Wind Erosion, Climate Change, and Shelterbelts

2022 ◽  
pp. 154-175
Author(s):  
Aleksandar Baumgertel ◽  
Sara Lukić ◽  
Milica Caković ◽  
Radovan Savić ◽  
Atila Bezdan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Land Degradation ◽  
Soil Degradation ◽  
Wind Erosion ◽  
Climate Changes ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Agroforestry System ◽  
Global Climate Changes ◽  
Vegetation Establishment ◽  
Mitigate Climate Change

Wind erosion is a widespread phenomenon causing serious soil degradation. It is estimated that about 28% of the global land area suffers from this process. Global climate changes are expected to accelerate land degradation and significantly affect the intensity of wind erosion. Shelterbelts are linear multi-row planting strips of vegetation (trees or shrubs) established for numerous environmental purposes. Shelterbelts are a specific type of agroforestry system which could reduce soil degradation (soil erosion). Shelterbelts mitigate greenhouse gas through trees storing carbon (C) in their above- and below-ground biomass, wherefore they are highlighted as one of the potential ways to mitigate climate change. The purpose of this chapter is to present wind erosion as a land degradation problem, especially in line with climate changes and the present concept of vegetation establishment in the form of shelterbelts for long-term multi-functional provision of ecosystem services, in particular carbon sequestration.

scholarly journals Comparison of the Impact of Global Climate Changes and Urbanization on Summertime Future Climate in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area

2012 ◽  
Vol 51 (8) ◽  
pp. 1441-1454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sachiho A. Adachi ◽  
Fujio Kimura ◽  
Hiroyuki Kusaka ◽  
Tomoshige Inoue ◽  
Hiroaki Ueda
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Global Climate Change ◽  
Temperature Increase ◽  
Climate Changes ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Local Climate ◽  
Tokyo Metropolitan Area ◽  
Global Climate Changes ◽  
The Impact

AbstractIn this study, the impact of global climate change and anticipated urbanization over the next 70 years is estimated with regard to the summertime local climate in the Tokyo metropolitan area (TMA), whose population is already near its peak now. First, five climate projections for the 2070s calculated with the aid of general circulation models (GCMs) are used for dynamical downscaling experiments to evaluate the impact of global climate changes using a regional climate model. Second, the sensitivity of future urbanization until the 2070s is examined assuming a simple developing urban scenario for the TMA. These two sensitivity analyses indicate that the increase in the surface air temperature from the 1990s to the 2070s is about 2.0°C as a result of global climate changes under the A1B scenario in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) and about 0.5°C as a result of urbanization. Considering the current urban heat island intensity (UHII) of 1.0°C, the possible UHII in the future reaches an average of 1.5°C in the TMA. This means that the mitigation of the UHII should be one of the ways to adapt to a local temperature increase caused by changes in the future global climate. In addition, the estimation of temperature increase due to global climate change has an uncertainty of about 2.0°C depending on the GCM projection, suggesting that the local climate should be projected on the basis of multiple GCM projections.

scholarly journals Agriculture Adaptation to Consequences of Global Climate Changes

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 13-20
Author(s):  
D. G. Galkin
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Climate Changes ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽  
Traditional Approach ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Global Climate Changes ◽  
Change Impact ◽  
Agriculture Development

The goal of the article is to work out recommendations aimed at providing sustainability of agriculture development on the level of national economy in conditions of changing climate. The agriculture development within the frames of traditional approach can be studied in two aspects: as a sector subjected to the global climate change impact; as a sector promoting climate change due to greenhouse gas emission. The authors showed that in regard to present trends scientific recommendations aimed at agriculture adaptation to climate changes are the most significant for Russia. On the basis of provided concepts they identified key lines in the said adaptation: to develop innovation connected with adaptation to consequences of climate changes; to upgrade the system of agro-insurance; to use methods of organic food production; to monitor and appraise adaptation of agriculture to climate changes; to introduce strategic planning of sustainable development and location of agricultural production. These lines should be realized on the basis of integrity, strategic orientation and scientific support of agricultural production. These lines can stabilize the level of key parameters of the sector in the long-term perspective.

scholarly journals The UN Agenda 2030 and the Climate-Security Nexus in Africa

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Silander
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Climate Change ◽  
Climate Changes ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Human Security ◽  
Global Climate Changes ◽  
Agenda 2030 ◽  
Security Challenges ◽  
Triggering Factor

There is a growing bulk of studies on global climate changes and conflicts. It has been argued that climate change may be a triggering factor to conflicts and wars, especially in societies with poor governance. This study explores the climate-security nexus in Africa. It is argued that the global climate change provides profound state and human security challenges to African governments and people. Scarcity of vital resources in food, water, sanitation and health has challenged political and economic structures, infrastructure and integration. This has also been due to poorly governed states with authoritarianism, corruption, ethnic divisions and fragile, dysfunctional institutions. The war in Darfur is a tragic, but illustrative example of the climate change-security nexus of our time.

scholarly journals Spatial variations in soil properties across ecotones: a short review

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodore Danso Marfo ◽  
Klement Resjek ◽  
Valerie Vranova
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Global Climate Change ◽  
Climate Changes ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Conservation Value ◽  
Global Climate Changes ◽  
High Conservation ◽  
Decreasing Ph

Abstract Ecotones are considered as unique environments. The concepts of edge effect and ecotone species (flora and fauna) are widely used. Considering the fact that the majority of the species found in ecotones are usually at their physiologically determined limits of distribution, how they react to global climate changes becomes crucial. Ecotones are reputed to be more biologically diverse than areas close to them, and therefore possesses a high conservation value, yet little is known on how soil properties vary across ecotones. In this paper, we firstly highlighted the roles ecotones play in assessing the effect on global climate change, the mediatory role they play in the movement of material (water and nutrients) into and out of the region. Secondly, we reviewed studies on how soil properties change across ecotones and it is worthwhile to note that soil properties tend to differ across various ecotones (e.g. increasing pH and decreasing P & N across forest–glade ecotones, decreasing pH across ancient–recent forest ecotones) in a manner that defines the character of the ecotones existing.

Global climate changes during the most recent two millennia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah S. Eggleston ◽  
Oliver Bothe ◽  
Nerilie Abram ◽  
Bronwen Konecky ◽  
Hans Linderholm ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Climate Changes ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Climate Science ◽  
High Temporal Resolution ◽  
Past Climate ◽  
Global Climate Changes ◽  
The Past ◽  
Earth’S Climate

<p>The past two thousand years is a key interval for climate science because this period encompasses both the era of human-induced global warming and a much longer interval when changes in Earth's climate were governed principally by natural drivers. This earlier 'pre-industrial' period is particularly important for two reasons. Firstly, we now have a growing number of well-dated, climate sensitive proxy data with high temporal resolution that spans the full period. Secondly, the pre-industrial climate provides context for present-day climate change, sets real-world targets against which to evaluate the performance of climate models, and allows us to address other questions of Earth sciences that cannot be answered using only a century and a half of observational data. </p><p>Here, we first provide several perspectives on the concept of a 'pre-industrial climate'. Then, we highlight the activities of the PAGES 2k Network, an international collaborative effort focused on global climate change during the past two thousand years. We highlight those aspects of pre-industrial conditions (including both past climate changes and past climate drivers) that are not yet well constrained, and suggest potential areas for research during this period that would be relevant to the evolution of Earth's future climate.</p>

scholarly journals Could Protected Areas in Brazil’s Semi-Arid Conserve Endangered Birds Facing Climatic and Land Cover Changes?

2020 ◽  
pp. 50-70
Author(s):  
Tiago Castro Silva ◽  
Lara Gomes Côrtes ◽  
Marinez Ferreira de Siqueira
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Land Cover ◽  
Protected Areas ◽  
Land Cover Change ◽  
Ecological Niche ◽  
Climate Changes ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Global Climate Changes ◽  
The Face

Protected areas act as pillars on which conservation strategies are built. Besides human activities, global climate changes are an additional concern to species’ conservation. In northeastern Brazil, climate change should lead to a replacement of the current native vegetation by semi-desert vegetation. This study evaluates whether the protected areas of the Caatinga can contribute to the maintenance of suitable climatic conditions for endangered birds over time in the face of global climate changes and land cover change. We used ecological niche models as input layers in a spatial prioritization program, in which stability indices were used to weight the targets. Results predicted that most taxa (18) will have their suitability lowered in the future, and all taxa (23) will have their ecological niche geographically displaced. However, our results showed that the Caatinga’s protected areas system integrated with a set of priority areas can maintain suitable climatic conditions for endangered birds in the face of climate change and land cover change. On average, Caatinga’s protected areas system could protect climatic stability areas at least 1.7 times greater than the scenarios without it. This reinforces the importance of protected areas as a biodiversity conservation strategy. 
  

scholarly journals Discussões sobre as mudanças climáticas globais: os alarmistas, os céticos e os modelos de previsão do clima

GeoTextos ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Ronnieplex De Moura Cruz ◽  
Letícia Andrade da Silva ◽  
Elisiene De Macêdo Pereira ◽  
Rebecca Luna Lucena
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Climate Change ◽  
Climate Changes ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Intergovernmental Panel ◽  
Global Climate Changes ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Scientific Papers ◽  
Forecast Models

Este ensaio traz à tona questões intrigantes e dúvidas que permeiam as pesquisas voltadas às mudanças climáticas globais, enfatizando as discordâncias existentes entre as distintas correntes de cientistas e os prognósticos elaborados pelos modelos de previsão do clima. Para tanto, tomou-se por base as teorias propagadas por alarmistas e céticos, bem como o prognóstico do Painel Intergovernamental sobre as Mudanças Climáticas (IPCC) de 2007. O ensaio se baseou na análise de livros, relatórios técnicos e artigos científicos, além da interpretação dos gráficos contidos nos mesmos. Os resultados mostraram que sempre houve variação na temperatura da atmosfera, mesmo antes do surgimento do homem e em níveis bem mais elevados do que os atuais. Contudo, alarmistas e céticos concordam que a Terra passou por um aquecimento de cerca de 0,6ºC no século XX, havendo divergência no que diz respeito às causas desse aquecimento, suas consequências, e se ele ainda está ocorrendo. Entretanto, um aspecto que põe em xeque a confiabilidade de ambas as correntes diz respeito ao problema da previsão, pois são muitos os fatores e elementos envolvidos na complexidade do sistema climático, tornando, assim, previsões climáticas exatas praticamente impossíveis, e deixando o debate, até o momento, no campo das suposições. Abstract DISCUSSIONS ABOUT GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGES: THE ALARMISTS, THE SKEPTICS AND CLIMATE FORECAST MODELS This paper aims to discuss difficult questions and doubts about researches regarding global climate change, showing discordances about what different scientific groups and the forecasts elaborated by forecasting climate models. Therefore, we take for basis the theories formulated by the two scientific groups: the alarmists and skeptics, and the prognostic showed by the Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change (IPCC), 2007. This work was based in a research of books, technical documents and scientific papers, and the interpretation of graphs and data within these works. The results showed that oscillating temperatures always existed in the Earth’s atmosphere before human existence and the oscillation was larger than today. However, alarmists and skeptics believe that the earth atmosphere’s temperature elevated by approximated 0.6º C in the XX century, but there is a big divergence about the causes that rise and the consequences. Finally, an issue that questions the reliability of both groups, concerns the problem of forecast mainly because there are many factors and elements involved in the complexity of climate system thus making accurate climate predictions virtually impossible and leaving the debate so far, in the field of assumptions.

scholarly journals Biodiversity of the Arctic Ocean in the Face of Climate Change

2011 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-91
Author(s):  
Jan Węsławski
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
Climate Changes ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Arctic Seas ◽  
Global Climate Changes ◽  
The Arctic Ocean ◽  
The Face

Biodiversity of the Arctic Ocean in the Face of Climate Change Global climate changes which has been observed over the recent years affects organisms occurring in the Arctic seas and the functioning of the whole maritime ecosystems there. The research note presents and briefly analyses the biological diversity of the Arctic Ocean and the most important factors which change the relations between organisms and the environment in the Arctic.

An Empirical Evidence of Global Warming and its impact on India’s Agricultural Production

2019 ◽  
Vol 118 (10) ◽  
pp. 107-116
Author(s):  
Dr.P. Prema ◽  
Ms.R. Kanchana
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Climate Changes ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Large Country ◽  
Climatic Zones ◽  
Global Climate Changes ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Impact

India is a large country with all types of climates and different kinds of soil requiring different types of farming. Most of the agricultural land in India is dependent on rainfall for irrigation. India has about 15 Agro-climatic zones with different types of farming methods and crops. As most of the population is dependent on agriculture and two-third of the country depend on monsoon rains to aid in agriculture, any change in frequency of the rains will affect these areas critically. Assessment of the effects of global climate changes on agriculture might help to properly anticipate and adapt farming to maximize agricultural production. At the same time agriculture has been shown significant effects on climate change, primarily through the production and release of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. The impact of climate change on agriculture could result in problems like food security and may threaten the livelihood on which much of the population depends.

scholarly journals THE PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE OF CLIMATE CHANGES

TEME ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 755
Author(s):  
Miodrag Milenović ◽  
Snežana Živković ◽  
Milan Veljković
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Climate Changes ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Human Organism ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Global Climate Changes ◽  
Regional Temperature ◽  
The One ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Anxiety Depression

Global climate changes have and will have different outcomes which will impact the human population, such as natural disasters, or human-induced, environmental degradation. Solutions to a large number of environmental problems lie in human behavior, and behavior is, by its definition, the subject of the study of psychology. Therefore, in addition to natural changes (such as solar radiation or sea currents), the human factor becomes the object of two-sides study - on the one hand, as a cause of climate changes, and on the other, as the one on which the same changes have their impact (on physical and mental health). Such studies require a complex methodology, interdisciplinarity and, often, significant financial resources. It should be kept in mind that global climate change and its impact cannot be directly perceived, but only through certain indicators, such as, for example, circadian, seasonal or regional temperature variations and their impact on the psycho-physical status of individuals.Research on the effects of climate change has shown that certain types of individuals may develop different types of mental dysfunctions, as a consequence of those climate changes, like the reduction of emotional balance, anxiety, depression, generalized or specific stress conditions, etc. Although it is not possible to feel the climate change directly, thanks to the previous knowledge it is possible to prepare to those changes, to the extent that the adaptability of the human organism allows it, and to respond adequately to them. These preparations involve knowledge regarding those changes and management of the interaction of man and his environment, whether it is natural or artificial, made by people themselves.

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