Nigeria and Mozambique. It occurs in a wide range of field and horticultural crops, grassland, orchards, plantations and vineyards. It appears to be especially troublesome in Japan, where it is one of the three main weeds of warmer upland farms (Takabayashi and Nakayama, 1981), and in the USA. In Minais Gerais province, Brazil, it is among the five most common weeds of coffee (Laca-Buendia and Brandao, 1994). A. blitum subsp. emarginatus potentially impacts on the native riparian herbaceous vegetation in Europe (Walter and Dobes, 2004).

Community College Infrastructure

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Uttam Gaulee
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Community College ◽  
Community Colleges ◽  
Social Stratification ◽  
Education Policies ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
Conventional Models ◽  
National Economies

The idea of community colleges serves to disrupt elitism in higher education by countering social stratification that is created and maintained by conventional models of education around the world. At a time when countries seek to redefine their education policies towards stabilization, prosperity, and democratization of opportunities, the idea of community college offers a powerful connective solution to community, industry, and national economies. The powerful but flexible idea of community college infrastructure is open for adaptations through a wide range of unique economic contexts around the world.

Regional Multilateralism with Chinese Characteristics

2020 ◽  
pp. 313-340
Author(s):  
Srikanth Kondapalli
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
International Energy Agency ◽  
Investment Bank ◽  
Energy Agency ◽  
Chinese Characteristics ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Technology Control ◽  
Control Regime

While it is notable that China has become a member of almost all international organizations (excepting the OECD, International Energy Agency, and Missile Technology Control Regime), much less noticeable has been China’s steadily increasing involvement in regional multilateral organizations and groups of nations. As China has expanded its global footprint into literally every continent and part of the planet, Beijing has sought to join existing institutions in those regions—but what is particularly noteworthy is that China has stimulated and created a wide range of new organizations and regional groupings all around the world. That is what this chapter is about—China’s regional multilateralism. Such Chinese initiatives most notably include: the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB), Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), Association of Southeast Asian Nations Plus China (ASEAN + 10), Brazil-Russia-India-China-South Africa (BRICS), Forum for China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC), China–Arab States Cooperation Forum (CACF), China–Central and Eastern Europe Countries (CEEC), and a series of groupings in Latin America (China–Latin America Forum, China-Caribbean Economic and Trade Cooperation Forum, China–Latin America Common Market Dialogue, and China–Latin America Business Summit). China has been either the initiator of, or actively engaged in, the creation of all these groupings.

Non-steroidal anti-flammatory drugs in domestic animals: I. Their classification, mechanism of action and pharmacological effects

1991 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. E. Swan
Keyword(s):  
Mechanism Of Action ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Pharmacological Effects ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Inflammatory Drugs ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Chemical Groups

A large number of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, of different chemical groups are available for veterinary use. These drugs act mainly by inhibiting the. formation of endoperoxides (prostaglandins and thromboxanes) through the inhibition of cyclo-oxygenase in the eicosanoid pathway. A wide range of pharmacological effects, including analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory effects occur as a result of this inhibition. The classification, mechanism of action and pharmacological effects of these drugs are reviewed.

Why is Trade Reform So Popular in Latin America?: A Consumption-Based Theory of Trade Policy Preferences

2003 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 423-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andy Baker
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Trade Reform ◽  
Economic Stagnation ◽  
The Face ◽  
Trade Preferences ◽  
National Economies ◽  
Latin American Countries

Despite wavy national economies and a perception among observers that economic globalization is growing increasingly unpopular, aggregate support for free trade remains quite high across Latin America. This finding is robust to the wording of survey questions and has been quite resilient through time, even in the face of economic stagnation. Current theories of trade preferences, including the widely applied Heckscher-Ohlin model, do not explain this trend. Instead, the author proposes a theory of trade preferences based not on what citizens produce but on what they consume. Statistical analyses of different surveys, including one conducted in fourteen Latin American countries, demonstrate that a consumption-based approach best accounts for trade preferences across individuals and countries. Moreover, the theory provides an explanation for the overall popularity of free trade in Latin America: citizens recognize and appreciate the lower price, increased variety, and higher quality of goods that have come in the wake of trade liberalization.

Land Administration in the Rangelands: What for, Who for and How?

1994 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 298 ◽  
Author(s):  
DG Wilcox ◽  
DG Burnside
Keyword(s):  
Decision Rules ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Sustainable Land Use ◽  
Government Programs ◽  
Holistic View ◽  
Land Administration ◽  
Desirable Outcome ◽  
Operating Environments ◽  
Wide Range

The path of change in land administration practices from that which had the exploitation of pastoral resources by domestic stock as its principal objective to a position where administration is required to take a more holistic view of the management of rangelands for a wide range of uses is discussed in this paper. Although historically administration has been generally slow to react to changing operating environments, a varying degree of legislative and behavioural changes have occurred in response to a wide range of influences. These influences include: objective information on rangeland resources; complementary legislation affecting the use of these resources; new Government programs directed at improving land management; a developing awareness of the value of rangeland for purposes other than grazing domestic animals; and the economic difficulties facing the grazing industries. With major changes and uncertainties surrounding rangeland use, we suggest that administrators themselves must define their objectives clearly in terms of the needs of all land users, within a framework of sustainable land use. This work can best be done within new networks and partnerships involving the relevant agencies and groups. By defining acceptable criteria and decision rules within these structures, administrators can focus more on the quality of the process in land administration and measuring their performance, rather than regulating for their defined desirable outcome. Finally, we recognise that the evaluation of administrative performance is an area that requires urgent attention.

Prevalence of Trypanosoma Evansi in Domestic Animals in Rayalaseema Region of Andhra Pradesh in India

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (10) ◽  
pp. 1449
Author(s):  
Sivajothi S ◽  
Rayulu C ◽  
Kondaiah M ◽  
Sreenivasulu B
Keyword(s):  
Andhra Pradesh ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Trypanosoma Evansi

The Shortage of Priests in Latin America: A Historical Evaluation of Werner Promper’s Priesternot in Lateinamerika

1966 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 413-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonine Tibesar
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Secretary General ◽  
Major Study ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Church ◽  
Extensive Bibliography

This book is a major study of one of the most serious problems of the Church in Latin America today, the shortage of priests, by the Secretary General of the Latin-American College of Louvain University. Ten years have been devoted to research, and this effort is reflected in the extensive bibliography, numerous statistical tables, and the wide range of facts contained in the text. In a word, this study is a notable effort to understand and explain the lack of priests in an area which is traditionally looked upon as Catholic.

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