I Correct or Canceling You

2022 ◽  
pp. 708-725
Author(s):  
Cristiano Felaco ◽  
Jacopo Nocerino ◽  
Jessica Parola ◽  
Roberta Tofani
Keyword(s):  
Textual Analysis ◽  
Freedom Of Speech ◽  
Or Groups ◽  
Positive Sense ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Italian Context ◽  
Negative Sense

This contribution studies the debated terms “politically correct” and “cancel culture” on Twitter and in particular investigates the meaning that people give when they label something or someone as politically correct or indicate a case of cancel culture in the Italian context, where they are not yet widespread as they are in the USA and Britain. A textual analysis of a corpus of tweets selected through a set of hashtags was carried out to identify thematic clusters to understand features and meanings given to these expressions, along with their ways of using in the various situations and contexts. The main results show different meanings of the term, in the negative sense as a limitation of freedom of speech, and in a positive sense as the exclusion of some terms that may offend some people or groups. In this case, the meaning of a word is relative and depends on the situation and context in which it is used. Furthermore, the recourse in the discourses of cancel culture is only rhetorical; there are no actions of cancellation or boycott of someone or something.

Glorifying Censorship? Anti-Terror Law, Speech, and Online Regulation

2021 ◽  
pp. 517-541
Author(s):  
Eliza Bechtold ◽  
Gavin Phillipson
Keyword(s):  
Freedom Of Speech ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Or Groups ◽  
Rapid Spread ◽  
Un Security Council ◽  
Laws And Policies ◽  
Online Regulation ◽  
Western Democracies

This chapter investigates how many Western democracies—and the European Union—are enacting increasingly draconian measures against terrorist-related speech that undermine long-standing free speech principles. It outlines a number of factors that tend towards skewed perceptions of the risks of terrorism. The chapter then sketches the rapid spread of laws aimed at terrorist propaganda, noting the unusual role of the UN Security Council in ‘directing national legislative practice’ in the criminal sphere. While there are legitimate arguments for restricting certain types of terrorist material, existing laws and policies tend indiscriminately to lump truly dangerous material together with mere expressions of support or sympathy for groups that use violence, including against despotic regimes, or groups that once, but no longer, used violence to achieve political ends. Skewed perceptions of the threat of terrorism appears to have an almost unique capacity to cause the weakening, if not outright abandonment of the standards that normally provide robust expression to freedom of speech.

Tongues, a Sign for Unbelievers?: A Structural and Exegetical Study of I Corinthians XIV. 20–25

1979 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 180-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. C. Johanson
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Logical Relation ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Positive Sense ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Negative Sense ◽  
Positive Effect

I Corinthians xiv. 20–25 has long posed severalcruces interpretationisfor commentators. The basic problems concern the relationship of the assertions made about tongues and prophecy in υ. 22 to the quotation of Isa. xxviii. 11–12 in υ. 21 and to the illustrations concerning tongues and prophecy in υυ. 23–5. As to the quotation, J. Ruef remarks that most commentators admit to the difficulty of seeing how it substantiates Paul's conclusion that tongues are meant as a sign for the unbeliever. Concerning the illustrations, both J. Héring and J. P. M. Sweet note that in the light of the assertions we would expect them to be the reverse of what they are. While tongues are asserted to be meant as a sign for unbelievers and prophecy for believers, the illustrations depict the negative effect of tongues upon unbelievers and the positive effect of prophecy not on believers but upon unbelievers. The second assertion (υ. 22b) in particular contradicts the second illustration (υυ. 24–5) in that it clearly states that ‘prophecy is meant as a signnot for unbelieversbut for believers’. This is so if σημεĩον is taken in a positive sense. If, on the other hand, it is taken in a negative sense, the logical relation of this second illustration to the second assertion becomes ambiguous.

scholarly journals A discovery 70 years in the making: characterization of the Rose rosette virus

2011 ◽  
Vol 92 (7) ◽  
pp. 1727-1732 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alma G. Laney ◽  
Karen E. Keller ◽  
Robert R. Martin ◽  
Ioannis E. Tzanetakis
Keyword(s):  
Rna Virus ◽  
Causal Agent ◽  
Low Diversity ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Rose Rosette ◽  
Diversity Studies ◽  
The Rose ◽  
Negative Sense ◽  
Eastern Half

Rose rosette was first described in the early 1940s and it has emerged as one of the most devastating diseases of roses. Although it has been 70 years since the disease description, the rosette agent is yet to be characterized. In this communication, we identify and characterize the putative causal agent of the disease, a negative-sense RNA virus and new member of the genus Emaravirus. The virus was detected in 84/84 rose rosette-affected plants collected from the eastern half of the USA, but not in any of 30 symptomless plants tested. The strong correlation between virus and disease is a good indication that the virus, provisionally named Rose rosette virus, is the causal agent of the disease. Diversity studies using two virus proteins, p3 and p4, demonstrated that the virus has low diversity between isolates as they share nucleotide identities ranging from 97 to 99%.

DDX3 inhibitors show antiviral activity against positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses but not against negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses: The coxsackie B model

2020 ◽  
Vol 178 ◽  
pp. 104750 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paola Quaranta ◽  
Giulia Lottini ◽  
Giulia Chesi ◽  
Flavia Contrafatto ◽  
Roberta Russotto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antiviral Activity ◽  
Rna Viruses ◽  
Positive Sense ◽  
Negative Sense ◽  
Coxsackie B

scholarly journals Translocation as a Means of Preserving Wild Animals

Oryx ◽  
1962 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 215-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Harthoorn
Keyword(s):  
Wild Animals ◽  
Positive Sense ◽  
Negative Sense

By translocation is meant the transfer of wild animals from one area to another. The term may be used in the positive sense of introducing animals into an area, for instance to enhance the value of a reserve by re-introducing species that have been exterminated there, or in the negative sense of removing them from conflict with human interests as an alternative to their destruction.

Relationship Between Control and the Intermediate Term Outcome of Anorexia Nervosa in Hong Kong

2005 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 141-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sing Lee ◽  
Y.Y. Lydia Chan ◽  
Kathleen Kwok ◽  
L.K. George Hsu
Keyword(s):  
Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
Chinese Patients ◽  
Sense Of Control ◽  
Eating Disorder Inventory ◽  
Term Outcome ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Positive Sense ◽  
Specific Sense ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Negative Sense

Objective: To examine the relationship between control and the intermediate term outcome of Chinese patients with anorexia nervosa. Method: 88 patients who fulfilled the DSM-III-R criteria for typical (fat phobic, n = 63) and atypical (non-fat phobic, n = 25) anorexia nervosa were contacted 9 years after the onset of illness. They completed the Morgan-Russell Outcome Assessment Schedule, Shapiro Control Inventory, and Eating Disorder Inventory-I. Results: 62.2%, 32.4% and 5.4% of patients had good, intermediate, and poor outcome. Outcome was positively correlated with the overall general and specific sense of control, positive sense of control, and negatively with negative sense of control. Patients with good outcome exhibited the least negative modes of control and had the least desire for control. Typical and atypical patients showed similar but not identical control profiles. Conclusion: Healthier control was associated with better outcome of anorexia nervosa but their causal relationship was far from clear because of the cross-sectional nature of the present study. The Shapiro Control Inventory is a potentially useful instrument for studying control in eating disorders.

scholarly journals Structural Biology of the Enterovirus Replication-Linked 5′-Cloverleaf RNA and Associated Virus Proteins

2020 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven M. Pascal ◽  
Ravindranath Garimella ◽  
Meghan S. Warden ◽  
Komala Ponniah
Keyword(s):  
Structural Biology ◽  
Structural Studies ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Ray Scattering ◽  
Positive Sense ◽  
Single Positive ◽  
Complementary Region ◽  
Negative Sense ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Virus Proteins

SUMMARY Although enteroviruses are associated with a wide variety of diseases and conditions, their mode of replication is well conserved. Their genome is carried as a single, positive-sense RNA strand. At the 5′ end of the strand is an approximately 90-nucleotide self-complementary region called the 5′ cloverleaf, or the oriL. This noncoding region serves as a platform upon which host and virus proteins, including the 3B, 3C, and 3D virus proteins, assemble in order to initiate replication of a negative-sense RNA strand. The negative strand in turn serves as a template for synthesis of multiple positive-sense RNA strands. Building on structural studies of individual RNA stem-loops, the structure of the intact 5′ cloverleaf from rhinovirus has recently been determined via nuclear magnetic resonance/small-angle X-ray scattering (NMR/SAXS)-based methods, while structures have also been determined for enterovirus 3A, 3B, 3C, and 3D proteins. Analysis of these structures, together with structural and modeling studies of interactions between host and virus proteins and RNA, has begun to provide insight into the enterovirus replication mechanism and the potential to inhibit replication by blocking these interactions.

scholarly journals Unknown negative genes in the positive RNA genomes of coronaviruses

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prof. Zhirnov Oleg ◽  
O P Zhirnov ◽  
S V Poyarkov
Keyword(s):  
Host Adaptation ◽  
Dark Side ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Virus Diversity ◽  
Genetic Potential ◽  
Adaptation Pathway ◽  
Positive Sense ◽  
Rna Genome ◽  
Negative Sense ◽  
Negative Strategy

Coronavirus family has a single-stranded RNA genome encoding 25-30 proteins in different viruses by the mechanism of positive-sense strategy. Extended open reading translation frames (genes) were found to locate under a negative-sense polarity in all coronaviruses genomes. These negative-sense genes varies in the range of 150-450 nt to encode negative genes polypeptides (NGP) with mol. wt. 5-30 kDa. It implies that coronaviruses besides positive genome strategy may have “a dark side of the Moon” expressing genes and virions through the negative strategy. It is noteworthy, that positive- and negative-sense genes colocolized in the same RNA regions of coronavirus genome, so called stacking genes.  Ambisense stacking of genes in coronavirus genomes significantly increases virus diversity, genetic potential and extend virus-host adaptation pathway possibilities.

AN EMPIRICAL ASSESSMENT OF COMPONENTS OF CLIMATE ARCHITECTURES

2017 ◽  
Vol 08 (04) ◽  
pp. 1750013
Author(s):  
MAX MEULEMANN
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Unique Data ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Or Groups ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Personal Attitudes ◽  
International Climate ◽  
International Climate Agreement ◽  
The Eu

Based on unique data from a worldwide survey among participants of international climate conferences, I investigate the acceptance of the most discussed components of architectures for an international climate agreement, namely: global quantitative targets, sector targets, research and development, geoengineering, land use, and adaptation. Regional and economic differences as well as personal attitudes play an important role for the perception of the different components. Global quantitative targets and adaptation are the most accepted in contrast to a low acceptance of geoengineering. People that are more affected by climate change and value fairness a lot care more about global and sector targets and research and development. Surprisingly, being vulnerable to climate change does not increase the preference for adaptation by much. Furthermore, I analyze which countries or groups of countries are expected to play a leading role for each component. The EU is seen as a key player and not much is expected from the USA and China. I detect a normative bias that increases expectations on China, the EU, and the USA for some of the components.

Sortition and Mini-Publics

2020 ◽  
pp. 227-246
Author(s):  
David M. Farrell ◽  
Peter Stone
Keyword(s):  
Political Theory ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Deliberative Democracy ◽  
Institutional Reform ◽  
Descriptive Representation ◽  
Liberal Democracies ◽  
Positive Sense ◽  
Negative Sense ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
The Ideal

In recent decades liberal democracies have begun to experiment with sortition—the selection of citizens by lottery for engagement in political or policy discussions. A notable development has been the emergence of randomly selected deliberative mini-publics that can take different forms. These have occurred in the context of wider debates in political theory over the potential of deliberative democracy, and also from a desire to bring citizens into the heart of debates over constitutional and institutional reform. We develop a normative case for sortition focused on how it can contribute in a negative sense—helping to shield the process of selecting officials from forces that could compromise it—and also in a positive sense in how it can deliver more effectively on the ideal of descriptive representation. We then consider empirical evidence of how the most significant examples of sortition today (the citizens’ assemblies) have performed against those normative ideals.

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