Migration, Globalization, and Xenophobia in Africa

2021 ◽  
pp. 18-37
Author(s):  
O. Damola Adejumo-Ayibiowu
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Migration Pattern ◽  
Global Village ◽  
Developed Economies ◽  
The World ◽  
Opening Up

Globalization integrates the whole world into a global village. The opening up of economies to international trade is expected to lead to growth and poverty reduction. However, the benefits of globalization have been disproportionately skewed towards developed economies. Despite opening its economies to foreign goods and integrating to the global market, Africa remains the poorest region in the world. Xenophobia in Africa has particularly been a major concern as African migrants within the continent have been experiencing various forms of hostilities and xenophobic attacks. Many authors agree that globalization and economic inequality contribute to this trend. This chapter analyzes from an Afrocentric perspective, the various social, economic, and historical context in which globalization and other European capitalist quests in Africa affect migration pattern in the continent and contribute to xenophobia in Africa. This chapter provides an Afrocentric critique of the idea of globalization which mainly promotes free trade and capital but restricts the movement of African labour.

scholarly journals The Rhetoric of Foreign Aid and the Need for International Trade: Challenges and Possibilities for Developing Nations. A Critical Perspective

2021 ◽  
pp. 30-40
Author(s):  
Umaru Tsaku Samuel
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
International Trade ◽  
Foreign Aid ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Private Enterprise ◽  
Developing Nations ◽  
Dependency Theory ◽  
Critical Perspective ◽  
The World

This paper attempts to critically examine foreign aids by donor nations and agencies to the developing nations, and at the same time, examine international trade to show that the latter is better off. The study utilized dependency theory of underdevelopment to analyze why foreign aids have not being a spring board for development in developing nations. The paper found out that foreign aids over the years have not engendered development because of the conditionalities attached to such aids which come in the form of grants, loans, assistance etc. These further keep developing nations down as it is difficult to find examples of unequivocal success from receipt of official foreign aids. The reasons are not far-fetched. Since the 1940’s when official foreign aids started flowing, the motive seems to satisfy the donor interests and has little or nothing  to do with egalitarian development and poverty reduction in developing nations. In view of this, international trade is far better to the developing nations, and same should be encouraged despite their disadvantaged position in global capitalist equation. The paper concluded that despite the fact that globalization and neo-liberalism favour the owners of big Corporations, mostly in advanced countries of the world, developing countries can still make some gains from international trade by looking inwards, rather than relying on foreign aids which have not been contributing in alleviating poverty and inequalities, but used to reward military and political allies and to promote private enterprise and unequal free trade.

HARMONISING PUBLIC PROCUREMENT IN THE SADC

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-109
Author(s):  
Stephen De la Harpe
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Public Procurement ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Government Procurement ◽  
Substantial Part ◽  
Private Industry ◽  
Regional Competition ◽  
Model Law ◽  
Opening Up

The promotion of international trade is seen as one of the important instruments to ensure development in developing nations and regions. The history of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) and the drafting of many regional and similar international trade agreements are evidence of this. The Southern African Development Community (SADC) is no exception.1 It is therefore strange that many states that are members of the WTO and actively encourage the opening up of international borders to free trade do not include public procurement2 in such free trade arrangements. This is particularly evident in developing states. If the WTO Government Procurement Agreement (GPA), which is a plurilateral agreement, is considered it is clear that many states do not wish to open their internal markets to competition in the public procurement sphere. It is therefore not surprising that public procurement has been described as the last rampart of state protectionism (Ky, 2012). Public procurement is an important segment of trade in any country (Arrowsmith & Davies, 1998). It is estimated that public procurement represents between 10% and 15% of the gross domestic product (GDP) of developed countries and up to 25% of GDP in developing states (Wittig, 1999). Unfortunately, governments often expect private industry to open up national markets for international competition but do not lead the way. Except for the limited use of pooled procurement,3 no specific provision is at present made for the harmonisation and integration of public procurement in the SADC. In view of the proximity of the member states, the interdependency of their economies and the benefits that can be derived from opening up their boundaries to regional competition in public procurement, the possibility of harmonisation and deeper integration in this sphere needs to be given more attention. The importance of public procurement in international trade and regional integration is twofold: first, it forms a substantial part of trade with the related economic and developmental implications; secondly, it is used by governments as an instrument to address socio-economic issues. Public procurement spending is also important because of its potential influence on human rights, including aspects such as the alleviation of poverty, the achievement of acceptable labour standards and environmental goals, and similar issues (McCrudden, 1999). In this article the need to harmonise public procurement in the SADC in order to open up public procurement to regional competition, some of the obstacles preventing this, and possible solutions are discussed. Reference is made to international instruments such as the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL), the Model Law on Public Procurement and the GPA. In particular, the progress made in the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) with regard to the harmonisation of public procurement, which was based on the Model Law, will be used to suggest possible solutions to the problem of harmonising public procurement in the SADC.

13. International Trade and Environmental Protection

2021 ◽  
pp. 775-812
Author(s):  
Alan Boyle ◽  
Catherine Redgwell
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
International Trade ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Environmental Law ◽  
Current Policy ◽  
Trade Law ◽  
The World ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter looks at the relationship between the World Trade Organization (WTO) and international trade in terms of international environmental law. Twenty-five years after the WTO system came into operation it appears that neither trade law nor environmental law have trumped each other. Rather, there has been a process of accommodation which is still ongoing. The chapter ends by making some conclusions on the arguments presented in this book and the issues currently being faced. The current policy of encouraging free trade cannot always be made environmentally friendly and this will always be the case. The problem becomes clear if we consider climate change. Free trade and globalisation by nature exacerbates the difficulties of regulating environmental issues. In addition, one of the key problems with sustainable development as a concept is that there has been too much emphasis on development, and not nearly enough on sustainability, then a policy of promoting free trade is part of that problem.

scholarly journals Douglas A. Irvin (ed.). Free Trade under Fire. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 2005. 294 pages. Price not given.

2008 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 118-120
Author(s):  
Nasir Iqbal
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
World Trade ◽  
World Trade Organisation ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Clear Understanding ◽  
Not Given ◽  
Domestic Environment ◽  
Princeton University ◽  
The World

International trade around the world is growing rapidly and it is very effective in improving the living standards of a nation, but still free trade faces many critics. They complain that free trade causes harmful economic adjustments, for example increase in unemployment through the closing of factories etc. The critic further object that the World Trade Organisation serves the interests of international corporations, undercuts domestic environment regulations, and erodes America’s sovereignty. Why has global trade become so controversial? Does free trade deserve its bad reputations? These are the questions which inspired the writer to work against these problems. In “Free Trade under Fire”, the author discusses the misconceptions that litter the debate over trade and gives the reader a clear understanding of the issues involved. The aim of this book is to determine the effect of economic, political and legal factors on the trade policy of the United State.

scholarly journals The Importance Of SMEs On World Economies

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Murat Bayraktar ◽  
Neşe Algan
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Development Strategy ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
National Development ◽  
Business Sector ◽  
Developed Economies ◽  
Turn On ◽  
The World

The importance of SMEs to world economies is well reported. SMEs (firms with 200 or less employees) construct the biggest business sector in each global economy therefore governments around the world are increase the effort to promote and support SME expansion as their national development strategy. Micro firms and SMEs are forming the majority of firms in most countries (which 95% on average) and for the large majority of jobs. While SMEs are dominating of very great numbers, SMEs are significant due to their importance as priority drivers to employment, economic growth and innovation. According to the World Trade Organization SMEs represent over 90% of the business population, 60-70% of employment and 55% of GDP in developed economies. SMEs held for around 20% of patents, one measure of innovation, in biotechnology-related fields in the Europe. As the world economy faces with prevailing challenges, governments increasingly start to turn on SMEs as a significant element of sustainable and inclusive economic growth. The importance of SMEs to; economic growth, poverty reduction, innovation and job creation also social cohesion are major key.

scholarly journals IMPLIKASI KEBIJAKAN DAN DISKRIMINASI PELARANGAN EKSPOR DAN IMPOR MINYAK KELAPA SAWIT DAN BIJIH NIKEL TERHADAP PEREKONOMIAN INDONESIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 224-236
Author(s):  
Sekar Wiji Rahayu ◽  
Fajar Sugianto
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
International Trade ◽  
World Trade Organization ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Health Campaigns ◽  
The World

AbstractThe creation of free trade provides a large advantage and role in driving the economic growth of a country, especially for developing countries that have abundant natural resources. One of the systems in free trade carried out by countries in the world in buying and selling produce is known as an export-import system. Where the seller is usually referred to as an exporter and the buyer is referred to as an importer. Like the general trading system, in international trade there are also obstacles that can be detrimental to one party and / or several parties in conducting international trade. These obstacles can be in the form of tariff barriers and / or non-tariff barriers. Non-tariff barriers can take the form of certain discriminations imposed by a particular country, both to protect the value of its production and to redevelop the product into something of even higher value. Both are pursed on one thing, hedging. Discrimination is also imposed by the European Union against the ban on imports of Palm Oil from Indonesia on the grounds that Palm Oil has a negative impact on the environment. Bearing in mind the European Union is one of the countries active in Environmental Health campaigns. Discrimination is also carried out by Indonesia to stop all exports of Nickel Ore and / or other minerals to the European Union with the consideration to hedge minerals that have not been downstreamed. Based on the discrimination actions, the two countries plan to submit complaints and complaints to the World Trade Organization (WTO) as a form of the two countries' objections to the policies taken.Keywords: international trade; mineral downstreaming; oil palmAbstrakTerciptanya perdagangan bebas memberikan keuntungan serta peran yang besar dalam mendorong pertumbuhan ekonomi suatu negara, khususnya bagi negara-negara berkembang yang memiliki Sumber Daya Alam (SDA) yang melimpah. Salah satu sistem dalam perdagangan bebas yang dilakukan oleh negara-negara di dunia dalam melakukan jual-beli hasil produksi dikenal sebagai sistem ekspor-impor. Dimana pihak penjual lazimnya disebut sebagai eksportir dan pihak pembeli disebut sebagai importir. Selayaknya sistem perdagangan pada umumnya, di dalam perdagangan internasional juga terdapat hambatan-hambatan yang dapat merugikan satu pihak dan/atau beberapa pihak dalam yang melakukan perdagangan internasional. Hambatan tersebut dapat berupa hambatan tarif dan/atau hambatan non tarif. Hambatan non tarif dapat berupa diskriminasi-diskriminasi tertentu yang diberlakukan oleh suatu negara tertentu, baik untuk melindungi nilai produksinya maupun untuk mengembangkan kembali produk tersebut menjadi sesuatu yang lebih tinggi lagi nilainya. Keduanya mengerucut pada satu hal, yakni lindung nilai. Diskriminasi tersebut juga diberlakukan oleh Uni Eropa terhadap pelarangan impor Kelapa Sawit dari Indonesia dengan alasan bahwa Minyak Kelapa Sawit menimbulkan dampak yang buruk terhadap lingkungan. Mengingat Uni Eropa merupakan salah satu negara yang aktif dalam kampanye-kampanye kesehatan lingkungan. Aksi diskriminasi juga diberlakukan oleh Indonesia untuk menghentikan seluruh ekspor Bijih Nikel dan/atau mineral lainnya kepada Uni Eropa dengan pertimbangan untuk melakukan lindung nilai terhadap mineral-mineral yang belum di hilirisasi. Atas tindakan-tindakan diskiriminasi tersebut, kedua negara berencana untuk mengajukan keluhan dan gugatan ke World Trade Organization (WTO) sebagai bentuk keberatan kedua negara terhadap kebijakan-kebijakan yang diambil.Kata kunci: hilirisasi mineral; kelapa sawit; perdagangan internasional

Adapting Indian Legal Education to the Demands of a Globalising World

2009 ◽  
Vol 10 (6-7) ◽  
pp. 847-858 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nehaluddin Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Legal Education ◽  
Legal Practice ◽  
Global Village ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
The World ◽  
Education In India ◽  
New Challenges ◽  
International Boundaries ◽  
Globalising World ◽  
Opening Up

Half a century ago, the main purpose of university legal education in India was not the teaching of law as a branch of learning and as a science but simply to impart to students a knowledge of the black letter law, that is, certain principles and provisions of law to enable them to enter the legal practice exclusively for local needs. Gradually this perception changed and the process of reform in law and legal education was initiated. The real break came in 1990s when the new challenges posed by scientific and technological revolution and greater interaction between nations, trade in goods and services, information technology and free capital flow across international boundaries made the world a global village. Consequently, the concept of “local practice” widened to that of “transnational practice” in the context of globalisation and opening up of most of the economies of the world.

Current Trends and Issues in TVET of Bangladesh

2017 ◽  
pp. 128-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Shahadat Hossain Khan ◽  
Mahbub Hasan ◽  
K. M. Md. Golam Rabbani
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Vocational Education And Training ◽  
Open Market ◽  
Global Village ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
The World ◽  
And Training

This chapter discussed current trends and issues in TVET of Bangladesh and challenges faced by the TVET programme in Bangladesh. The chapter drew attentions to the fact that due to tremendous development in the socio-economic status and technological changes around the world, consumers' expectations towards the products and services have been changing rapidly thereby resulting into a highly competitive globalized market. In order to compete with these demands, government and private organizations should ensure best quality products and services for their customers. Every nation throughout this global village needs to have updated means, particularly in the area of updated knowledge and skills, to survive in this globalized open market. Many developing countries particularly from Asia and Africa are facing growing pressure to compete with the changing global market. Besides, most of the least developing and underdeveloped countries of the world are located in these geographical regions (Asia and Africa) where most of the poor people with low per capita income are living. In order to improve these conditions, they put emphasis on developing their manpower as per the global requirements. Most of the developing countries, therefore, consider Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) as one of the main key agents to play the vital role for educating and training their huge unemployed population to become competitive human recourses to enter into national and global market.

scholarly journals DEVELOPMENT AND THE WTO: FREEDOM FOR WHOM?

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Rosa Cedro
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
World Trade Organization ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Dependency Theory ◽  
The World ◽  
Comparative Advantages ◽  
Analytical Approaches

This article explores three distinct analytical approaches that offer insights for reflection on the issue of international trade – comparative advantages, dependency theory and GCC/GVC analyses – as a way of providing a critique of the functioning of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and its alleged defense of free trade as an engine for development.

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